What's in Chuvash? Chuvash language

Salam!
Congratulations on being patient and starting to learn the Chuvash language :) Let's go! Today we will get acquainted with the alphabet, stress rules (nothing is simpler), and also find out why voiceless consonants are very often read voiced, read and listen to an excerpt from Harry Potter and learn some forms of greetings and useful phrases. Our tasks today:
1) Alphabet (namely, 4 special letters)
2) Accent
3) Reading rules (this is where Harry hides with us :)
4) Greetings and useful expressions.

1) Alphabet

The modern Chuvash alphabet consists of 33 letters of the Russian alphabet + 4 additional letters: Ӑӑ, Ӗӗ, Ӳӳ, Ҫҫ. This is what it looks like today:

I recorded a short audio so you can hear how they sound: Ӑӑ – ӑс-чах (scientist), Ӗӗ – ӗner (yesterday), Ӳӳ – ӳnerҫӗ (artist), Ҫҫ – ҫӑлтӑр (star).

2) Accent

The stress almost always falls on the last syllable.
For example: Anne (anne - mother), sekhet (sekhet - watch).
However, there are times when the stress falls on other syllables, depending on the presence of the vowels Ă and Ĕ. The stress tries to avoid these letters and shifts to previous syllables.
For example: yytă (yytă - dog), layăkh (layăkh - good), yălkulă (yălkulă - smile).

Also in the Chuvash language there are words that consist only of short vowels. In such cases, the stress has nowhere else to go except to fall on the very first syllable. This is in words such as: ăшă (ắшă - warmth), lĕpĕsh (lḗpĕsh - butterfly), çăltăr (çắltăr - star), kӑmӑlӑm (кắмӑлӑм - my mood).

All these words can be found in this audio:

3) Reading rules

You and I have practically learned to read Chuvash. One more point: voicing of consonants. Some of you (if you lived, or live in Cheboksary) probably wondered: why is “Shupashkar” pronounced with a “b”, in the same place with a “p”! *For those who don’t know, this is the Chuvash name of the city of Cheboksary* In fact, the voice announcing a stop in everyone’s favorite form of transport makes a mistake when it says: “The next stop is the ShuPashkar department store.” Sorry, girl, but you need to say: ShuBashkar department store. Now I will explain why.
Despite the fact that the Chuvash alphabet consists almost entirely of letters from the Russian alphabet, the rules for reading words do not coincide in many ways. Also, in Chuvash words you will never find voiced hard consonants (b, g, d, zh, z, etc.). They are present only in words borrowed from other languages (TV, laptop). However, this does not mean at all that the Chuvash language is voiceless, it’s just that these letters, in fact, are not needed, because in certain positions the voiceless consonants are pronounced voiced anyway.
In order to learn to read correctly, we need to remember which letters are vowels, consonants and sonorants.
Vowels: a, ӑ, e, ӗ, i, o, y, ӳ, e
Voiceless consonants: k, p, s, t, x, h, w, s, f, c, sch
Voiced ones are noisy e (b, g, d, zh, z) and three voiceless consonants f, c, sh are found only in borrowings.
Sonorant (or always voiced): y, l, m, n, r.

They are easy to remember using the word LaMiNaRiY. Plus, unlike the Russian language, the letter “v” is also always voiced and is almost never deafened. We say: kalaV (no “kalaf”)), yalaV, aVtan, shyV.
1. So, if a voiceless consonant is between two vowels, then it is voiced. That is: we write: “sӗTel”, we read “sӗDel” (table)
puKan – puGan (chair)
uPa – uBa (bear)

By the way, the sounds “ҫ”, “ch”, “x” also have their own voiced pairs.
"ҫ" - "zh"
"ch" - "dzh"
“x” - a voiced pair is pronounced almost the same as the Russian “g” in interjections such as “aha”, “wow”, or like “x” in the word “accountant”.

2. If a voiceless consonant is located between a sonorant consonant and a vowel, in this case it will also be voiced.
KurKa – KurGa (mug)
hӑlHa (ear)
sonchӑr (chain)
3. If there are paired consonants between two vowels, this means that there will be no voicing. These are words such as: atte, appa, picche, sakkar.

