What didn't happen in 1900.
. The first city public library was opened in Yekaterinodar, created on the initiative of the Society of Lovers of the Study of the Kuban Region (OLIKO). The library was named after Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The library was located in a one-story building, vacated by the city orphanage, on Gimnazicheskaya and Bursakovskaya streets. 1900. January 29th... Saturday afternoon. At 14:30, preceding the opening ceremony of the library, a memorial service was served for Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. After all, January 29 (or February 10 according to the new style is the day of remembrance of the poet). And after the funeral service, the celebration began... There was a fee for using books in the new library. Subscribers (as readers were called then) were divided into five categories, depending on the number of books issued and the period of use of them. In addition, subscribers paid a deposit, which was returned upon termination of use of the library. However, there were few townspeople who stopped visiting the library. The number of Pushkinka readers only increased from year to year... 19005 January. In the capital of Kuban, Ekaterinodar, there were many children's Christmas trees (the editors of the newspaper Kuban Regional Gazette even published a request not to send any more notes about them). A new edition of the book by Kuban writer Nikolai Kanivetsky “From the Past Black Sea Region” has gone on sale. The “first largest in Russia” steam oil mill of the Avedov trading house sold sunflower oil... Ekaterinodar gardener Trotner advertised natural wine, and the Schick brothers’ garden establishment offered customers “a new illustrated catalog of fruit and ornamental trees”... Among the incidents of local significance was the case at the city bank, when “one of the hundred-thousanders,” Mr. N., lost an expensive diamond ring in the snow and, after a fruitless search, turned to passers-by for help, promising a large reward. Some boy found him a ring, but he was rich. Having got into his carriage, he “intended to drive away even without a handshake” and only at the insistence of the gathered crowd gave the boy a ruble. The beginning of the year (and century) was also marked by a series of awards and donations. Ranks and awards were awarded to teachers Coat of arms of the Bursakov family of nobles (including teachers of the city men's gymnasium Melnikov-Razvedenkov and women's gymnasium - Sementsov); gold medals with the inscription “For zeal” (to be worn around the neck on Stanislav ribbons) were received by Ekaterinodar merchants, members of the accounting loan committee of the city branch of the state bank, and the tellers of the state bank were awarded silver medals. Mrs. Bursak made an order for the deposit of 1,000 rubles made by her late husband to the state bank, so that the interest from it would go to the benefit of the city, using it partially for the maintenance of the chapel built on the grave of the former ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army, Fyodor Bursak. 1900The funeral of Vasily Semyonovich Klimov, Ekaterinodar mayor, took place. “V.S. Klimov died,” the newspaper wrote, “like a soldier at his post: already being seriously ill, he personally, and with extraordinary energy, over the course of five long and difficult meetings, passed through the Duma the city estimate for 1900.” “In the person of V.S. Klimov,” the obituary said, “the city has lost an experienced, intelligent, energetic and courageous fighter for the sacred principles of self-government, has lost a progressive, honest figure...”During the funeral, Krasnaya Street presented an unusual sight: a huge mass of people slowly moved behind the cortege to the city cemetery, mourning flags were hung on the buildings. The funeral service took place in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. As in ancient times, when Ekaterinodar buried its founder Zakhary Chepiga, the procession essentially stopped - “to listen to the Gospel established by the burial rite.” Stops were made against the city government, gymnasiums, a bank, a women's school and the city hospital. The burial took place in a crypt near the All Saints Church. 1900. Laying the foundation stone of a new seven-altar church of St. Catherine. “On Sunday, April 23, 1900, a religious procession took place to the site of the founding of a new church in memory of the miraculous rescue of the Royal Family from the danger that threatened during the crash of the Imperial train at Borki station...
At the end of the liturgy in the Military Cathedral, the townspeople went to Catherine Square, where two copper carved boards had already been delivered - the large one with a carving, when and by whom the temple was founded (with a list of all the saints - patrons of the August Family), will be mounted on the wall, and the smaller one (with in the same text) was placed in the foundation of the structure,” wrote Kuban Regional Gazette.
1900. The Yekaterinodar City Duma decided to open the fourth and fifth notary offices (before 1874 there was one of these in the city, in 1874-1882 there were two, in 1882 the third was opened). However, all the notaries were extremely busy. “Enter any of our offices,” the newspaper wrote, “in the office and near it, on the street, dozens of people are sitting, and at the tables there are dozens of scribes, and typewriters are scribbling and scribbling, in a word, a whole department... The notary himself has no time to breathe...”
The notary boom was a convincing indicator of the intensive development of the city, noted the “Journal of the Ekaterinodar City Duma” in 1900. 1901In Yekaterinodar, in the hall of the Alexander Nevsky Religious and Educational Brotherhood, the first public literary and musical evening took place, organized by a society of lovers of fine arts and dedicated to the memory of the famous Russian poet Ivan Nikitin. Poems were read and romances were performed. “The composition of the audience was very diverse,” noted the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper, “not everyone who wanted to was able to attend the evening. On the same day, in Yekaterinodar, at 29 Sobornaya Street, the grand opening of a shelter-nursery, organized by a “group of the city’s progressive intelligentsia,” took place. The announcement about the opening of the nursery read: “Parents who are unable to leave their young children at home when going to work can bring and bring them to the shelter, where they will stay from 6 o’clock in the morning to 6 o’clock in the evening, with lunch and maintenance ready. The fee for keeping children in a shelter is charged no more than 5 kopecks per child. The very poor are exempt from paying.” The new children's institution took root in the city and was popular. Six years later, in 1907, the shelter purchased a house on Pashkovskaya Street. And in 1912, the Kuban Courier newspaper wrote: “The nursery shelter has existed for the twelfth year, serving the poorest part of the city’s population, people living by day labor...” Orphans were also accepted into the nursery. 1901Only for two days: on January 10 and 11, a professor at Moscow University, a famous historian, author of works on the Zaporozhye Cossacks, Dmitry Ivanovich Evarnitsky, gave two lectures in Yekaterinodar, in the hall of the women's gymnasium: “Zaporozhye Antiquity” and “General Outline of Archeology in Europe and Russia.” A day later, commenting on this event, the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper noted: “The lectures were read brilliantly.” 1901. The 40th anniversary of the death of the great Ukrainian poet Taras Grigorievich Shevchenko was celebrated in Yekaterinodar. A memorial service was served, “public evenings” were held, an exhibition of portraits of the poet and his bust, provided by the son of Kobzar’s friend, Ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army Yakov Kukharenko, was exhibited.
At the same time, the editor of the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper, Luka Melnikov, published his essay “Civic motives in the poetry of Taras Shevchenko.” And in April 1901, the Ekaterinodar City Duma decided to perpetuate the poet’s memory by naming his name to the boulevard on Rostovskaya Street (now the old part of the boulevard on Krasnaya Street) and “one of the newly opened city schools.” 1901. The musical and singing choirs of the Kuban Cossack Army, under the direction of Evgeniy Esposito, gave a concert at the Summer Theater of Yekaterinodar, which was a great success. Several boxes and the 20th row in the theater were given for free use to students of city gymnasiums, a real school, a teachers' seminary and a sixth-grade school.
With similar concerts, the military symphony orchestra, as well as the choir at the beginning XX centuries they performed before the Ekaterinodar public quite often, performing works by Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Giuseppe Verdi and other musical classics. As newspapers noted, these concerts always attracted large audiences. Evgeniy Dominicovich Esposito, an outstanding opera conductor, was under contract the conductor of the Kuban military choirs in 1901–1902 and again in 1909–1911. 1902The newspaper "Kuban Regional Gazette" published a description of the so-called Ivanovo village - the city's "bottom", the existence of which many of the respectable residents of Ekaterinodar did not even suspect, although the village was located close to the most aristocratic part of the city.
“You just have to go down Bazarnaya Street down to Kuban, and your eyes will be presented with a dirty pile of small buildings closely pressed together, covered with all kinds of rubbish, from reeds, boards and various rags to pieces of various old iron,” the eyewitness wrote further. explained that this “village” was founded by the enterprising merchant Ivanov, and the inhabitants of the taverns of the Old and New Bazaars live here, who pay the owner 3–5 kopecks to spend the night. More “respectable” residents rent apartments on a monthly basis. Most residents are in the village only at night, when “you can’t stay in the tavern; the rest of the time they sit in dukhans or huddle around them. A person who accidentally ends up here, by coincidence, can hardly get out of here,” the author of the notes concluded, comparing the inhabitants of the village with the characters of Maxim Gorky... 1902The trading house of V. Gurenkov and N. Boldenkov announced the availability of records for sale in Yekaterinodar with recordings of arias from operas and songs performed by Fyodor Chaliapin
1902. The site for the construction of a state bank building in Yekaterinodar on the corner of Krasnaya and Grafskaya (now Sovetskaya) streets was consecrated.
1903The Yekaterinodar Duma decided to establish the positions of a city agronomist and land surveyor to “regulate the use of city land and to help them maintain two horse riders,” says the archival document. However, in the entire Kuban region, the agronomic service (one agronomist in each of the seven departments) was introduced much later, only eight years later - in 1911 1903The Caucasian branch of the Peasant Land Bank was opened in Yekaterinodar. According to archival documents, with the assistance of the bank, up to 2,400 householders settled and acquired land in Kuban annually. 1903A rather explosive situation arose on March 14 at the oil mill of the Avdeev brothers, one of the large enterprises of Ekaterinodar.
The head of the Kuban Gendarmerie Directorate, Colonel Voronov, reporting this to the head of the Kuban region, said that the owners of the enterprise decided to dismiss “for no apparent reason, 50 Russian workers, in whose place the same number of Armenian workers were discharged from Armavir, who were also assigned an increased salary is 23 rubles per month instead of 18 – 20 rubles.”
Similar actions by entrepreneurs took place before, which caused quarrels between workers and ended with the dismissal of Russians.
The gendarme warned of the danger of unrest at the plant, given that 500 people worked there, of which 50 were mechanics and boilermakers, “all young people with a violent character.”
1903 The chief of police of Yekaterinodar filed a report about the “violent” behavior of city youth, who staged fights during the Easter holidays, especially on Kotlyarevskaya, Kuznechnaya, Sadovaya and Grivenskaya streets, where “a crowd of street fighters did not allow the public to pass, broke into the courtyards of residents, broke their windows...” .
