Aviation units of the FSB. Aviation special forces
A little history
The history of border troops dates back to the time of raids on Rus' by steppe nomads. At that time, Russian princes erected watchtowers and fortress cities on the outskirts of their possessions, to protect which they set up heroic outposts and guard detachments that sent mounted observers - this was the first border guard of Rus'.
In 1571 The duties and rights of the border guard, as well as the procedure for protecting borders, were regulated by the “Code of the Village Service”, and the appointment of a single head of the guard service dates back to 1574. The first separate border guard corps was created.
The great growth of foreign trade became a prerequisite for the creation of border customs in 1754. Border protection began to be carried out by dragoon regiments, which were dispersed among outposts, and civilian customs officers. In 1827, the “Regulations on the structure of the border customs guard” was published, which was subordinate to the department of foreign trade, and in the fall of 1893 the border guard was allocated to a separate corps (OKPS).
After the outbreak of the First World War, OKPS units became part of field army units, and in 1918 they were disbanded.
Border troops after the 1917 Revolution
In 1918, on May 28, the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued, which established the Border Guard of the state borders of the RSFSR.
The creation of the Main Directorate of Border Troops dates back to the same time. It was this date that later began to be celebrated as Border Guard Day.
In 1920, the border service was transferred to the Special Department of the Cheka. Units of the border troops that provided border cover also transferred to Dzerzhinsky’s department. At the same time, the question of training the command staff of the OGPU troops became acute, and in connection with this, in 1923. The Higher Border School opens.
One of the main tasks of the young Soviet Republic to strengthen and protect the border space was the protection of sea and air borders. In this regard, the formation of marine units of the border troops began, which was completed by the end of 1923.
In the twenties and thirties of the last century, about 3,000 violators were detained by USSR border guards on the Western borders. At the same time, the state border of the USSR in the east is under constant threat of a breakthrough.
And here the Soviet border guards rose to the occasion; the 1929 conflict on the Chinese Eastern Railway ended in the complete defeat of the Chinese troops. At the same time, the use of service dogs at the border becomes of great importance. Tracking and service dog breeding is a separate area. With the help of border dogs, hundreds of violators were detained.
In this regard, it is worth remembering border guard N.F. Karatsupu, who has a separate stand in the FSB Border Troops Museum, also displays a stuffed animal of one of his dogs, Hindu.
At the same time, the active formation of border troops aviation began, which was completed by 1934.
In the same year, 1934, the NKVD was created, under whose jurisdiction the border troops of the USSR came over. The pre-war period was very turbulent, especially on the Eastern borders, where the activities of the Japanese intensified significantly, constantly striving to start military conflicts, and the Soviet border guards took the first blow. With their participation, the Japanese army was defeated in battles near Lake Khasan in 1938 and in the area adjacent to the Khalkhin-Gol River in 1939. At the same time, on the Western border of the USSR, the NKVD border troops, together with the state security service, constantly fought against the massive infiltration of Nazi agents and sabotage reconnaissance groups. In 1939 - 1940 USSR border troops took part in the Soviet-Finnish war, 13 border guards were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Border guards during the Great Patriotic War
The most difficult test for the border troops of the USSR was the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, since it was they who took upon themselves the sudden attack of Hitler’s hordes, and at the cost of their lives delayed the advance of enemy troops. Unfortunately, almost all the heroes remained unknown.
Border guards of the Second World War took part in all strategic operations, performing both special and combined arms tasks. They made a significant contribution to the development of the partisan movement in the occupied territories and guarded the rear of the active army. In addition, many of their border guards, thanks to their high marksmanship training, became snipers and inflicted considerable damage on Nazi troops. Soviet border guards also took part in the storming of the Reichstag. One of them, Sergeant Kagykin, was part of one of the groups that raised banners over the destroyed building.
One of the special missions of the NKVD border troops was to guard the Soviet delegation at a conference in Tehran in 1943. An interesting fact of this mission was the participation of Soviet border guards in a football tournament for soldiers of the allied armies, in which they took first place. They were presented with the award of the Iranian Shah.
Post-war time
In the post-war period, in 1946, units of the border troops were transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of State Security, and since 1957 they began to be subordinate to the Main Directorate of Border Troops of the KGB of the USSR. The border troops of the KGB of the USSR began to be equipped with the latest small arms, radar and searchlight stations, and the active use of helicopters began to patrol the border.