Audio examples:

Now let's practice. Read these words:
Sakhar, korshӗ, chiper, charshav, sash, yytӑ, kashok, kaҫar, somsa, akalchan chulkhi.

So how? Happened? Now, check yourself:

To reinforce the material, I suggest you watch an excerpt from the program “Learning Chuvash,” where I discuss this topic in more detail. We watch from the 9th minute to 11:45. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nQH69osf1A. Well, if you're interested, you can watch it :)

Now let's read an excerpt from Harry Potter that I translated one day. And don’t forget about placing the emphasis. In this picture, Harry seems to be hinting that it would be nice to put emphasis in the right places :) (Pusoma tӗrӗs lart. - Put the emphasis correctly):

Harry chălanta purănnă, ten çavănpa văl tantăshĕsenchen pĕchĕkreh tata havshakrah kurănnă. Unran tăvată hut măntărtarah pichchĕshĕn kivĕ tumtirĕsene tăkhănma tivnipe văl hăyĕnchen tata ta lutrarakh, çÿhereh tăyănnă. Garrine hăyĕn săn-pitĕnche çiçĕm evĕrlĕ çĕvek kăna kilešnĕ. Çav çĕveĕ çamkiĕ çinche mĕn pĕchĕkrenpeh pulnă, anchakh Garry ku pallă ăçtan tupănnine pĕlmen.

And, by the way, I voiced it on another beautiful day :) Listen and check yourself:

4) Greetings and useful expressions

Salam! - Hello!
Syvlӑkh sunatӑp! - Hello!
Yrӑ kun pultor! - Good afternoon!
Yrӑ kaҫ pultӑr! - Good evening! Good night! Good night!

Kagar. - Sorry. Sorry.
Kaҫarӑr. - Sorry. Sorry.

Tavtapuҫ. - Thank you.
Tarkhasshon. - Please.

Manle puronat?n? - How are you?
How about? - How are you?

Layoh. - Fine.
Piti layoh. - Very good.
Yӗrkelli. - Fine.
Uptramast. - It'll do.
Yapӑх. - Badly.

Syvloha! - Be healthy! (When someone suddenly sneezed, you never know... :)
An kulan. - Don't worry.
Pulp. - Happens.

Chiper ul. -Happy stay.
Chipper kai. – Happy (as they say) leaving:)

But in the Chuvash language it sounds polite, so “an kulyan!”

Chipper. - Bye. (at goodbye)
Now let's listen and repeat all these expressions:

I think that's enough for today! See you at the next lesson! Chipper!

1 speak

verb nesov.

1. kalaç, puple; the child began to say acha kalaçma pçlarĕ; we are learning to speak Chuvash epir chǎvashla kalaçma vĕrenetpĕr

2. (syn. talk) kalaç, poplesh, sakhla; talk with comrades yultashsempe puples; talk on the phone telephone kalaç

3. (syn. testify) kala, pĕlter, kǎtart; this fact speaks of his honesty in a big way

3. (syn. report) feces, those; children say that they want to eat now çies kilet teççĕ; I'm telling the truth epĕ chǎnnine kalātǎp ♦ in short kĕsken kalasan; Frankly speaking, torripe kalasan; in other words, urǎhla kalasan; And don’t say it! What can I say! An ta kala! (kilĕshne çirĕpletse kalani)

Wikipedia

Chuvash language

Chuvash language(Chuvash. Chӑvash chӗlhi, Chӑvashla) - the national language of the Chuvash, the state language of the Chuvash Republic, the language of the Chuvash communities living outside the Chuvash Republic. In the genealogical classification of the world's languages, it belongs to the Ogur group of the Turkic language family (according to some researchers, the Western Xiongnu branch) and is the only living language of this group.

Distributed in Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Penza regions, as well as in some other regions, territories and republics of the Urals, Volga region and Siberia. In the Chuvash Republic it is the state language (along with Russian).

The number of Chuvash language speakers in Russia is about 1.05 million people (2010 census); at the same time, the number of ethnic Chuvash according to the 2002 All-Russian Census was 1 million 637 thousand people; approximately 55% of them live in the Chuvash Republic.