“All this has become unbearable for parents,” wrote the police chief, “who are unable to curb their street children.” And he further pointed out the small number of police and asked for horse patrols to help. 1904The foundation stone for the building of the 2nd Yekaterinodar four-year school, which is being built on the corner of Kotlyarevskaya and Severnaya streets, has been completed
1904On January 18, on the fortieth day of the death of Evgeniy Dmitrievich Felitsyn, a memorial service was held in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. After the death of Yevgeny Felitsyn, almost his entire library, documents and photographs went into private collections. Only in 1909 was an order issued by the ataman Mikhail Babych to complete Felitsyn’s personal archive and transfer it to the military museum. In November 1990, the name of Evgeny Felitsyn was given to the Krasnodar City Historical and Archaeological Museum-Reserve. 1904The Kuban Committee of the RSDLP was formed, which headed the activities of the Social Democrats of the Kuban region and the Black Sea province. It included Kostelovskaya, Popov, Shcherbinin, Shishkin, Martynovsky and other prominent revolutionaries 1904At 10 o'clock in the morning, in connection with the outbreak of war with Japan, a prayer service was served in the Ekaterinodar Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, at the beginning of which the royal manifesto of January 28 was read about the opening of military operations against Japan. 1904. In connection with the outbreak of war with Japan, patriotic demonstrations took place in the city of Yekaterinodar. The next day, the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper wrote: “Noisy demonstrations continued until almost 12 o’clock at night. The crowd carried... six portraits of the Sovereign Emperor. Many had flags and candles in their hands, rockets were launched in front of some buildings...”
1904On the initiative of Ataman Pashkovskaya Shuplyak, supported by the local intelligentsia, a tea-reading room was opened in the village with funds from the Kuban Regional Committee of People's Sobriety. The purpose of the new institution was to “distract the population from the unreasonable passing of time during free hours,” wrote the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper. 1904Historian F.A. Shcherbina published in the newspaper “Kuban Regional Gazette” a program (questionnaire) for collecting information about Cossack life in connection with the preparation of the history of the Kuban Cossack army. “Wishing to cover the history of the Motherland as broadly and comprehensively as possible,” he wrote, “I intend, in addition to the main materials - archival primary sources and already published information, to use private notes. Memoirs, memoirs, as well as oral information characterizing the everyday characteristics of a Cossack, his worldview...” 1904An exhibition of “living people” has opened in Yekaterinodar: giant children and midgets. “In the 20th century, humanity is ashamed to visit menageries of people” - this was the public reaction to this “event,” noted the Kuban Regional Gazette. 1904A ceremonial farewell took place for two cavalry hundreds formed from volunteer mountaineers of the Kuban region (Maikop and Ekaterinodar departments), who participated in the Russian-Japanese War as part of the Terek-Kuban Irregular Cavalry Regiment.
1904In the Ekaterinodar Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, a memorial service was held for Admiral Stepan Makarov and the officers and sailors who died during hostilities with Japan on the battleship Petropavlovsk.
The outstanding Russian naval commander and scientist, leader of two trips around the world, Stepan Osipovich Makarov also made an Arctic voyage on the icebreaker Ermak, built on his initiative, and commanded the Pacific squadron in Port Arthur. He died on the battleship Petropavlovsk, which was blown up by a mine. 1904The Ekaterinodar city art gallery of F.A. Kovalenko opened, occupying the entire first floor of the city government building on Krasnaya Street. Back in January 1903, Fyodor Akimovich Kovalenko donated his art collection to the city. “I am donating my entire collection, consisting of paintings, ancient coins and other items, to Ekaterinodar,” he wrote to the city duma.
The gallery displayed about 120 oil paintings, watercolors, engravings and photographs, and a “literary and archaeological department” was also opened. Already on the first day it was visited by a lot of people, especially students, the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper reported.
The famous artist I.E. Repin responded at the opening of an art gallery in Yekaterinodar. On April 11, 1904, he sent a telegram to the mayor: “Congratulations. I wish the museum prosperity and enrichment,” and on May 2 of the same year F.A. Kovalenko wrote: “... one cannot help but sympathize with this wonderful institution. And for my part, I will always try to be useful in some way to your noble cause.”
Fyodor Kovalenko continued to work for free in the museum he created, and only in 1912 was his salary determined.
In 1907, the art gallery moved to the Batyr-Bek Shardanov mansion, rented by the city, on the corner of Krasnaya and Grafskaya (later Sovetskaya) streets, where the art museum is still located 1904. A ceremonial farewell to the Kuban sanitary detachment of sisters of mercy, departing for the Far East, took place at the Ekaterinodar station. In the newspaper “Kuban Regional Gazette” we read: “there were commanding officials, representatives of various institutions, establishments, societies and a huge number of the public who came to see off the detachment, despite the early hour and continuous rain...”
The Kuban detachment of sisters of mercy, which set off on a long journey, was equipped with donations. It consisted of two doctors, seven nurses, fourteen orderlies and one nurse and had an infirmary equipped with more than 100 beds 1905. The Ekaterinodar second four-year school was given the name “Alekseevskoe”. 1905. The former head of the Kuban region and ataman of the Kuban Cossack army, Yakov Dmitrievich Malama, was confirmed by the highest permission with the rank of honorary citizen of the city of Ekaterinodar.
It is known that Yakov Dmitrievich adhered to liberal views, supported various cultural endeavors and societies, and encouraged charity. During his reign, the 200th anniversary of the Kuban Cossack army was widely celebrated.
At various times, for distinguished service and participation in hostilities, Yakov Malama was awarded the orders: St. George 4th degree, St. Vladimir 3rd degree with swords, 4th degree, St. Anna 1st and 2nd degrees, St. Stanislaus 1st, 2nd and 3rd degrees, Persian Order of the Lion and the Sun, Serbian Order of the First, had a golden saber with the inscription "For bravery 1905In the Dmitrievskaya Church of Yekaterinodar, the Don Cossack Bazikin, a free employee under the Kuban regional government, together with “other persons” scattered proclamations “Eternal memory of those killed by Tsar Nicholas II.” He was detained and convicted of “belonging to the Kuban Committee of the RSDLP.” ...This is how news came to the people of Ekaterinodar about the tragic events of Bloody Sunday, which became the prologue to the first “Great Troubles” that shook the Russian Empire in the twentieth century... The revolutionary element will not escape even the outskirts, including Kuban: it will reach here a little later, but will last a little longer than in the capitals and will leave its “autograph”: rallies and demonstrations, strikes, bloodshed and the introduction of martial law, which will cross out the won freedoms... 1905. The teacher of the Kuban Teachers' Seminary, Ivan Timofeevich Rotar (who was also a teacher at the diocesan school), died, who, possessing a remarkable intelligence and “extremely sympathetic character,” enjoyed great influence among the intelligentsia and students and carried out social democratic work. His funeral, organized officially by educational institutions, “unexpectedly turned into a grandiose political demonstration with red ribbons on the wreaths.” A lot of people took part in them, especially many young people. The authorities of the diocesan school considered it best to take their pupils back to the walls of the educational institution.
According to the memoirs of Stepan Erastov, they returned from the funeral in a crowd, with revolutionary songs, and Chief of Police Chernik walked next to him and complacently persuaded: “Well, that’s enough, children, that’s enough... Let’s go home already.” Later, in the gendarmerie “Political Review of the Kuban Region” for 1905, it was reported: “The teaching staff in public schools deserves special attention, since the participation of these personnel in the revolutionary movement and even their leadership of the masses is beyond any doubt...” 1905The day of March 9 is marked by the following event: the head of the Kuban region, Dmitry Aleksandrovich Odintsov, approved the charter of the Kuban Society of Agriculture, L.V. Sobinov, created on the basis of the economic society and which continued its activities. The new charter was adopted on the basis of the “Normal Charter of Local Agricultural Societies,” according to archival documents
1905“On Sunday, April 24, a large crowd of clerks from the haberdashery and textile shops of Yekaterinodar forced a stop to trading in all trading establishments, with the exception of food establishments, on all the main streets of the city, the Old and New Bazaars,” we read in a gendarmerie document preserved in the archives. – The purpose of such actions was to achieve a holiday rest for the clerks, which the latter had been trying to achieve since the beginning of the year, but to no avail.
Police officials, fearing unrest in the capital of Kuban, accompanied crowds of clerks and, together with them, convinced the owners to fulfill the demand. The most active participants in this matter were shown by: the owner of the furniture store Rubezhansky, the clerk of the manufacturing store Alexander Tokhov, the pharmaceutical goods dealer Moses Kaplan ... "
1905. The Kavkaz newspaper wrote on that day that the Yekaterinodar City Duma decided to submit, through the Council of Ministers, a “most eminent petition” for the establishment of popular representation in the country “on the basis of universal, equal, direct and closed voting…” with the granting of the rights of legislative initiative and control over all actions of the executive branch, as well as “granting the Russian people freedom of conscience, speech, press, unions and meetings, with the indispensable guarantee of the inviolability of the person and home.”
1905. At the Gusnik iron foundry in Yekaterinodar, workers began a strike, presenting demands to the entrepreneur to reduce the working day to 10 hours and to stop “afternoon work” on the eve of holidays and on Saturdays. But the owner himself did not dare to make concessions to the workers.
At that time, at the metalworking and iron foundry enterprises of the Kuban capital, working hours ranged from eleven to eleven and a half hours, at others - 11 - 12 hours; a system of fines and deductions from wages was used, and assault flourished, especially against working teenagers.