In 1958, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, in order to increase the prestige of the border service, adopted a resolution on the holiday of Border Guard Day, which has since been celebrated on May 28.
In 1960, a new Regulation on the protection of the state border of the USSR was adopted, which regulated the rights, tasks and responsibilities of the border troops, determined the regime of the border, border zone and strip, as well as the procedure for using water areas.
In 1969, Soviet border guards guarding the eastern borders again found themselves on the brink of a martial law that arose due to Chinese claims to Damansky Island. During their raid, 58 border guards died. To suppress Chinese aggression, the border troops of the USSR KGB used armored vehicles and Grad missile launchers.
Afghanistan
In the second half of 1979, the situation on the Soviet-Afghan border escalated sharply. This especially affected the area controlled by the KGB border troops of the Central Asian District. After the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, a two-hundred-kilometer zone inland from the border was controlled by motorized maneuver groups of the KGB border troops, in addition, two maneuverable air assault groups were based on the territory of the Soviet Union, which carried out operational tasks in the northern provinces of Afghanistan.
In the period from 1981 to 1986, border guards in Afghanistan carried out more than 800 military operations, both joint with combined arms units of the Fortieth Army and independent. The main combat operations of the KGB border troops were carried out in the mountainous regions where the bases and shelters of the Mujahideen were located.
Also, the tasks of the border guards included covering and escorting transport convoys, ensuring the entry (withdrawal) of military units, and participating in operations to eliminate caravans transporting weapons and ammunition. In addition, due to the fact that the Afghan border posts were completely destroyed by the Mujahideen, the USSR border guards guarded the state border from both the Soviet and Afghan sides. A characteristic method of action of the USSR border troops during the main period of the Afghan War was the simultaneous blocking and clearing of areas where armed opposition forces were located and their bases. For this purpose, freelance units of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR were formed from the most experienced military personnel of the Central Asian and Eastern border districts. These combined combat detachments (CSF) numbered from seventy to two hundred people. Somewhat later they were replaced by motorized maneuver groups (MMGs), numbering up to two hundred and fifty people.
The participation of border troops in combat operations in Afghanistan can be divided into three stages. At the very beginning of hostilities (1980 - 1982), border troops in Afghanistan conducted military operations that boiled down to organizing ambushes on the supposed routes of movement of gangs and raid operations along the border. In this way, the most dangerous sections of the Soviet-Afghan border (Pamir and Pyanj) were covered, and a fifteen-kilometer safe zone was created along the border. Since 1982, the main combat operations of the KGB border troops were carried out through landing operations, consisting of a sudden mass landing of assault groups. Here, the aviation of the border troops performed excellently, which, in addition to landing troops, conducted continuous reconnaissance, and also launched missile attacks on places where bandit groups were concentrated.
The range of use of border troops aviation helicopters was quite wide; they were often the only means of supporting and ensuring the activities of border guards. They provided the SBO garrisons with food, ammunition, and technical equipment, provided air cover for transport columns, and carried out the landing of assault landing groups and the evacuation of the wounded. Fire support from helicopters was indispensable during combat operations. Also, the aviation of the border troops has destroyed many caravans of militants with weapons and ammunition. Sometimes a dozen Mi-8 helicopters were operating in the mountains at the same time.
Over the ten years of military operations, more than tens of thousands of Soviet border guards passed through the Afghan war, and more than five hundred people died during combat operations. Thousands of fighters were awarded state awards, many were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The last stage of the participation of the USSR KGB border troops in Afghanistan was to cover the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country. The participation of border troops in the Afghan war was practically not covered, and they often acted under the guise of combined arms formations.
Continuing the history of the border troops, it would be appropriate to say that after the collapse of the USSR at the end of 1991, as a result of the reorganization of the KGB, the Main Directorate of Border Troops was abolished, and the Committee for the Protection of the State Border was created, and in 1992, the Border Troops began to report to the Ministry of Security. In December 1993, the Federal Border Service (FPS - Glavkomat) was created as an independent federal executive body, which at the end of 1994 was renamed and received the name "Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation" (the department of the FPS of Russia). The FPS units did not exist independently for long - since 2003, the Border Troops have been part of the structure of the FSB of the Russian Federation and are called the “FSB Border Service”
Spetsnaz Border Troops
After the collapse of the USSR, the situation on the southern border worsened significantly. In addition, the problems of its protection were aggravated by the lack of engineering structures at the new frontiers. Due to the need for new forms of security, emergency platoons were formed, which were in a state of high combat readiness, serving as a mobile reserve for rapid transfer to high-risk areas. At the same time, there was an urgent need to form regular special forces units of the border troops.