The Chuvash language is studied as a subject in schools of the Chuvash Republic, some regions of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, and is studied as a subject for one. In the Chuvash Republic, regional radio and television programs and periodicals are published in the Chuvash language. Newspapers in some regions of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan are also published in the Chuvash language. Official paperwork in the republic is conducted in Russian.

The Chuvash language is the only living representative of the Oguz group of Turkic languages, which previously also included the Khazar, Avar, Bulgar and Hunnic languages. It is the native language of the Chuvash people and the official language of the Republic of Chuvashia. It is spoken by about 1 million 640 thousand people in Russia and another approximately 34 thousand people in other countries. During the last census, 86% of ethnic Chuvash and 8% of representatives of other nationalities living in Chuvashia declared that they knew the Chuvash language. But although Chuvash is taught in schools and sometimes used in the media, it is considered endangered because Russian dominates most areas of life.

The Chuvash language is very different from other representatives of its language family, and speakers of other Turkic languages understand it with great difficulty. Previously, linguists believed that the Chuvash language did not even belong to the Turkic languages, but to the Finno-Ugric (Uralic) languages. The classification is greatly complicated by the fact that very few written monuments have survived in other languages of the Oghuz group.

The Cyrillic Chuvash alphabet was created in 1873 by school inspector Ivan Yakovlev. In 1938, this alphabet underwent a major modification and acquired its current form. The most ancient writing system, the so-called Orkhon script, disappeared after the Chuvash converted to Islam - and, accordingly, switched to the Arabic alphabet. It was in the Arabic alphabet that the inscriptions were made on the gravestones of the Volga Bulgars - the ancestors of the current Chuvash (13-14 centuries). After the Mongol invasion, the Chuvash written language fell into decline, and after the reforms of Peter the Great, the Chuvash switched to the Cyrillic alphabet. Now the Chuvash alphabet consists of 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, to which 4 more letters have been added to indicate characteristic Chuvash phonemes.

In the Chuvash language, two dialects are distinguished: Anatri (lower, or “pointing”), in which the phonemes [u] and [o] are distinguished, and Viryal (upper, or “pointing”), in which there is only the phoneme [u]: tota (“full”), tuta (“smell”) - tuta (“full; smell”).

The literary language is based on both of these dialects. The Chuvash language was strongly influenced by the Tatar, Russian, Mari, Mongolian, Arabic and Persian languages, which significantly enriched its vocabulary. In turn, through the Chuvash language, words of Khazar origin penetrated into neighboring languages - Russian, Mari, Tatar, etc. Therefore, individual Russian and Chuvash words are similar in phonetic composition, like the Russian “book” and the Chuvash “keneke”.

The Chuvash language is an agglutinative language, so it has many suffixes, but no prefixes at all - with the exception of the prefix with the meaning of amplification (shura - “white”, shap-shura - “very white”). Suffixes are used to form new words or to indicate the grammatical function of a word.

There are 9 cases in the Chuvash declensional system: nominative, genitive, locative, ablative, instrumental, causal, ultimate, distributive remainders and semblative. The latter is formed by adding the suffix -la/-le to the noun and has a comparative meaning: Leninla (“like Lenin”). Possession is conveyed by constructions based on the verbs “to exist” (pur) and “not to exist” (suk).

The Chuvash word is built on the principle of vowel harmony (synharmonism), that is, all vowels in a word can be either only front or only back. That is why most Chuvash suffixes have 2 forms: Shupashkarta (“in Cheboksary”), but kilte (“in the house”). The exception is compound words, and therefore forms such as setelpukan ("furniture") are acceptable. In addition, the rule of synharmonism does not apply to borrowings and individual immutable suffixes. This rule is not observed in certain original Chuvash words, for example, anna (“mother”). The suffixes in such words harmonize with the final vowel: annepe (“with mother”).