1906On the first anniversary of Bloody Sunday in the Kuban capital - Ekaterinodar - a demonstration took place on Krasnaya Street with the singing of revolutionary songs... The participants responded to the police’s demand to disperse, as reported in the documents, with “last insolence.” Nine people were detained, including a watchmaker named Babsky, who “proved himself to be the leader of the crowd.” He was charged with hanging a red flag on a lamppost with the inscription: “Curse on the executioners.” In addition, he was noticed as an “agent of revolutionaries” two weeks ago, when he led a similar procession of recruits along Bursakovskaya Street, and a week ago on Cathedral Square he attached a red flag with revolutionary inscriptions to a telegraph pole... By decree of the ataman, Lieutenant General Odintsov, the detained demonstrators were subject to arrest for a period of two weeks to two months... 1906 Periodical researchers characterized the Zarya newspaper as non-partisan, “urban philistine”, with an unstable direction, sometimes with a social-democratic bias. Its circulation did not exceed 4–5 thousand copies. For censorship reasons, the newspaper changed its name twice: “New Dawn” (1906 – June 1910) and “Morning of the Caucasus” (June – September 1910). In September 1910 it ceased to exist. 1906The entire Kuban region was declared under martial law. And the city of Ekaterinodar, since mid-December of the previous year 1905, was in a position of enhanced security. And the martial law continued until July 1909... - such information is found on the pages of the book “The Revolutionary Movement in Kuban at the Beginning of the 20th Century.” 1906For participation in the December demonstrations in Yekaterinodar, the people's teacher from the peasantry, Foma Mikhailovich Morozov, was detained by the police. During a search, they found a proclamation of the Black Sea Committee of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party entitled “About the Prysyaga” in the “Little Russian dialect”. It contained a call on the Cossacks to refuse obedience to their superiors, not to shoot at the “rebellious people,” to join the “freedom fighters” and to achieve the Constituent Assembly and autonomy of Ukraine. Representatives of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party distributed other leaflets in Kuban, in particular, “The villagers do not need war.” A conference of RSDLP groups in the North Caucasus, held in March of the same year, 1906, having analyzed the activities of this party, decided to expose its nationalist aspirations, but to enter into revolutionary fighting agreements with it, as necessary, according to the principle: “to go apart, to beat together.” Indeed, the memoirs of contemporaries have been preserved, confirming that “the struggle of the “Ukrainians” and Social Democrats against the regime in 1906 was on a common front, there was nothing to divide”... A similar decision was made in relation to the Armenian parties “Hnchak” and “Droshak”, which also pursued a fundamentally dual policy (social democratic, on the one hand, and nationalist, on the other). The conference of groups of the RSDLP of the North Caucasus invited workers' organizations to expose this inconsistency until the Hunchaks and Droshakists "finally break with nationalist aspirations and become part of the RSDLP", not to enter into any agreements with them, "except temporary ones on one or another purely practical matters." 1906. On the outskirts of Yekaterinodar, called Dubinka, behind the fence of a prayer house, after the end of the service, an impromptu rally was held, which was attended by up to a thousand local residents. It was addressed by a certain Bezhodarny, who had previously headed a delegation of Ekaterinodar townspeople to the head of the Council of Ministers, Witte. He said that the delegation “still achieved the opportunity to state their demands, expressing no confidence in the current government.” The main demand of the Ekaterinodar townspeople in 1906 was the speedy convening of the Duma.
The bourgeois Bezhodarny was already well known to the local gendarmerie as an “unreliable person”: at bourgeois gatherings he campaigned against the introduction of a regime of enhanced security.
In early March he was arrested. However, despite this, at a meeting of Ekaterinodar townspeople he was unanimously elected headman, although he was already in exile in the Arkhangelsk province. In telegrams addressed to the chairman of the Second State Duma, the townspeople of Yekaterinodar demanded the return of their chosen one from exile, as a victim “for the idea of liberating the people from slavery,” as well as “amnesty for all freedom fighters.” 1906. The newspaper "Kuban Regional Gazette" reported that the military hospital of the Kuban Cossack Army, in view of the "fast equipment" of the X-ray room at the surgical department, asked the board of the Kuban region to supply electric current to the department 1906. The society “Brotherly assistance to soldiers who suffered in the Russian-Japanese war” was formed in Yekaterinodar. Subsequently, it began to provide assistance to the families of those killed “in the fight against the revolution,” including from terrorist acts 1906. The first issue of the daily socio-political newspaper “Kuban Life” was published, the editor of which was the famous bibliographer A.D. Toropov. Since June 15, 1906, the newspaper was published by a partnership of the same name on shares, its actual editor was the leader of the cadets N.M. Ryndin. The newspaper's circulation did not exceed 1,500 copies, and “due to lack of material resources” the publication ceased to exist in August 1906 1906The first issue of the new Ekaterinodar newspaper “Zarya” was published, the publisher of which was the “owner of the printing house” Rostov tradesman Ivan Fedorovich Boyko, and the editor was the excise official Vladimir Iosifovich Zhukovsky (after his death the newspaper was edited by M.Z. Finkelshtein, V.A. Potapov, G. D. Starlychanov and others).
Periodical researchers characterized the Zarya newspaper as non-partisan, “urban philistine”, with an unstable direction, sometimes with a social-democratic bias. Its circulation did not exceed 4–5 thousand copies. For censorship reasons, the newspaper changed its name twice: “New Dawn” (1906 – June 1910) and “Morning of the Caucasus” (June – September 1910). In September 1910 it ceased to exist. 1906The 7th Kuban Plastunov battalion returned to Kuban from the Far East. In the village of Pashkovskaya, the plastuns were greeted like this.
...The big bell rang, and the people, as well as the priest and the clergy, moved beyond the village, to the “Ridna grave”, where farewells and meetings of the Cossacks were always held - tables were already prepared here for treating the heroes and serving a prayer service.
Thousands of people came outside the village within an hour to hear the bell ring; on the northern side of the village, across the river, the slope of the bank was dotted with gray-haired old men, fathers of sons returning from the war, mothers, wives, children, relatives and acquaintances... At half past five in the evening a messenger appeared and reported that the Plastuns... were approaching the village. Everyone was alarmed, the old men lined up in ranks, in front stood Colonel Poberezhny, military foreman Shkura, then the Cossacks with guns, on the other side - students with instructors, on the edge - musicians and the ataman with two old men - St. George's cavaliers, who were holding bread on a saucer - salt. The chieftain commanded “Smir-rno!” and together with the gray-haired cavaliers carrying bread and salt, he went to meet them. The music started playing a march. Approaching, the ataman greeted them, congratulated them on their happy return to their homeland and, presenting bread and salt, said: Your village greets you, heroes, with bread and salt for maintaining the military glory of your fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers of Zaporozhye... The Cossacks fired shots from their guns, and A loud “hurray” was heard everywhere...
1907 A.A. Paskhalova, “the favorite of Kyiv and Odessa audiences,” began a tour in Yekaterinodar with the troupe of actors of the Odessa City Theater. “Her repertoire includes roles from G. Ibsen’s drama “Nora”, M. Maeterlinck’s “Sister Beatrice”, D’Annunzio’s “Gioconda,” reported the Kuban Regional Gazette newspaper.
1907A letter was received from State Duma deputy Kuban historian Fyodor Shcherbina about the need to open a university in Yekaterinodar, in which he reported that as a deputy, a professor at Kharkov University, our fellow countryman Mikhin, approached him with an offer to take part in the opening of a university here. In his opinion, at first it is possible to organize only two faculties - medical and natural with departments of agronomics and viticulture.“By bringing the issue of opening a university in Yekaterinodar to the pages of the local press, I would like to give it the widest publicity and provoke a comprehensive discussion,” Fyodor Andreevich Shcherbina wrote at the conclusion of the letter. The very next day (April 5, 1907), the Novaya Zarya newspaper published this letter
1908A.V. Lyapidevsky (1908-1983), Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of the Golden Star was born in the village of Belaya Glina N 1", Major General of Aviation 1909An agreement was concluded under which the symphony orchestra of the Kuban Cossack Army undertook to play in the city garden of Ekaterinodar from April 20 to September 20 for three hours daily. Evgeniy Esposito again became the bandmaster of the orchestra. The outstanding opera conductor led the ensemble in 1901–1902 and again in 1909–1911, working under contract.
The musical program had to consist of at least fifteen pieces in the following order: on Mondays - light music; on Tuesdays - Russian and Slavic composers; on Wednesdays - Latin composers; on Thursdays – performances by soloists and purely symphonic music; on Fridays – German and Nordic composers; on Saturdays – mixed program; Sundays are holidays.
I.I. Kiyashko in the book “Military Singing and Musical Choirs” notes that at this time large concerts were organized in Yekaterinodar. Thus, the “Big Concert” took place of the united symphony orchestras of the Kuban Cossack Army and music classes of the local branch of the Imperial Russian Musical Society (IRMS) under the direction of V.P. Gutor. The program included: music by M. Glinka for the tragedy “Prince Kholmsky”, concert in F minor by F. Chopin, fugue in D minor by I. Bach - F. Busoni, serenade for string orchestra by P. Tchaikovsky and other works.
1909. In Yekaterinodar, Zlobin’s private theater burned to the ground. It was located on the territory of the post office. The cause of the fire was careless handling of fire by a drunken building guard.1912The foundation stone of the Ekaterinodar Commercial School on the corner of Novaya and Kotlyarevskaya streets was consecrated. After the prayer service, a procession of the cross took place along the foundation laid out under the plinth. In the corner under the future house church of the school there was a copper plaque with a corresponding inscription and two bottles in which oiled sheets of paper with the same inscription were sealed. The ceremony was attended by representatives of the public, city authorities, and school students.
The commercial school, founded in 1908 at the request of the merchant society of Yekaterinodar, was the first educational institution of its kind not only in the Kuban region, but also in the North Caucasus. Suffice it to say that in addition to general education subjects, the following disciplines were taught: commercial arithmetic, accounting, commercial correspondence in Russian and foreign languages, political economy, trade history, law, commodity science, commercial geography, shorthand, writing on a typewriter, drawing and (for additional fee) calligraphy, singing, dancing, “music” and foreign languages.
The full course of study was eight years. The school accepted mainly the children of people of the merchant class involved in the maintenance of the school, to fill the available places - preferably the children of employees of industrial and commercial enterprises, and then the children of people of other classes.
According to the charter of the school, graduates who completed the full course received certificates and “were awarded the title of personal honorary citizen,” and those who completed the course with honors received the title of “candidate of commerce.” Nowadays this building houses the Kuban State Academy of Physical Culture. 1913. A spring musical and artistic festival dedicated to the work of artist M.A. Vrubel and composer N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov took place in Yekaterinodar. One of the organizers of the holiday, a teacher at the Ekaterinodar Music School, Mikhail Fabianovich Gnesin, made an opening speech. The festival program included the following performances: a symphonic dithyramb for voice and orchestra “Vrubel” by M. Gnessin (words by V. Bryusov), a fragment from the opera “The Tale of the City of Kitezh”, romances by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. The concert was attended by the famous singer N.I. Zabela-Vrubel and the music school orchestra conducted by M. Gnessin.
M.F. Gnesin is a student of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.K. Lyadov. In September 1911, he was invited to teach in Ekaterinodar, at a music school. Subsequently, a famous composer, Honored Artist of the RSFSR, Doctor of Art History, Professor of the Moscow and Leningrad Conservatories and the Moscow Gnessin Musical Pedagogical Institute.