At the end of 1994, after the creation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia, its first director, Colonel General A.I. Nikolaev decided on the need to form special units of the Federal Border Guard Service, which would be able to quickly respond to emergency situations at the border and work to prevent them. In May 1994, on the 17th. An order was signed that marked the beginning of the creation of special forces of the border troops, which included the Sigma group (C), separate special intelligence groups (OGSpR) and reconnaissance platoons.
In 1995, two divisions of the Sigma group were formed, in Moscow and Krasnodar, which reported directly to the director of the FPS. They were entrusted with tasks of particular importance. In addition, in border districts with a high probability of emergency situations, reconnaissance platoons were formed, subordinate to the intelligence departments of district headquarters (Northwestern, North Caucasian and Far Eastern border districts, as well as the Group of Border Troops in Tajikistan). At the same time, the formation of separate special reconnaissance groups began in the detachments of the North Caucasus District and in the Tajik Group of Border Troops.
In the spring of 1995, the recruitment of special-purpose FPS units from officers and warrant officers began. The backbone of the newly created Sigma was seven fighters from the Alpha group.
The training program for fighters of the Sigma group of special forces of the border troops was developed by senior officers of the units and was a cross between the training of anti-terrorism units and border guards. The first commander of Sigma was Lieutenant Colonel I. Mitrofanov, who had previously served in the border troops and in the Alpha group. The armament of the groups before the first trip to Dagestan was ordinary small arms. Afterwards, the special forces were armed with PM pistols, AK-74 assault rifles with under-barrel grenade launchers, SVD sniper rifles, and PKM machine guns. Somewhat later, the special forces of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia received the Vintorez sniper rifles and Val assault rifles, developed by the Klimovsky Central Research Institute Tochmash.
Platoons and reconnaissance groups of special forces of the border troops were formed by Lieutenant Colonel of the Airborne Forces Sergei Ososov, who had participated in combat operations in Afghanistan from contract soldiers who had previously served in the Airborne Forces, border troops and marines. Each group included up to thirty people. The only officer is the commander. After selection, the personnel were sent for training to the GRU special forces warrant officer school. Then training camps were held in the mountainous areas of the Pamirs, where the solution of tactical problems in high mountain conditions was worked out.
The first combat use of border troops special forces took place in Dagestan at the end of 1995. During the operation on the border with Azerbaijan, Sigma fighters and separate groups of intelligence officers detained several dozen violators. A year later the operation was repeated, and again with great success. During the operation, an agent of a Western intelligence agency was detained who was trying to cross the border illegally.
Special intelligence groups were active in Tajikistan. With their participation, many violators were detained in the areas of the Pyandzh and Moscow border detachments. In the North Caucasus, special intelligence groups detained a large number of militants trying to enter Chechnya from Georgian territory. In Dagestan, special forces covered the most unprotected sections of the border.
Over the nine years of its existence, the special forces of the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation have had many successful operations, most of which have been classified to this day.
After the merger of the FPS with the FSB in 2003, the Sigma group was disbanded, and the reconnaissance units of the border troops were transferred to another subordination. Today, border special forces are subordinate to two departments: the border guard and the coast guard.
Maritime Border Guard
On May 28, Border Guard Day is also celebrated by sailors of the Coast Guard of the Border Troops. As mentioned above, the creation of marine units of the border troops in the post-revolutionary period dates back to the end of 1923. The beginning of their revival was laid by the formation of the Finnish-Ladoga flotilla on the Baltic, Pskov and Lake Peipsi under the leadership of Captain 1st Rank M.V. Ivanov. However, during the first navigation, the original organization of the coast guard showed its inconsistency due to the small number of ship personnel and reliable means of control and communication. In 1924, by order of the OGPU, border detachments and flotillas were disbanded, and naval bases were created on their basis. Base personnel were attached to border detachments. This reorganization provided an opportunity for closer interaction between the land and sea forces of the border troops.