CHUVASH LANGUAGE, chăyour chĕlhi , - belongs to the Bulgarian group of the Turkic language family and is the only living language of this group. In the history of the Chuvash language, four periods are distinguished: Proto-Bulgar, Old Bulgar, Middle Bulgar and New Bulgar or Chuvash proper. In Proto-Bulgarian (Onogur.<огур.) период (1 в. до н. э. - 3 в. н. э.) булгар. диалекты существовали наряду с др. пратюркскими диалектами. Завершается этот период отрывом булгар от массы остальных тюркских племен и началом их миграции в юго-западном направлении. В середине 4 века булгары уже находились на территории современного Казахстана. Древнебулгарский период охватывает 4-8 вв. н. э. В этот период продолжается постепенная миграция булгарских племен на юго-запад, происходит формирование и распад булгарского племенного союза: часть булгар переселяется на Балканы (7 в. н. э.), другая часть обосновывается на Волго-Камье (8 в.). Среднебулгарский период (8 - сер. 16 в.) охватывает эпоху Golden Horde, including the defeat Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols (1236), and Kazan Khanate. It was during this period that the formation of the Chuvash ethnic group proper took place in the Middle Volga region based on the mixing of the alien Bulgar-Suvar tribes with the ancestors of the Mari. The New Bulgar period begins after the fall of the Kazan Khanate and continues to the present day. Thus, the Chuvash language turns out to be much older than the Chuvash ethnic group itself.

Among related Turkic languages, the Chuvash language occupies an isolated position: despite the common structure and lexical core, mutual understanding is not achieved between speakers of the Chuvash language and other Turks. Some phonetic features of the Chuvash language, in particular the so-called rhotacism and lambdaism, i.e. pronunciation [r] and [l], instead of the common Turkic [z] and [sh], go back to ancient times, to the period of the existence of a single Proto-Turkic language with its dialects. At the same time, much of what distinguishes the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages is undoubtedly the result of subsequent development, which, due to its peripheral position in relation to the rest of the Turkic languages, took place under conditions of long-term interaction with foreign languages - Iranian, Finno-Ugric, Slavic.

The influence of unrelated languages can be traced at all levels of the Chuvash language - phonetic, lexical and grammatical. The varied accent in the upper dialect, which has become the norm for literary pronunciation, was formed, in all likelihood, not without the influence of the Finno-Ugric languages of the Volga region. The influence of the latter is also found in the case forms of the name, in the system of personal and impersonal forms of the verb. Over the last century, due to the steady expansion of Chuvash-Russian bilingualism, which entailed a massive influx of Russian and international vocabulary, noticeable shifts occurred in the phonetic system and syntactic structures. Influenced Russian language Many word-formation models have become productive. A phonological subsystem has emerged that is characteristic only of borrowed vocabulary. The accent system became twofold: one - within the framework of the original vocabulary and phonetically adapted old borrowings, the other - within the framework of phonetically unadapted borrowed vocabulary. Dual system is also characteristic of Chuvash orthography.

The linguistic landscape of the Chuvash language is quite homogeneous, the differences between the dialects are insignificant. Currently, these differences are even more leveled.

The absence of sharp differences between dialects turned out to be a favorable factor in the creation new Chuvash writing and the development of written language standards. When developing the lexical and grammatical norms of the Chuvash literary language, preference was given to those means that, due to their reflection in traditional folklore genres, became public property.

The Chuvash language belongs to the languages of the agglutinative type. Changes at the junctions of morphemes (alternation of sounds, their insertion or, conversely, loss) are possible, but the boundary between them remains easily distinguishable. The root precedes affixal morphemes (there are only two exceptions to this rule): kam “who” - takam “someone”, nikam “nobody”. Affixal morphemes, as a rule, are unambiguous, however, in the speech stream, clusters of service morphemes are extremely rare - on average, there are less than two service morphemes per root. Root morphemes are often one- or two-syllable, polysyllabic ones are very rare: due to the predominance of economy in the signs of the Chuvash language, it prefers short units.

Names and verbs are clearly opposed to each other. Nominal parts of speech - nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs - are semantic classes, and are poorly differentiated according to grammatical characteristics. Nouns, like adjectives, often act as determiners of names (chul çurt “stone house”, yltan çĕrĕ “golden ring”), and adjectives can determine both names and verbs (tĕrĕs sămah “truthful word”, tĕrĕs kala “speak truthfully” ). The group of nominal parts of speech also includes a variety of demonstrative words, traditionally called pronouns, as well as a very numerous category of imitatives.

Function words are represented by postpositions, conjunctions and particles.

Nouns have neither a gender category nor an animate-inanimate category, but differ along the “human-non-human” line. The category “person” includes all personal names, names of family relationships, professions, positions, nationalities, i.e. everything that is associated with the designation of a person. All other names, including the names of all living beings, belong to the category “non-human”. Who are the first to answer the question? “who?”, the second - to the question mĕn? "What?".