Mad 20th century. Perhaps the most eventful century, so I decided to break the chronology of the 20th century into two parts. Between 1900 and 1950, the world was rocked by world wars and revolutions that claimed the lives of tens of millions of people. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo served as a formal reason for the First World War, although the great powers simply had enough of measuring their strength and chopping off tidbits from each other’s colonies. During the war, revolutions took place first in Russia, where power passed to the Bolsheviks and a communist regime was established, and then in Germany, which led to the creation of the Weimar Republic. The League of Nations and the USSR were created, Mussolini came to power in Italy. The thirties of the 20th century were characterized by a global economic crisis. At this time, power in Germany was seized by the fascist party led by Hitler. The Second World War began and Germany suffered a crushing defeat. The US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. The confrontation between the two superpowers, the USA and the USSR, began, which became known as the Cold War. At the end of the first half of the 20th century, the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong came to power in China. The chronology of these, as well as other events of the first half of the 20th century is presented below.
1904 Creation of the Entente - a military alliance between France and England
1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. Defeat of Russia. Portsmouth World
1905-1907 Revolution in the Russian Empire. "Bloody Sunday"
1906 First State Duma of the Russian Empire
1907 Russia's accession to the Entente
1908-1909 Bosnian crisis
1908-1946 Third Bulgarian Kingdom
1910 Korea came under Japanese control
1910-1926, gg. First Portuguese Republic
1911-1912 Italo-Turkish War (“Libyan War”). Treaty of Lausanne
1911-1912 Wuhan uprising. Overthrow of the Qing Dynasty. Declaration of independence of Outer Mongolia. Proclamation of the Republic of China
1912-1913 First Balkan War of the Balkan Union (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire. London Peace Treaty
1913 Second Balkan War - division of Macedonia between Bulgaria on one side and Montenegro, Serbia, Greece on the other
1914-1918 World War I. Entente versus the Central Powers bloc. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo. The battles of the Marne, Ypres, the Somme, Verdun, the Brusilov breakthrough. Jutland naval battle
1915 Italy's entry into the war on the side of the Entente
1917 February revolution in Russia. Abdication of the throne of Nicholas II. Constituent Assembly. Proclamation of a republic in Russia. October Revolution in Russia. II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. US entry into World War I on the side of the Entente
1917-1923 Civil war in Russia and foreign military intervention. Formation of independent states on the territory of Russia and Eastern Europe
1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Soviet Russia
1918-1919 Revolution in Germany and the creation of the Weimar Republic
1919-1920 Paris Peace Conference. Treaty of Versailles between Germany and the Entente. Peace treaties between Germany (Versailles), Austria (Saint Germain), Bulgaria (Neuilly), Hungary (Trianon), Turkey (Sèvres) and the Entente countries
1919-1946 The League of nations
1922 Genoa Conference. Treaty of Rapallo (between the RSFSR and Germany) - the end of the international diplomatic isolation of the RSFSR. Great Britain abolished the protectorate over Egypt, recognizing it as an independent state. I All-Union Congress of Soviets. Education of the USSR. The coming to power in Italy of the fascist party led by Benitto Mussolini
1923 Proclamation of the Turkish Republic. The government led by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and its reforms. Hamburg uprising in Germany. Krakow uprising in Poland. Fascist "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich led by General Erich Ludendorff and Adolf Hitler
1924 Creation of the Mongolian People's Republic
1925 In Geneva, 37 states signed the Protocol on the Prohibition of the Use of Poisonous, Asphyxiating and Other Similar Gases and Biological Agents in War
1927-1928 Kuomintang coup in China. Shanghai massacre. The rise to power of Chiang Kai-shek
1928 15 states signed the Pact of Paris (Briand-Kellogg Pact) - an agreement on the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy
1929 Soviet-Chinese armed conflict. Khabarovsk Protocol
1929-1939 World economic crisis (“Great Depression”). "Black Thursday"
1930 Civil disobedience movement in India. "Salt March" led by Mahatma Gandhi
1931 Overthrow of the Spanish monarchy. Establishment of the Second Republic
1931-1932 Mukden incident. Japan's seizure of the northeastern territories of China (Manchuria). Proclamation of the state of Manchukuo led by Emperor Pu-Yi
1932-1933 Mass famine in the USSR: in Ukraine, Belarus, the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Southern Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan
1932-1935 Geneva Conference of 63 countries on disarmament
1933-1934 Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany. Arson of the Reichstag. NSDAP declared the only party in Germany
1934 The USSR joined the League of Nations
1935-1936 Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Italy annexed Ethiopia. Italian East Africa
1936 Anti-Comintern Pact - an international treaty between Germany and Japan to combat the world communist movement
1936-1939 Military rebellion under the leadership of F. Franco. Spanish Civil War
1937 Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact
1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War
1938 Military conflict between the USSR and Japan. Anschluss (annexation) of Austria by Germany. Munich Agreement between Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy on the transfer of the Sudetenland by Czechoslovakia to Germany. Kristallnacht - mass pogroms against Jews in Germany
1939 Italy occupied Albania. Armed conflict near the Khalkhin Gol River (Mongolia) between the USSR and Japan. "Pact of Steel" (German-Italian treaty of alliance and friendship). The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (Non-Aggression Treaty between Germany and the Soviet Union) on the division of spheres of influence. Nazi Germany's attack on Poland. Beginning of World War II. Division of the territory of Poland between Germany and the USSR. Annexation of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus to the USSR.
1939-1940 Soviet-Finnish war. Expulsion of the USSR from the League of Nations
1939-1945 The Second World War. Anti-Hitler coalition against the countries of the Nazi bloc
1940 Accession of the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), Bessarabia to the USSR
1940-1941 German occupation of Denmark, Norway, France, Greece, Crete, Yugoslavia
1941 Neutrality Pact between the USSR and Japan. German attack on the USSR on June 22 (Plan Barbarossa). The Battle of Smolensk, the blockade of Leningrad, the battle for Kyiv, Odessa, the defense of Sevastopol, the battle for Moscow.
Atlantic Charter between the USA and Great Britain.
British and Soviet troops occupy Iran
12/07/1941 Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, the main US naval base in the Pacific Ocean. The US entered the war with Japan and Germany
05/08/1942 Battle of the Coral Sea between Japanese forces and the allied forces of the United States and Australia (the first clash of aircraft carrier groups)
July 1942 - January 1943 Stalingrad operation. The beginning of a radical change in World War II in favor of the anti-Hitler coalition
October–November 1942 Battle of El Alamein. The defeat of the North African Igalo-German group of General Rommel by British troops. A turning point in the battles for Africa
July 1943 Kursk operation
July–September 1943 Mussolini's removal from power. Dissolution of the fascist party. Italy's exit from the war. Landing of Anglo-American troops in Italy. Occupation of Italy by the Germans
October 1943 Tehran Conference of the Leaders of the Three Allied States - USSR, Great Britain, USA
1944 The Battle of Monte Cassino, an operation of Anglo-American troops in Italy against the German army
06.06 - 31.08.1944 Allied landings in Normandy and the opening of a second front (Operation Overlord)
02/04-02/11/1945 Yalta Conference of the Allied Powers on the Post-War World Order
04/16-05/08/1945 Capture of Berlin. Surrender of Germany
04/25-06/26/1945 San Francisco Conference. Creation of the UN
17.07-02.08.1945 Potsdam Conference of the Three States of the Anti-Hitler Coalition (USSR, USA, Great Britain)
06.08, 09.08. 1945 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
08/09/1945 USSR declared war on Japan
09/02/1945 Japanese surrender. End of World War II. Creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
20.11.1945 - 01.10.1946 The Nuremberg Trials - an international trial of the former leaders of Hitler's Germany
1945-1954 The Indochina War, which ended with the division of Vietnam into two independent states: the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (capital - Hanoi) and the Republic of Vietnam (capital - Saigon)
03/05/1946 Speech by W. Churchill in Fulton (USA). Beginning of the Cold War
1946 Proclamation of a republic in Italy. Paris Peace Conference following World War II
1947 Marshall Plan (US Secretary of State) for the post-war reconstruction of Europe. Partitioning the territory of British India into the Indian Union and the Dominion of Pakistan and granting them independence
November 29, 1947 The UN adopted a plan to divide Palestine into two states - Arab and Jewish
1947-1949 Arab-Israeli War
01/30/1948 Assassination of M. Gandhi in Delhi
05/14/1948 The establishment of the State of Israel is proclaimed
1948 Proclamation of the Republic of Korea (southern Korean Peninsula) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (north)
1948-1949 The first Berlin crisis. Creation of the enclave of West Berlin, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic
1949 The Council of Europe was created. Four Geneva conventions on the protection of war victims have been signed. Creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO (USA, Canada, Iceland, UK, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Italy and Portugal)
Russia in 1900-1922
Russia in 1900
In 1900, Russia was developing rapidly - both industry and agriculture. According to Lenin, capitalism in Russia developed to its last stage - imperialism.
The political system in Russia is the absolute monarchy of the Romanov dynasty
There were 4 main classes in Russia: workers (10%), peasants (80%), landowners (1%), capitalists (1%)
Peasants- these are people who own a small plot of land, who received these plots from landowners or the state after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, but became owners of this land only after payment of the full cost of this plot. By 1900, only 10% of peasants were able to purchase the land they received as their own!
landowner(nobleman, master...) a person who owns a large plot of land by inheritance.
Capitalist(bourgeois) - a person who owns a plant, factory, mine...
Worker (proletarian)- a person who does not have his own property!
Formation of the RSDLP
A party is a group of people who strive for power
In 1903, at the Second Congress in London, the Workers' Party (RSDLP) was formed. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. It immediately split into two groups: the Bolsheviks (Lenin) and the Mensheviks (Plekhanov)
This party, led by the Bolsheviks, will seize power in Russia in 1917 in order to build COMMUNISM in Russia and will rule the country for more than 70 years...
Russo-Japanese War
Date of: 1904 - 1905
Who fought with whom: Russia and Japan
Cause of war: Japan is concerned about Russia's rise in China and Korea and wants to oust Russia from this region. Progress of the war: Japan unexpectedly attacked Port Arthur, the army landed in Korea and China, the fleet blocked the Russian squadron and destroyed it. Port Arthur was surrendered, the Russian army retreated from China with heavy fighting. Examples of heroism: the heroic defense of Port Arthur, the death of the cruiser "Varyag", the Battle of Tsushima.