In the Barents Sea, the first ships of the border troops were the motorboats "Kasatka", and a little later the ships PS - 1 "Neptune" and PS - 2 "Yaroslavna", which were previously part of the Arctic Ocean flotilla, were at the disposal of the maritime border guards.
Later, "Yaroslavna" was renamed the patrol ship "Vorovskoy", which was transferred to the Far Eastern border district, the sea border of which at that time was the most vulnerable due to the significant distance from the center, and, as a result, difficulties with centralized support. To solve this problem, the Representative Office of the OGPU in the Far Eastern Territory decided to replenish the ships of the maritime units of the border troops at the expense of seized watercraft and purchase new ones with funds received from the sale of detained smuggled goods. Thus, it was possible to ensure border protection of the sea coast in the zone of the most active activity of smugglers. The situation on the southern and European borders of the USSR was somewhat better in terms of the composition of ships. In total, by 1927, the marine units of the USSR border troops numbered a little more than a hundred vessels, attached to 14 naval bases and one river base (in Khabarovsk).
By the spring of 1935, a new reorganization of the maritime units of the border troops took place, as a result of which the naval bases of the border districts became border detachments, which included both ship personnel and coastal units. At the same time, new patrol ships and boats entered service, which significantly increased the protection of the water borders of the USSR, the length of which by that time was about forty thousand kilometers. Four schools were also opened, specializing in the training of specialists and junior command personnel who were sent to serve in the naval units of the USSR border troops, and in 1940 the Naval Border School was opened in Leningrad.
The next reorganization of the marine units of the NKVD border troops dates back to 1939. This time, during its course, boats and patrol ships scattered across individual border detachments were united into detachments of border vessels, which began to subordinate to the command of the border districts. By 1941, the naval border troops included four divisions and eight detachments of border vessels (368 units in total). With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the maritime units of the border troops were transferred under the command of the Navy, and took part in hostilities as part of it. The exception was the Far Eastern border detachments, on whose territory there was a very difficult operational situation due to the constant invasion of the territorial waters of the USSR by Japanese warships. In addition, Japanese warplanes posed a significant threat. After the start of the war with Japan in August 1945, ships of the naval units of the border troops, together with ships of the Pacific Navy, took part in hostilities and escorted transport caravans.
Beginning in 1944, the maritime units of the border troops began to return previously transferred ships; in addition, most border detachments were equipped with additional ships. In 1947, the Ship Construction Program was adopted to fully equip the recreated maritime border detachments. A significant event in the 50s of the last century was the first ever passage by the Northern Sea Route of six border patrol ships from the Barents Sea to the Pacific Ocean.
In 1957, the marine units of the border troops, together with the rest of the border units, came under the control of the KGB of the USSR, and by the sixtieth year, wartime boats and ships were being replaced with more modern ones. Since 1994, maritime border troops have been subordinate to the management of the Federal Border Guard Service, and since 2003 - to the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.
Currently, the Russian Coast Guard consists of high-speed patrol and messenger ships and boats with a displacement of ten to two hundred tons, equipped with sophisticated detection and tracking equipment.
Border Troops Aviation
The first step in creating Border Troops aviation was the sending in 1923 of several aircraft to the Central Asian regions to help border guards in the fight against the Basmachi. At the same time, 40 cadets from the Higher Border School were selected for pilot training.
In 1932, on July 21, Resolution of the Labor and Defense Council No. 100 was issued on the organization of border aviation units. From this time on, the massive formation of border air detachments began. By the fall of 1935, 22 border air units were fully equipped. At that time, the aviation units of the border troops were armed with two-seat single-engine aircraft Po-2, R-1, R-3 and R-5, which had a flight speed of about 200 km/h and a range of 300 km, and seaplanes Sh-2, MBR-2 and “Savoy” with a range of 400 km.
At that time, this aircraft technology was considered the best. At the international competition held in Tehran in 1930, the R-5 took first place among reconnaissance aircraft. This machine could fly at very low altitudes, from where the border control strip was clearly visible; in addition, it did not require large areas for landing.
From the very beginning of their existence, air squads received recognition from border guards. The first border air formations were involved in more than one military clash with Basmachi gangs and violators of the state border of the USSR.
In 1939, as part of the reorganization of border troops aviation, a separate air brigade was formed, which included a political department, headquarters, personnel department, communications services, meteorological service, navigation service, etc., after which the complete re-equipment of air units began. The aviation detachments of the NKVD border troops received the SB high-speed bomber, the R-10 high-speed reconnaissance aircraft, and the MBR-2 naval reconnaissance aircraft.