The category of number is characteristic of nouns, some groups of pronouns and verbs. The plural indicator for nouns is the affix - seven: hurănsem “birches”, çynsem “people”. If plurality is clear from the speech situation, it is usually not noted, cf.: kuç kurmast “the eyes can’t see”, ura shănat “the feet will feel cold”, ală çu “to wash hands”, hăyar tat “to pick cucumbers”, çyrlana çure “to walk among the berries” etc. For the same reason, when used with numerals or other words of quantitative semantics, nouns have a singular form: vătăr çyn “thirty people”, numai çynpa kalaç “speak to many people”.

In conjugated forms of the verb, the plural is formed using affixes -ăр (ĕр) And -ç : kayăp-ăr “we will go”, kay-ăr “you go”, kayĕ-ç “they will go”.

For pronouns, the plural affixes coincide with either nominal or verbal affixes, cf.: ham “I myself” - hamăr “we ourselves”, khay “he himself” - khaysem “they themselves”.

Declension of names includes eight cases. The verb is characterized by the categories of mood, tense, person and number. There are four moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive and concessive. In the indicative mood, verbs change tenses. A system of impersonal (unconjugated) forms has been developed - participles, gerunds and infinitives (the latter, however, are not denominative forms of the verb; the Chuvash language does not have a denominative form of the verb, similar to the Russian infinitive). Some forms of participles and gerunds are characterized by temporal meanings.

The main methods of word formation are compounding and affixation. When compounding words, components are combined either on the basis of coordinating (pit-kuç “face, appearance”, lit. “face-eye”), or on the basis of subordinating relations (arçyn “man” ar+çyn “man + person”; as+tiv “ sample").

The Chuvash language belongs to the languages of the nominative system. The subject of a sentence with any predicate retains a single case form. The literary language does not have passive constructions.

In the structure of a phrase, word order performs a grammatical function: even in the presence of formal indicators of connection, the dependent component is located in front of the main one (chul çurt “stone house”, pysăk chul çurt “big stone house”, tăkhăr hutlă pysăk chul çurt “big stone house of nine floors”) . In the structure of a sentence, word order primarily performs a semantic function. With its help, the following are highlighted:

1) the subject of speech and the message itself about it (topic and rheme),

2) the semantic core of the statement.

The question is expressed using question words and particles; intonation plays only a supporting role. The placement of question words in a sentence is relatively free. Interrogative particles, like indicators of negation associated with a statement, are adjacent only to the predicate. The assignment of a question to one or another element of a sentence is achieved by word order.

In the vocabulary, native, common Turkic and borrowed layers are distinguished. Among the borrowings are Mongolian, Iranian, Finno-Ugric, and Slavic words. A significant layer consists of Russian words, which are conventionally divided into “old borrowings” and “new borrowings”. The first ones are phonetically adapted (pĕrene “log”, kĕreple “rake”), the second ones are either not adapted at all (delegate, progress), or partially adapted (constitutions, geographies). Russian borrowings penetrate mainly into terminology, and partially into everyday vocabulary (coat, suit).

Before the creation of a new written language (1871-72), the Chuvash language served only the sphere of oral communication and distinguished between types of folk art. With the advent of writing, the scope of its application expanded significantly. With the formation of autonomy in 1920, the scope of its functioning expanded significantly. Within its republic, the Chuvash language becomes one of the two official languages (along with Russian). In all regions of dense Chuvash residence, it becomes the language of school instruction (up to the 8th grade), it is spoken in official institutions, office work is conducted, book printing is carried out on a large scale, and Chuvash speech is heard from the theater stage. Newspapers and magazines in the Chuvash language are published in Cheboksary, Kazan, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, and Moscow.

In the 30s the situation changes dramatically. From the Chuvash Constitution. ASSR article on the state status of the Chuvash language is excluded. Schools are switching to Russian as the language of instruction; they have stopped studying the Chuvash language even as a subject. Outside the Chuvash Republic, newspapers and magazines in the Chuvash language were closed. According to the 1989 census, of all the Chuvash living in the territory of the former USSR, almost a quarter called a language other than Chuvash their native language; even in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic itself, the proportion of Chuvash who do not speak their native language was about 15%.