The result of the war: Russia lost the war. The following were given up: South Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Russia left Korea and China. Revolution of 1905 in Russia
Revolution (in this case) is a change of power
Causes: discontent : peasants(redemption payments, little land). Rworkers(low salary for hard work). TOcapitalists(there is money - no power). "Oppressed Nations"(they want to secede from Russia)
Progress of the revolution:
The Council of Workers' Deputies was created (the governing body of the rebellious workers in Ivanovo), the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, the uprising of sailors in the Black Sea Fleet under the leadership of Lieutenant Schmidt, the All-Russian October Strike, the Manifesto of October 17 was published, pogroms of landowners' estates by peasants...
The result of the revolution:
1. The State Duma (legislative power) was created
Freedom of speech, press, conscience was given, the creation of parties was allowed...
Redemption payments for land have been canceled
Increased salary, reduced working hours
BUT... autocracy has been preserved in Russia, although the power of the emperor is already limited by the State Duma.
Stolypin reform
Reform is a gradual change in something, in this case the transition from feudal relations to new, capitalist relations.
Stolypin's goal- to prevent revolution in Russia, to give the peasants the opportunity to get rich, thereby creating a “middle class” of wealthy people in Russia, who would be the support of the existing government.
To transition to capitalist relations in the village, P. Stolypin carried out the following reforms:
canceled redemption payments
He allowed the peasants to leave the community along with their land.
(Community is a form of relationships between peasants that has developed over centuries in the Russian village - everything is together)
He helped resettle peasants beyond the Urals to free Siberian lands.
He opened financial banks to provide assistance to peasants for the development of their economy...
But the reform failed because Stolypin did not do the main thing - he did not eliminate large landownership and did not distribute these lands to the peasants. Peasants in Russia still have little land left!
World War I ( 1914-1918)
Who fought with whom: England + France + Russia...against Germany + Austria-Hungary + Italy + Turkey...
Cause: Germany's desire to establish world domination by taking away their colonies from their opponents.
Occasion: Assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Prince Ferdinand, in Bosnia by Serbian nationalists.
Progress of the war: Russia came to the defense of Serbia, which became the reason for Germany to declare war on Russia, and then on France and England, starting a war on 2 fronts! The lightning war did not work out; Germany was bogged down in battles in the West and East. In this war, machine guns, tanks, airplanes, and gases were used for the first time.
Successes of Russia: Brusilov’s breakthrough in 1916, and then a streak of failures and retreats.
The result of the war: in 1918 Russia left the war, Lenin, according to the Brest Peace Treaty, gave Germany lands: Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Crimea, the Caucasus... A few months later, Germany capitulated to the Entente and the United States. She was forbidden to have an army, her lands were taken away from her, giving these lands to the newly formed countries: Poland, Czechoslovakia.
Austria-Hungary collapsed and new states appeared on the map of Europe: Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia
New states also appeared after the collapse of Russia in 1917: Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine...
February bourgeois revolution
Cause : DISCONTENT
Progress: factories went on strike, the army went over to the side of the workers.
Result: Emperor Nicholas II abdicated power. The autocracy collapsed. Russia became a republic
The Provisional Government came to power.
Great October Socialist Revolution
Causes: DISCONTENT: workers, peasants, oppressed nations, soldiers
Progress: Lenin organized the uprising. The following were captured: post office, telegraph office, bridges, train stations...
At a signal from the cruiser Aurora, the assault on the Winter Palace, where the Provisional Government met, began.
Result: The Provisional Government was arrested. Power in Russia passed into the hands of the Soviets of workers, peasants and
soldiers' deputies. The Bolsheviks took power and began building a new – communist society.
Civil war in the RSFSR 1918-1920
Who fought with whom:“Reds” - the Bolsheviks and all those who were for Soviet power, for the new communist system (without the tsar, landowners and capitalists), “whites” - against the Bolsheviks, against Soviet power, for old Russia.
Causes: Bolshevik seizure of power.
Progress of battles: interventionist troops (the British, French, Japanese and 10 other states started the war (1918). In 1919-1920, after the expulsion of the interventionists, it was continued by the “white” Russian armies of generals Kornilov, Denikin, admirals Kolchak, Wrangel...
Bottom line: The “Red Army” under the command of Frunze, Chapaev, Budyonny, Voroshilov... defeated foreign armies in 1918, and then in 1919-20. “whites”, expelling their armies from the entire territory of the RSFSR
Education USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
After the victory over the interventionists and the “White Army” in the RSFSR (1918-1920), the Red Army assisted other republics in establishing Soviet power. In Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia... the Bolsheviks came to power.
In 1922, these republics entered into an alliance with the RSFSR and created a new state on the fragments of the Russian Empire - the USSR. The USSR did not include the lands of the former Russian Empire: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Finland, Moldova
Capitalism- this is a system where there is private property, money and personal material interest
Imperialism-
this is the last stage of capitalism.
Communism- this is a system where there is no private property, people work voluntarily and for free, because under communism complete abundance is assumed.
WITH 
socialism- This is the initial stage of communism.
Economic policy of the Bolsheviks 1917-1921
"War Communism"- This is the policy of the Bolsheviks during the Civil War.
Since 1918, the Bolsheviks wanted to build communism in one fell swoop - to abolish money, trade... and everyone is equal! There was a civil war, and they began to build communism!!! Therefore, their policy from 1917 to 1921 was called "Military communism". There was no money, no trade, but bread, meat... were necessary for the army and cities, and therefore food detachments, during food appropriation campaigns, forcibly took away bread from the peasants. Riots began, peasants went to the “whites”, “greens”, famine and uprisings began...
The result of the policy of “war communism” is destroyed cities, millions killed in the civil war, millions who died from hunger and disease. The attempt to build communism quickly, in one fell swoop, failed!
The results of “war communism” forced the Bolsheviks to switch to the NEP (New Economic Policy) - a policy based on private property, the development of trade and monetary relations. (i.e. return to previous capitalist relations).
The following events of 1921 pushed the Bolsheviks to such a sharp turn from “communism” to capitalism: Famine in the Volga region
Peasant uprisings in Tambov, Siberia...
Uprising of sailors of the Baltic Fleet in Kronstadt
NEP(new economic policy) is the policy of the communists (Bolsheviks) after the civil war (1921-1928).
The goal of the NEP was that with the help of private capitalists, the communists wanted to restore the destroyed economy of Russia. During these years, money was introduced, trade was allowed, and the surplus appropriation system was replaced by a tax in kind. During these events, the state's economy began to develop at a rapid pace!
By 1928, Russia not only restored what was destroyed, but also surpassed in its development the pre-war level of 1914...
Building Socialism
The development of capitalist relations contradicted the goals of the communists to build a new, classless communist society. Therefore, after Lenin’s death, Stalin and the party set a course for curtailing the NEP and building socialism - (the first stage of communism)
Over two five-year plans (1928-1938), during industrialization, collectivization and the “cultural revolution,” socialism in the USSR was “basically built.”
Necessary measures for building socialism
Stalin and the Communist Party decided that in order to successfully build socialism in the USSR since 1928, the following measures must be taken:
In cities - carry out industrialization (build factories, mines, railways...)
In the countryside - carry out collectivization (unite peasants with their land into collective farms).
Both in the city and in the countryside - to carry out a “cultural revolution” (eliminate illiteracy, remove bourgeois ideas in art, replacing them with ideas for building a bright future - communism.
The first five-year plans. The difference between the planned economy of socialism and the market economy of capitalism. The Five Year Plan is a plan for the development of the country and its implementation within 5 years.
Planned socialist economy- the economy, where production, trade,... everything, is in the hands of the state. At the same time, for the year and the next 5 years it is planned to develop the entire economy of the country (in industry - how many factories to build, in agriculture - how much land to plow and what to sow, in transport - how many railways to build) and at the same time it is planned not only production , but also price and salary.
Market capitalist economy – an economy where almost everything is in the hands of private entrepreneurs rather than the state. Where is production, sales, price, wages... everything depends on supply and demand, everything is based on the personal initiative of the private owner.
Since 1928, the USSR adopted two five-year plans (1928-1933) and (1933-1938)
Industrialization
Industrialization is the development of industry (light and heavy), construction of mines, railways
Purpose of industrialization:
Bring the USSR to 1st place in the world in terms of industrial development in 10 years.
Since 1928, a five-year plan for the industrialization of the USSR was adopted. The second “five-year plan” was also completed. By 1938, the following were built: Dneproges, Kuzbass, Donbass, Magnitka, STZ, ZIL, Turksib railway.
The result of industrialization: in two five-year plans the USSR became a leading world power
Collectivization
Collectivization is the unification of peasants into collective farms.
Goal of collectivization:
Increase agricultural production
Unite small peasant farms into
large-(collective farms)
Remove the kulaks as a class (everyone should be equal)
To save money during industrialization through agriculture
The result of collectivization: at the first stage– the forced unification of peasants into collective farms led to famine and uprisings
At the second stage– by the method of persuasion and direct benefit it was possible
unite peasant farms into collective farms by 1938!
Cultural Revolution
The cultural revolution is events aimed at:
Elimination of illiteracy of the population
On the establishment in art of only one ideology - communist
The result of the cultural revolution:
Illiteracy eliminated
The dominance of the ideas of communism in literature, cinema, and painting under the name “socialist realism” was established.
The beginning of the “personality cult of Stalin”
Since 1934, the USSR has developed
"STALIN'S CULT OF PERSONALITY"
Reasons for the “cult of personality”:
No democracy (no opposition, freedom of speech, press...)
Brutal repressions (executions and camps...)
Strict centralization in the state and party.
The result of the “cult of personality”:
Tens of millions of people exiled to camps and executed...
G 
Germany in the 30s. The reason Hitler came to power.
The beginning of territorial seizures.
In 1933, Hitler's party, the Nazis, came to power in Germany.
The reasons for the Nazis coming to power: 1. The defeat of Germany in the First World War, resulting in territorial losses, national humiliation, unemployment, impoverishment of the country’s population….
In 1936, Germany began to implement its plans - ESTABLISHING WORLD DOMINANCE!(troops were sent into the “Rhine Zone”, Austria was annexed, the Sudetenland and all of Czechoslovakia were captured) - (“Munich Agreement”)
On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland. England and France, bound to Poland by a treaty of military assistance, declared war on Germany! The Second World War began. Germany, having completed the capture of Poland, began a war with France, occupied part of its territory, German troops entered Denmark and Norway. All European countries (except England) were subordinate to Germany.