According to the Law on Languages in the Chuvash SSR (adopted in October 1990), the Chuvash language, along with Russian, was given state status. The law provides for the creation of conditions for expanding the social functions of the native language. According to this law, the study of the Chuvash language in all types of educational institutions of the republic, including higher and secondary specialized ones, became mandatory. The State Program for the Implementation of the Law on Languages in the Chuvash Republic (1993) was also approved.

Giving the Chuvash language the status of a state language increased its social prestige. Chuvash speech sounded wider and more freely in both everyday and official communication. The volume of radio and television programs in the Chuvash language has expanded. New newspapers and magazines appeared, the publication of the Chuvash newspaper was resumed in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Ulyanovsk. The network of educational institutions for training teachers in the Chuvash language has increased; outside the Chuvash Republic they appeared in Ulyanovsk, Kazan, Sterlitamak (Republic of Bashkortostan).

The category of tense in the Chuvash language is the grammatical category of verb tense. Reflects the lens. time and serves for the temporal (temporal) localization of the event or state referred to in the sentence.

The present tense is indicated by the affix -at(-et), The duration of this form coincides with the moment of speech:

Unit h./Mn. h.: 1 l. çyr-at-ăp “I am writing”/çyr-at-p-ăr; 2 l. çyr-at-ăn “you write” / çyr-at-ăr; 3 l. çyr-at “he writes”/çyr-aç-ç-ĕ.

The future tense is indicated by the affix -ă (-ĕ), time is given. action follows the time of speech:

Unit h./Mn. h.: 1 l. çyr-ă- (ă) p “I will write”/çyr-ă-p-ăr; 2 l. çyr-ă- (ă) n/çyr-ă- (ă) r; 3 l. çyr-ĕ/çyr-ĕ-ç.

The past tense is divided into three types: single past tense, multiple past tense and pre-past tense.

The singular past tense is indicated by the affix -t (-h). The duration of action is given. form precedes the moment of speech:

Unit h./Mn. h.: 1 l. çyr-t-ăm “I wrote”/çyr-t-ăm-ar; 2 l. çyr-t-ăn/çyr-t-ăr; 3 l. çyr-ch-ĕ/çyr-ch-ĕ-ç.

The multiple past tense is indicated by the affix -att (-ett)// -achch (-echch). The time of action of this form precedes the time of speech:

Unit h./Mn. h.: 1 l. çyratt-ăm (-chchĕ) / çyr-att-ăm-ăr (-chchĕ) ; 2 l. çyr-att-ăn (-chchĕ) / çyr-att-ăr (-chchĕ) ; 3 l. çyr-achch-ĕ/çyr-achch-ĕ-ç.

The pre-past tense is indicated by the affix -satt (-sett)// -sachch (sechch). The time of action of this form precedes the time of speech:

Unit h./Mn. h.: 1 l. çyr-satt-ăm/çyr-satt-ăm-ăr; 2 l. çyr-satt-ăn/çyr-satt-ăr; 3 l. çyr-sachch-ĕ/çyr-sachch-ĕ-ç.

Non-finite forms of a verb differ in that they express not an attitude to the moment of speech, but an attitude to the time of another verb.

The action of the future participle occurs after the time of the main verb. Tupa tăvatăp urăkh turtmassa - “I swear that I will not smoke again.” Khulana kayas kun san pata kĕrse tuhăp - “I will come to you on the day of departure to the city”. The action of the present participle occurs simultaneously with the action of the main verb: Chĕreren savakanne te Santăr urăkh tupas çuk - “Sasha will no longer find someone who loves from the bottom of her heart.” Çĕr çinche purănakanăn çĕre ilemletmelle - “He who lives on the earth must decorate the earth.” The action of the past participle occurs before the time of the main verb: Temshĕn, çak khulana kurnă-kurmanah tăvan Shupashkar asa kilchĕ - “For some reason, as soon as I saw this city, I remembered my native Cheboksary.”

Occasionally, time can be expressed in nominative forms (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun). To express time in the past, the past tense affix is added to the name -chĕ: Esĕ uyava pyrsan layăkhchĕ - “It would be nice if you came to the holiday.”

Noun with -chĕ can also express the present tense: Eh, çumărchĕ hal kalchana! - “I wish there was rain now for seedlings!”

Category of emphasis in the Chuvash language, formed from adjectives, case forms of nouns, participles and some participial forms of verbs and adverb tenses by adding suffixes to them -And, -hee, -sker, is used quite productively in the Chuvash language. Wed: adjective. çĕnĕ “new” + -i > çĕnni “the one that is new”, çĕnĕ + -sker > çĕnĕsker “characteristic in that it is new”; creatures vărmanta “in the forest” + -i > vărmanti “the one in the forest”, vărmanta + -sker > vărmanta sker “characteristic of the one in the forest”; participle vulană “read” + -i > vulani “one of them who has read”, vulană + -sker > “characteristic by having read”; deepr. kayichchen “before departure” + -hi > kayichchenhi “the one before departure”; times adv. payan "today" > payan + hi "the one on today." All these forms of emphasis form nominations that resemble a noun in that they change in numbers and cases, but do not change in persons and do not take definitions.

Suffixes -And, -sker form forms of emphasis from the same words, but have different meanings. Compare: văylă “strong”: văili “one of them who is strong”, văylăsker “characteristic by being strong”.

Except for suffixes -And, -hee, -sker The category of selection has a number of linguistic features. This is the special intonation of the pronunciation of the word that is the topic of the sentence.

Category of degrees of comparison. Adjectives in the Chuvash language have three degrees of comparison: the basic degree (layăkh “good”), the comparative degree (layăkhrah “better”), the superlative degree (chi layăkh “the best”). Basic degree forms show a constant full sign. There are no affixes to show this degree (cf.: tĕp case, tĕp voice). Step form equal to the base of the word: çĕnĕ kĕneke “new book”, pysăk çurt “big house”.

The comparative degree shows that the attribute of an object, compared to the characteristics of other objects, is greater or lesser: Esĕ man purtta il, man çivĕchrekh - “Take my axe, mine is sharper”. The comparative degree is formed by adding affixes to the stem -rah (-rekh), -tarah (-tereh). Affix variant -tarakh (-tereh) is added to the adjective stem if it ends with the sound " R": yivărtarakh "heavier", chipertereh "more beautiful", samărtarakh "fuller". If the adjective ends in th, l, n, m, then adjective stems can be joined by and -rah (-reh), And -tarakh (-tereh): numai - numairah e numaitarah; çămăl - çămălrah e çămăltarakh; vĕçkĕn - vĕçkĕnrekh e vĕçkĕntereh; vărăm - vărămrah e vărămtarah. Sometimes the meaning of the comparative degree can be expressed by a noun in the original case, standing before the adjective: Lasharan çllĕ, kurăkran lutra - “Above the horse, below the grass.”

The superlative degree shows the highest degree of quality of adjectives. In the Chuvash language there is no special affix to express the superlative degree; for the most part, the analytical method is used:

a) with the help of enhancing particles chi, chăn“most, very, most”; Chi avan or chăn avan “the best, the best.” Particle chăn used in colloquial speech;

b) by repeated use of the adjective: Ăshă-ăshă tuyăm pĕtĕm shăm-shak tărăkh sarălchĕ - “A very warm feeling spread throughout the whole body”;

c) partial repetition of the initial syllable of the adjective with the addition of consonants P or m, For example: sap-sară “very yellow”, kăn-kăvak “bright blue”.

Case category or declension, in the Chuvash language is a set of grammatical forms consisting of eight linguistic structural units, which in speech correspond to word forms formed from nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs or denominative forms of the verb.

Case is a grammatical form of a name that expresses, with the help of special affixes, the syntactic relationship of a given name to another or a verb, in which auxiliary grammatical meanings are combined with lexical ones, giving it an inflectional character.

It is generally accepted that case affixes in the Turkic language are of the same type, but it would be more logical to distinguish nominal, possessive-nominal and pronominal paradigms as structural varieties of Turkic (Chuvash) declension.

The case forms are as follows:

Main case (tĕp case e vĕçlev) - zero affix.