USSR in the pre-war years (1938-1941)
In the West The Soviet Union was faced with the task of moving the USSR border towards Germany in order to wage war on foreign territory.
To this end: in 1939-40 - war with Finland. 1939 - annexation of Polish lands (W. Ukraine and W. Belarus)
1940 – inclusion of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Moldova into the USSR.
In the East The task of the USSR: to repel Japan's claims to our Far East.
1938 - battles near Lake Khasan, 1939 - battles in Mongolia on the river. Khalkin-Gol
1941 The beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Plan "Barbarossa". Battle for Moscow
Germany’s plan is for three army groups: “North” to Leningrad, “Center” to Moscow, “South” to Kyiv, to defeat the Red Army within 2 months and capture the entire territory of the USSR to the Urals. The direction of the main attack is Moscow.
The USSR's plan is to meet the enemy and beat him on German territory.
Progress of the battles - on June 22, 1941, without declaring war, the German army crossed the border of the USSR. Two months later, their army was halfway to Moscow - near Smolensk. The plan for a “lightning” war was thwarted. Only in October 1941 did the fighting for Moscow begin. On December 5, 1941, the Red Army under the leadership of G. Zhukov launched a counteroffensive near Moscow. The enemy was thrown back 100-150 km. In the South the Germans managed to take Kyiv, in the North the siege of Leningrad began (1941-1944)
Reasons for failure: 1. Miscalculated in the direction of the main attack. 2. Poor weapons 3. Stalinist repressions in the army. Examples of heroism: The feat of A. Matrosov, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, the Siberian divisions near Moscow, the Panfilov heroes, the feat of Gastello...
1942 Plans of the parties. Progress of battles. Battle of Stalingrad
Germany's plan is to deliver the main blow to the South. Cut the Volga at Stalingrad, capture the Crimea and the Caucasus.
The USSR's plan is to concentrate the main forces near Moscow and go on the defensive.
The course of the battles - instead of defense, our troops launched an offensive in the South in the direction of Kharkov-Kyiv. Taking advantage of our miscalculation, the enemy surrounded the advancing armies and, without encountering resistance, approached the foothills of the Caucasus and Stalingrad.
Reasons for failure: 1. Miscalculated in the direction of the main attack. 2. Heavy losses near Kharkov
From July 1942 to February 1, 1943, the battle for Stalingrad took place. There were battles for the city for six months. In some areas of the city the enemy reached the Volga. But on November 19, 1942, fresh reserves of the Red Army launched flank attacks on the enemy, surrounded them in Stalingrad, defeated them and captured them. Examples of heroism: the defense of Stalingrad (Pavlov’s house, Mamayev Kurgan, partisan actions of Kovpak’s detachments...)
1943 Plans of the parties. Progress of battles. Battle of Kursk
Germany's plan is to encircle the Soviet army near Kursk and develop an offensive against Moscow.
The USSR's plan is to concentrate the main forces on the Kursk Bulge, go on the defensive, wear out the enemy and counterattack.
The course of the battles - everything happened according to the plan of the Soviet command. Within 2 days, the German offensive fizzled out, and fresh reserves of the Red Army launched a powerful counterattack. The Nazis retreated beyond the Dnieper. The cities of Orel and Belgorod were liberated. Reasons for victories: 1. Correctly calculated the direction of the main attack. 2. Our superiority in technology is numerical and qualitative. Examples of heroism: the tank battle near Prokhorovka, the feat of pilots Kozhedub, Pokryshkin... The victory at Kursk was a radical turning point in the war. The liberation of the territory of the USSR began
1944. Liberation of the territory of the USSR. The beginning of the liberation of European countries
During the summer offensive, with ten powerful strikes along the entire front line, the enemy was expelled from the territory of the USSR (“Stalin’s 10 strikes”). The Soviet army crossed the border of the USSR. The liberation of European countries began: Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Austria... In 1945, Soviet troops reached Berlin.
The result of the liberation of European countries: those countries that were liberated by the Soviet army became socialist. Those countries that were liberated by the Allies (France, Greece, Italy...) remained capitalist. Europe has been split into two parts since 1945: capitalist countries and socialist countries. Two opposing forces emerged: NATO countries and the Warsaw Pact countries.
Home front during the war.
In the rear main slogan: “Everything for the front, everything for victory!”
The factories worked in three shifts, people worked their butts off, children and women replaced fathers at the machine and in the fields, everyone contributed their savings to the front, sent parcels for the soldiers of the Red Army.
By 1942, the evacuated factories in the Urals and Siberia were operating at full capacity, and already in 1943, the industry of the USSR surpassed that of Germany. New military equipment has appeared: Il-2, MiG aircraft, T-34 and KV tanks, Katyusha mortar launchers...
Guerrilla movement
1941 - spontaneous, unorganized movement of partisans behind enemy lines.
1942 - the beginning of the organization of partisan detachments in enemy-occupied territory.
1943 - powerful partisan movement behind enemy lines, “rail war”, reconnaissance, sabotage...
1944 - organization of the partisan movement in European countries
War in Europe. Results of the Great Patriotic War.
In 1944, the Allies opened the “Second Front”. They liberated: Italy, France, Belgium, Greece, etc. But in April 1945, Soviet troops were the first to enter Berlin. On May 9, Germany signed a document of surrender! The enemy was defeated!!!
Victory in the Second World War came at a high price:
War with Japan. Results of the war with Japan.
According to the agreement with the allies, the Soviet Union entered the war with Japan in August 1945. In China, the million-strong Japanese army laid down its arms. The US dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. On September 2, 1945, World War II ended after the defeat of Japan.
Result: The Soviet Union returned South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, lost in 1905. The result of the post-war world order was the split of states into two opposing camps: capitalist countries (NATO) and socialist countries (“Warsaw Pact”). The confrontation between them began - the “Cold War”.
Post-war world structure
After 1945, the countries of the world split into TWO hostile camps: communist countries and capitalist countries. Reason: Western countries were afraid of the spread of the influence of the USSR on the states of Europe and the whole world, the establishment of a communist regime in other countries, and therefore Western countries took all measures to stop the spread of the influence of the USSR on other states.
Socialist countries: Cuba, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, China. Many other countries in the world have also chosen the path of building socialism.
Restoring a war-damaged economy
Victory in the Great Patriotic War came at a high price:
27 million dead, up to 2,000 cities and villages destroyed, 1/3 of the country’s national wealth destroyed...
According to the calculations of American scientists, it will take 100-150 years for the Soviet Union to restore its economy destroyed by the war. But…
In one five-year plan (1945-50), we completely restored the economy destroyed by the war
During the second five-year plan (1950-1955) we exceeded the pre-war level by 2 times! (+had its own atomic bomb and missiles)
Tightening of political repression in the post-war years. 20th Congress of the CPSU.
Immediately after the Victory, Stalin launched a new wave of political repression. New arrests and executions swept across the country - especially against military commanders and people who had arrived from German captivity.
In the 50s, a new wave of repressions took place (“The Doctors’ Plot”) due to the deterioration of relations with Israel. Anti-Semitism has become state policy. But in March 1953, J.V. Stalin died...
Board of N.S. Khrushchev. Rise and fall
After the death of I.V. Stalin was replaced by N.S. as head of the party and government. Khrushchev. During his reign, repressions ceased. In 1956, hundreds of thousands of innocent prisoners were released from prison. At the 20th Congress of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev made a report “On Stalin’s personality cult.”
The methods of managing the economy were changed. Cost accounting was introduced (a method of production management in which the manufacturer is financially interested in the results of labor.). Virgin soil was turned up (untouched lands of Kazakhstan were plowed). On April 12, 1961, Yu.A. was launched into space. Gagarin. The hydrogen bomb was created. Elements of democracy appeared (freedom of speech, press...)
BUT...since 1961, all changes have been curtailed. The USSR economy went into decline!
22nd Congress of the CPSU.
In 1961 there was 22nd Congress of the CPSU. The Congress adopted a new Program of the CPSU, which set the task for the party and the entire country - to build COMMUNISM in the USSR by 1980, i.e. move from the first stage of the communist system (socialism) to the second (communism).
Under communism, the country should have: 1. ABUNDANCE of everything!!! 2. Only state property (not personal or private). 3 A new person - someone who wants to live and work for free, for the sake of the Motherland.
Under communism there should be no: 1. Money 2. Trade. 3. “Mine” (everything is “ours”)
Board L.I. Brezhnev. Reasons for economic growth and “stagnation”
In 1964, N.S. was removed from the highest posts of the party and state. Khrushchev for failure to manage the country's economy. L.I. was elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Brezhnev, Kosygin was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers, who began to carry out economic reforms based on “self-financing” giving greater independence to business leaders. The USSR economy began to develop rapidly. Factories, railways, mines were built...they began to produce consumer goods (photos, TV, refrigerators...), but since 1970 “self-financing” was curtailed. The material incentive for the development of enterprises has disappeared - a period of “stagnation” begins
Crisis in the CPSU. Board of Chernenko and Andropov.
The CPSU is the communist party of the Soviet Union, founded by V.I. Lenin in 1903, which came to power in Russia in October 1917 in order to build communism in the country. By 1970, it had turned from a militant, energetic party into a decrepit one, led by aging and sick General Secretaries. Neither they themselves, nor ordinary communists, nor the common people any longer believed in the possibility of building communism, but EVERYONE pretended that things were going well in the USSR, while the economy of the USSR was seriously ill: the rate of development of the national economy was falling, old production was collapsing , new, advanced modern technologies were not introduced. Attempts by Yu. Andropov and K. Chernenko to change something for the better were not successful. The party, and behind it the whole country, was heading towards destruction! In 1991, after the attempt of the senior leaders of the party to carry out a coup d'etat, the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin. issued a decree banning the CPSU!
April (1985) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee.Reasons and necessity for the start of “perestroika”.
After the death of K. Chernenko in 1985, M.S. was elected to the post of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Gorbachev. At the April Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, he made a report on the need for changes in all spheres of life in the USSR: economics, domestic and foreign policy, culture, etc.
Reasons and need for “perestroika”:
A sharp decline in the rate of economic development of the country and extreme impoverishment of the people.