Genitive case (kamănlăkh caseĕ e vĕçlevĕ) - -ăн/-ĕн, -нăн/нĕн, -(йăн)/-йĕн.

Dative case (pair of casesĕ e vĕçlevĕ) - -a/-e, -na/-ne, -(ya)/-ye.

Local case (vyrăn case e vĕçlevĕ) - -ra/-re, -ta/-te, -(n) che.

Initial case (tuhu case e vĕçlevĕ) - -ran/-ren, -tan/-ten, -(n) chen.

Joint (instrumental) case (pĕrlelekh cases e vĕçlevĕ) - -pa/-pe, -pal/-pele, -palan/-pelen.

Deprivative (privative) case (çuklăх caseĕ) - -сăр/-сĕр.

Causal-target case (pirke case e vĕçlevĕ) - -šăn/-šĕn.

Some features of the category of case of the Chuvash language, which distinguish it from the traditional six-case declension system of the Turkic language, are associated primarily with the objective course of development of the Ogur-Bulgaro-Chuvash language itself for more than two thousand years in the vast Eurasian geopolitical space against the background of many related Turkic (broader than the Ural -Altaic), as well as unrelated languages.

Number category to Chuvash. language represented by the opposition of two forms - with a zero affix and with a format - seven. The close interaction of the category of number with the case within the agglutinative chain of the nominative word form makes it possible to distinguish, in particular, in the forms of the genitive, dative, locative and original cases a variant of this affix -Sep. In dialect and colloquial speech there are other allomorphs of the plural: -myself, -sĕm, -se, -shem, -chem.

Of particular interest is also the interaction of grammatical forms of belonging and number in terms of their combinability capabilities, which are fundamentally different from those in the Turkic language. If the Chuvash affixes of belonging are attached to names before the plural affix, then in other Turkic languages the indicators of belonging follow the nominal stems, already formalized by the plural affix: Chuvash. kunăm-sem “my days” Turkic. gun-ler-im “the same”, Chuvash. ĕç-ĕm-sem “my works” Turkic. is-ler-im "the same".

Category of affiliation in the Chuvash language it is represented by a set of affixes that differ from each other and are opposed to each other by the meanings of person and number. Affixes of belonging denote, as part of a word form, a relation to a person, complicated by the semantics of belonging, possessiveness.

Chuvash affixes of belonging are genetically identical with common Turkic ones:

1st l. units h. -ăm/ -ĕm, -m; 2nd l. units h. -у/ -ъ; 3rd l. units h. 1st l. pl. h. -ămăr/-ĕmĕr, -măr/-mĕr; 2nd l. pl. h. -ăр/-ĕр; 3rd l. pl. h. -ĕ, -i, - (th) ĕ, -ăшĕ, -ĕшĕ, -шĕ.

The morphological way of expressing belonging varies among dialects and dialects of the Chuvash language. The use of special indicators to convey affiliative meanings is practically reduced to zero in the dialects of the upper dialect; usually analytical forms are used for this purpose: a combination of a personal pronoun in the genitive case and a defined name.

The close interaction of forms of belonging and number allows us to convey four types of relationships (meanings):

a) both the object of possession and the person of the owner in the singular: kĕnekem “my book”, kĕnek “your book”, kĕneki “his (her) book”; çurtăm “my house”, çurtu “your house”, çurchĕ “his (her) house”;

b) the object of possession in the singular, the person of the owner in the plural: to ĕnekemĕr “our book”, kĕnekĕr “your book”, kĕneki “their book”, çurtămăr “our house”, çurtăr “your house”, çurchĕ “their house”;

c) the object of possession in the plural, the person of the owner in the singular: to ĕnekemsem “my books”, kĕneksem “your books”, kĕnekisem “his (her) books”; çurtămsem “my houses”, çurtusem “your houses”, çurchĕsem “his (her) houses”;

d) both the object of possession and the person of the owner in the plural: kĕnekemĕrsem “our books”, kĕnekĕrsem “your books”, kĕnekisem “their books”; çurtămărsem “our houses”, çurtărsem “your houses”, çurchĕsem “their houses”.

If, paradigmatically, all three persons form a coherent system of oppositions and on this basis they function as a single category of membership, then the syntagmatic indicators of the 3rd person have broader functions than the affixes of the 1st and 2nd persons.