The inability of the CPSU, led by the “Kremlin elders,” to lead the country and the party
The sharp lag of the USSR in development from other countries...
Suggestions for getting out of the “stagnation”:
Development of DEMOCRACY and “glasnost” in the country
Allow and develop the individual, private sector of the economy.
The adopted decisions of the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee began to be implemented in 1985!
The collapse of the USSR: causes and consequences. Formation of Russian statehood
The powerful state of the USSR was weakening economically and politically and was approaching its collapse. Reasons the collapse of the USSR became:
Economic crisis in the USSR
Strengthening the desire of the union republics to secede from the Union.
The changes that have begun in the USSR: democracy, the emergence of the private sector of the economy...
Efforts of the USA and Western countries to collapse the USSR.
Eventually:June 12, 1990 The Supreme Council of the RSFSR, headed by B.N. Yeltsin, decided on the sovereignty of the RSFSR.
August 19, 1991 after the attempted coup and the creation of the State Emergency Committee M.S. Gorbachev loses real power as president of the USSR. President of the RSFSR B. Yeltsin becomes the most authoritative leader of democratic forces. December 8-21, 1991 Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan announced the dissolution of the USSR. From the fragments of the USSR, new independent states emerged: the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, etc.
History of Russia at the present stage (1990-2009)
"Perestroika" in 1985-1991. was the impetus for the collapse of the Soviet Union.
In December 1991, during the collapse of the USSR, new independent states appeared: Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the states of the Caucasus and Central Asia... Since that time, a new young state has appeared on the world map - Russia (Russian Federation).
Unlike the USSR in Russia: instead of socialism - capitalism, instead of totalitarianism - democracy, instead of one communist party (CPSU) - many parties (LDPR, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Democratic Party...), the territory of the new state became smaller than the territory of the USSR...During the reign Russian President B. Yeltsin faced the main task of leading the country out of the crisis caused by “perestroika.” For this:
The course towards the development of DEMOCRACY continued: (elections of deputies, freedom of speech, press, ideological diversity...)
Russia decisively switched to market relations (“shock therapy”) - the privatization of enterprises continued, free pricing began (the price is set by the manufacturer, not the state), and free foreign and domestic trade. The result is a sharp impoverishment of the people, stratification into the poor and the rich. But the emerging private property became more efficient in comparison with state property. At a slow pace, Russia began to emerge from the crisis (abundance of goods, emergence of new technologies in production...).
Important events in Russian history
Head (governor) order (1)
Document44 0 763 50 64 1045 1922 34795 101 530 5808 342 ... best enterprises Russia", regional and international furniture exhibitions 1999-2001 years. More than 10 ... – Donetsk forestry 1. Forest pathological examinations of hectares 1900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ...
The armed confrontation between the Executive and Legislative powers in 1993 (an attempt by the Supreme Council to overthrow B. Yeltsin - as a result - the shooting from tanks of the White House and the arrest of deputies.
Russia", regional and international furniture exhibitions 1999-2001 years. More than 10 ... forestry 1. Forest pathological examinations of ha 1900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 ...
XX century
1890-1940s
Intense warming. The water level rose by 10 centimeters.
- Invasion of pagan origins, interest in African and other non-European rhythms, dance movements.
According to the last imperial census, 150 million people lived in Russia in 1900.
- (1900s) militant destruction of Orthodoxy. Slogans: “Religion is the opium of the people,” “Christianity is the religion of slaves.” Having accepted these slogans, losing faith and reason with them, the people opened themselves to the manipulation of dark forces striving for power. “In Russia, a rebellion can only begin with atheism” (F.M. Dostoevsky).
- Beijing. Empress Ci Xi declared war on Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, France, Italy, Japan, the USA and Russia. The “Declaration of War” was published: “Yihetuan” attacked the Russian units of the Trans-Amur District, guarding sections of the Russian Chinese Eastern Railway under construction in Manchuria, starting the destruction of the railway track and station buildings and killing the builders. A Russian army of one hundred thousand occupied Manchuria.
- A. Evans began excavations on the island of Crete: the discovery of the Knossos Palace, reminiscent of the Labyrinth from the myth of Theseus, the discovery of the Crete-Mycenaean culture, which died as a result of the explosion of the island of Santorini.
- A. Chekhov. "Uncle Ivan".
- Lev Tolstoy. "Living Dead".
- On January 1, kerosene lighting was replaced by electric lighting at the Moscow Telegraph.
- December 14 - the birth of Max Planck's quantum mechanics (radiation is carried out not continuously, but in portions).
- “Three Conversations” (about the Antichrist) by Solovyov. Death of a Philosopher.
- “The Doctrine of Logos in History” by S.N. Trubetskoy (1862-1905).
- “The Protestant Ethic and the Origins of Capitalism” by Max Weber.
- “On the Variety of Religious Experience” by James.
- “The Emergence of Hermeneutics” by V. Dilthey (1833-1911).
- “Nature and History” by V.V. Rozanova (1856-1919).
- “Lilac”, “The Swan Princess” by Vrubel.
- “Buddenbrooks” by T. Mann.
- “Sister Carrie” by Theodore Dreiser.
- Mahler's Fourth and Fifth Symphonies.
- (1900-1911) “Songs of Gurre” by Schoenberg.
On March 12, Tsar Nicholas opens in Gatchina a letter addressed to him by Paul I with the prophecy of the perspicacious hieromonk Abel about the death of the dynasty and the captivity of Russia by the third (conventionally: “Bolshevik-Jewish”) - after the Tatar and Polish - yoke, which is also not eternal. “On the morning of March 12, 1901, both the Sovereign and Empress were very animated and cheerful, getting ready to go from the Tsarskoye Selo Alexander Palace to Gatchina to reveal a centuries-old secret. They prepared for this trip as if it were a festive, joyful outing that promised to provide them with extraordinary entertainment. They went cheerfully, but returned thoughtful and sad, and they didn’t tell anyone about what they found in that casket, not even me, with whom they were in the habit of sharing their impressions. After this trip, I noticed that the Emperor began to remember the future 1918 as fatal for him personally and for the dynasty” (Memoirs of M.F. Goeringer, Chief Camerfrau of Empress Alexandra).
- † schemamonk Nikita, Valaam elder.
- (1901-1909) 26th US President Theodore Roosevelt. “To educate a person intellectually without educating him morally means to raise a threat to society.”
- K.K. Gillette patented a collapsible safety razor.
- “Song of the Petrel” by M. Gorky, “Three Sisters” by A.P. Chekhov.
- Excommunication from the Church of Leo Tolstoy.
- A.S. Golubkina (1864-1927), sculptural high reliefs “Swimmer” and “Wave” on the facade of the Moscow Art Theater in Moscow.
- Opera “Dobrynya Nikitich” by Grechaninov.
- The tenth notebook of Grieg’s Lyrical Pieces (No. 1 - “It Happened Once.” No. 3 “Kobold”).
- S. Rachmaninov. Second Piano Concerto (“From the first strike of the bell you feel Russia rising to its full height... The theme of his most inspired Second Concerto is not only the theme of his life, but invariably gives the impression of one of the most striking themes of Russia and only because the soul of this theme is Russian ". N.K. Medtner), Ten Preludes (Op. 23), Suite No. 2 for two pianos, cello sonata.
- Ravel. "Water Game"
- April 8, Easter, - the grand opening and consecration of the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. Newspapers of that time wrote: “A select society of the capital gathered for the celebration. There were more than two thousand people present. Almost the entire intelligentsia of the Russian Empire came together: composers, poets, artists, clergy, military officials. The ceremony was attended by ambassadors: Germany, France, England, America, Italy, Greece, Spain, Sweden, Japan. By decree of the Imperial Russian Musical Society the following shrines were invited: the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands, the image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the shrines of the Assumption Cathedral and the local parish. Upon the arrival of His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov, a prayer service began.”
“Real music is served, not served... To be its conductor, you must have a pure soul, hard work and the thoughts of a creator. For the soul and God’s mercy of the chosen one subsequently create a real miracle” - words from the speech of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov.
Tsar Nicholas II, who made a monetary contribution to the opening of the hall, sent a welcoming speech: “The Russian Imperial House has never stood aside from those individuals who created the glory of the Russian state, it has always been an ally and assistant in all endeavors among figures of science, culture, art and education. The funds invested in the new brainchild will subsequently bear fruit and serve for the benefit of the people and their future.”
Russia and China signed an agreement providing for the withdrawal of Russian troops from Manchuria while guaranteeing Russia's interests in the region.
- IN AND. Lenin. "What to do?".
- G. Marconi transmitted radio signals across the English Channel.
- “At the Bottom” by M. Gorky.
- L. Tolstoy blasphemously declares: there is no book more harmful than the Bible.
- “The Demon Defeated” by Vrubel.
- “Reservoir” by Borisov-Musatov.
- “Kashchei the Immortal” by Rimsky-Korsakov.
- The Marriage of Rachmaninov, cantata “Spring”, romances op. 21 (“Lilac”, “It’s good here”).
- Opera “Pelléas et Mélisande” by Debussy.
John Fleming's glass diode tubes became an indispensable part of radio equipment.
- “Six-winged Seraphim”, “Pearl” by Vrubel.
- (1904-12) “Jean-Christophe” by Romain Rolland.
- “The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh...” by Rimsky-Korsakov.
- Scriabin's Third Symphony.
- “The Miserly Knight”, “Francesca da Rimini” by Rachmaninoff.
1905
- The first Russian revolution.
religious tolerance.
1905-1917 - the “golden age” of the Old Believers, which emerged from isolation and actively joined common life. Over 2,000 Old Believer communities are registered. The Consecrated Cathedrals of the Old Believers Church, Diocesan Congresses, and All-Russian Congresses of Old Believers acquired official status. Old Believer public organizations emerged, and periodical publications were launched. The book publishing house “Znamenny Singing” began mass production of Old Believer printed singing books. In Old Believer temple construction there is a neo-Russian style. “Old Believer revival” was supported by merchants-patrons M.I. Brilliantov, A.I. Morozov, P.P. Ryabushinsky, Tretyakovs, Bakhrushins and others. On March 25, 1908, the female Old Believer choir of the Bogorodsko-Glukhov manufactory of A.I. Morozov will be the first to appear on the concert stage - in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory. Since 1907, gramophone records with recordings of Znamenny chants have been produced at the expense of A.I. Morozov. In 1912, the Old Believer Theological and Teachers' Institute was opened.
An undersea telegraph cable has been laid between the USA and China.
The Union of the Russian People was established. According to the order of St. The apostles placed two notes in front of the icon of the Tikhvin Mother of God. The note taken out by Abbot Arseny turned out to be a blessing from the Mother of God. Following the blessing of the Queen of Heaven, the creation of the union was blessed by St. right John of Kronstadt, who himself joined the union, for the sake of saving Russia, united in his ranks representatives of the entire people. Sovereign Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexy, the future Patriarchs Tikhon, Sergius, Alexy I, and almost all future new martyrs and confessors of Russia entered into an alliance. The Union was denigrated and slandered by liberal newspapers.
S. A. Nilus included “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion” in his book “Great in Small.”
Battle of Tsushima. The Second Pacific Squadron under the command of Admiral Z.P. Rozhdestvensky was destroyed in the Tsushima Strait after seven and a half months of sailing from the Baltic past the Cape of Good Hope.
In March, the Sovereign informed the members of the Holy Synod of his proposal, agreed with the Empress: leaving the throne to his son and establishing a regency with him from the Sovereign Empress and brother Michael, accept monasticism, holy orders and become Patriarch. Out of surprise, no one could utter a word. The Emperor left and never returned to this issue.
Prophetic warning of the holy righteous John of Kronstadt. In the event of a people’s departure from faith and Autocracy, the Russian people “will be the most unlucky of peoples, enslaved not by the former harsh landowners, but by the enemies of all the sacred foundations of their thousand-year life - persistent and cruel enemies who will begin by depriving them of the opportunity to study the Law God, but will end up destroying holy churches and throwing out the relics of God’s holy saints, collecting them in anatomical theaters.”
Tsar Nicholas II receives a blessing for martyrdom from Elder Barnabas from the Gethsemane monastery near the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. The Way of the Cross was predicted to the Emperor in his cell by the famous elder Barnabas from the Gethsemane monastery near the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, predicting “an unprecedented glory for his Tsar’s name...” Nicholas II came to the elder with repentance at the beginning of 1905. There is no exact information about the content of the Emperor’s conversation with Elder Barnabas. What is known for certain is that it was in this year that Nicholas II received the blessing to accept the end of martyrdom, when the Lord would be pleased to place this cross on him”...
In England, changing summer and winter time was introduced for the first time in the world. It promotes a familiar approach to the universe: not to fit oneself into time, but to adapt time to oneself. In 1917, the Bolsheviks would introduce changing times in Russia. Now, in the 21st century, there is a convention according to which all European countries cannot abolish summer time. Even Japan, which for a long time ignored the “switching of the arrows,” joined the agreement. (In Russia, the transition to winter time was canceled in 2011 by decree of President Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev).
The counter created by Geiger was used for the first time to detect and measure radiation.
- G. Minkowski the theory of relativity is presented in the form of pseudo-Euclidean geometric relationships of the four-dimensional space-time world.
The People's Conservatory was founded in St. Petersburg.
- Fairy tale play by M. Maeterlinck “The Blue Bird” (production).
- The Musical Theoretical Library was founded in Moscow.
- The F. Schubert Museum was founded in Vienna.
- (1908-14) “Despair”, “Obsession”, toccata, First Piano Concerto, Prokofiev’s “Sarcasms”.
- First violin concerto of B. Bartok.
- “Gaspard by Night” by Ravel.
General Electric has released an electric toaster.
- “Martin Eden” by Jack London.
- “At the walls of the invisible city” by M. Prishvin.
- “Kikimora” by Lyadov.
- Rachmaninoff's third piano concerto. One day S.V. Rachmaninov was asked about the main theme of the Third Piano Concerto: was it borrowed from church hook books? - it is very reminiscent of the old Lavra chant “Thy grave, O Savior, warriors guarding.” Sergei Vasilyevich replied: “No. It’s just written like that!”
T. Marinetti, founder of futurism and teacher of Mussolini: “A man corrupted
libraries and crowded with museums, no longer represents the slightest
interest... We want to glorify the love of danger, the habit of daring.
We want to glorify aggressiveness, feverish insomnia and fist fighting... We
we sing of impudent pressure, feverish delirium, a marching step, a dangerous jump, a slap in the face and
fight."
Poem "Island of the Dead" by Rachmaninov.
- Five pieces for orchestra, monodrama “Waiting” by A. Schoenberg.
- Glorification of Joan of Arc, canonized by the Roman Catholic Church on May 16, 1920.
- CM. Volnukhin (1859-1921), monument to the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov in Moscow.
- A monument to Alexander III by sculptor P.P. was unveiled. Trubetskoy (1866-1930).
Let me make a reservation right away: this article is intended for a reader with a critical mind. To others it will seem like complete nonsense. And yet I believe that such a point of view on the origin of humanity has the right to life. To those who will reproach me for unsubstantiated chatter, I want to object: human logic is a powerful and accurate tool for cognizing reality, provided, of course, that the latter is linear. In my previous article, I proposed to readers the hypothesis that humanity was created by a certain Creator 200 years ago. After some thought, I decided to adjust this period downward. I believe that humanity appeared on the planet at the turn of the 30s - 40s of the 20th century and possibly later. That is, the age of our civilization is less than 100 years. I will try to explain why I think so using the example of Russian history. The events that took place in the Russian state from 1900 to 1940, if you think about them at least a little, look incredible, even fantastic. It was from the moment of the Russo-Japanese War that Russia began to rapidly lose its population and economic potential. Only now, with the advent of the Internet, has it become possible to capture this era with a single view.
The points:
1. 1900-1905. Russia's capture (or lease, if you prefer) of Chinese Port Arthur and the Russo-Japanese War.
The big mystery: Where did Russia (and Japan) get its armored fleet, with what money and where was it built, and with what funds was it maintained? And this is a very expensive pleasure. And who served him, if even in our enlightened age, teaching a conscript sailor to handle ship weapons and equipment is not easy and sometimes even impossible within 3 years of service? And in general: were such technologies possible at that time?
2. The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907.
3. First World War 1914-1918.
6. Civil war. Red and white terror. 1918-1922.
7. Industrialization of the USSR 1920-1940.
8. Famine of 1921-1922 and 1932-1933.
9. Political repressions of the 1920s - 1930s.
Aren't there too many events for one nation in 40 years?! Some incredible, simply phenomenal political and physical activity of people. Especially against the backdrop of the current political apathy of the population. But a lot of things have happened to us over the past 24 years:
1. Collapse of the USSR.
2. Robbery of the people in the form of monetary reform.
3. The second robbery of the people in the form of voucher privatization.
4. The third robbery of the people in the form of Yeltsin’s default.
5. The first Chechen war.
6. Second Chechen war.
7. Finally gdp.
And what? Someone took to the streets and took up arms? No, we swallowed it all, rolled up our sleeves, tightened our belts and moved on with our lives.
So what was the reason for such incredible events that happened to us at the beginning of the 20th century? In the footage of the chronicle we see crowds of people, captured by revolutionary enthusiasm and fiery speakers (which, by the way, no one hears except the first rows). Who are all these people? What do they do for a living? What do they eat, what do they use to get around the city? And who even let them go from work to the rally? Who released the soldiers from the barracks? Any anarchy in society very quickly comes down to one single question: WHAT WILL WE EAT, GENTLEMEN? Only the peasant after the rally can return home and dine on what the subsistence economy provided (until the armed townspeople robbed him, of course).
From 1900 to 1922, if history is to be believed, the Russian state was simply reduced to dust. Banal but vitally important questions arise: who fed the people during this great turmoil, how were the cities supplied with food? After all, there were no refrigerators. How was meat, fish and milk stored and delivered, only in winter? How did the financial system work if the money of Tsarist Russia ceased circulation after 1917: universal natural exchange for at least 5 years or settlements in gold? Those pieces of paper that the Soviet government issued since 1919 were not money, either in form or in essence. History remains silent on this matter. Where did the peasants' surplus food come from in the absence of equipment and fertilizers, and even during the civil war, when both the Whites and the Reds were plundering, and the peasants were forcibly mobilized? How did Ukraine and the Volga region survive the famine and how did these areas recover after? Anyone who considers these issues to be of little importance should try to work on the land and produce “surplus” food. Industrialization is also impossible on the enthusiasm and slave labor of prisoners alone: did you buy factories abroad? Using the example of the last years of our modern history, we see that we are doing much better at deindustrialization. Where did all these factories come from under Stalin, if for the last 20 years the whole country has not been able to debug the work of only VAZ, which we inherited from the USSR, and even foreign managers are unable to help us? I believe that the entire industry appeared on the planet at the same time as us. We couldn't create it from scratch in principle. It is also impossible to comprehend the movement of huge masses of people across the country from the Baltic states to Kamchatka at the beginning of the 20th century. Some were expelled, others left in search of a better life. Where did people get the funds to move and settle in a new place? And so does the state. Even now it is difficult to do this, but then, in a destroyed country? Where did the mighty military potential of the USSR come from before the Second World War? All this leads us to assume that these supposedly historical events never happened in reality. The line between real and fake history lies somewhere very close to us. Just a stone's throw away.
I think that my hypothesis is no more fantastic than the Big Bang theory, Darwin's theory of evolution, the biblical story of the creation of the Mirai, or the “scientific” emergence of life from dead matter.. Perhaps there will be even more common sense in my mind. The fact that our entire story was made up by someone or something does not raise any doubt in my mind: there are already too many facts. It is interesting to find where it fits in with reality? I offer this era in our past as an option. We exist in a reality that has only two time dimensions: Present and Past. The future exists only in our imagination. The past exists in our memory and in the material trace that man and nature itself leave on the planet. Also, reality can have two options:
1. Reality is linear, i.e. its properties do not change over time. It can be compared to a straight road that is clearly visible if you look back.
2. Reality is nonlinear, that is, its properties change over time. It’s like a winding road, which, if you look back, disappears from us around the bend and appears again, but different, one that we have never passed.
In the first option, we have a chance to understand our history at least a little. I am not asserting anything, I am only suggesting that you think about obvious things and then, upon closer examination, they may turn out to be far from obvious.
They will reasonably ask me: what to do with our great-grandparents, whom we remember and love? Logical. And I remember my great-grandmother. I can only assume that our great-grandparents were materialized into this reality at a certain age with induced memories of their past. After all, they say that everyone has moved from somewhere and that many of them are orphans.