The border troops' aviation training bases were equipped with UTI-4 aircraft. All aircraft were equipped with radio equipment, which greatly increased the effectiveness of their use for border protection.
At the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, border troops aviation units based in the Western Border District were the first to take the blow of superior enemy forces, but despite significant losses in the first days of the war, the border guards withstood difficult trials with honor. They have shot down many enemy aircraft. Later, part of the border air detachments were transferred to the command of the USSR Air Force.
In the post-war period, a new stage began in the development of border troops aviation. It was increasingly used to protect the border in open land and sea areas. During patrol and reconnaissance flights over the territorial waters of the USSR, aviation closely interacted with border vessels, directing them from the air at alleged border violators. At the same time, some difficulties arose with manning the aviation of the border troops with aircraft, since the development of aviation was moving in the direction of increasing the speed and altitude of flights, which did not at all meet the requirements of the border guards. This problem was solved with the advent of helicopters in the mid-fifties. By 1990, the aviation of the KGB border troops consisted of experienced flight personnel, some of whom had participated in hostilities in Afghanistan, and an excellent fleet of combat vehicles.
At the end of 1991, the USSR collapsed, as a result of which border aviation fell into disrepair. The largest and best-equipped aviation border units ended up outside Russian territory, which led to a shortage of aviation personnel, the replenishment of which became possible only in 1994.
Since 1994, border troops aviation, which by that time was part of the FBS of Russia (Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation), took an active part in the first and second Chechen companies. One of the largest operations was the deployment of border outposts on the border of Chechnya and Georgia, in the Argun Gorge, which was actively used by militants to transport reinforcements, weapons, ammunition, medicines and ammunition from Georgia. In 1999, a decision was made to close this section of the border. In December 1999, three air groups, each consisting of three squadrons, carried out a sudden landing of troops consisting of three airborne border outposts that blocked the entrance and exit from the gorge. The next stage of the operation was the landing of the main forces - one assault group to each pre-prepared site, after which the main forces were brought up, reinforcing the border landing units with mortars and artillery. Later, border guards, with fire support from the air, carried out a thorough clearing of the area both in the Argun Gorge itself and on the approaches to it. Since 2003, the Russian FPS aviation has become part of the FSB aviation.
At the moment, the aviation of the FSB border troops is equipped with modern aircraft and helicopters equipped with sophisticated instruments.
As for the professional holiday, the flight personnel of the border troops have three of them. This is Air Force Day, celebrated on August 12, Aviation Day of the Russian Security Agencies - August 14, and of course, May 28 - Border Guard Day.
Border troops today
Today, the length of the Russian border is more than 61 thousand kilometers, 2/3 of which passes by sea. The main task performed by Russian border guards is to ensure the implementation of the state’s border policy in the areas of protecting state land borders, territorial waters, the continental shelf and the economic zone. The FSB border troops include more than 80 border detachments, the number of border outposts is approaching a thousand. Every day, about 11,000 units go out to guard the state border, assisted by border guard dogs. Together with the Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, there are more than four hundred checkpoints.
In addition, the Border Service of the Federal Security Service includes Operational Groups in some former Soviet republics (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan), and a Border Group in Tajikistan.
Russian border guards are armed with the most modern weapons and military equipment. Also, the most modern technologies began to be used to protect the border. Many areas are already equipped with an electronic trace strip, which makes it possible to remotely monitor its entire length. Russian border guards have the best equipment at their disposal. The composition of the border troops is constantly being replenished, each border school annually supplies new fighters to the FSB border troops.
With the interaction of FSB aviation and FSB Coast Guard ships, control of the economic zone is carried out. Also, the maritime units of the border troops protect biological resources in the territorial waters of Russia and exercise state control in this area; they are entrusted with the task of combating smugglers and illegal migrants. The FSB border troops carry out joint actions with similar foreign structures to suppress terrorism and piracy.
Today, service in the FSB border troops is gradually beginning to move to a contract basis. Qualified personnel are trained in border guard schools, many of whose graduates then become students of border guard academies. All this speaks of the high professionalism of Russian border guards. Despite modern surveillance devices, the use of service dogs for border protection does not lose its relevance. And this is not surprising, because not a single, even the most modern sensor can replace a dog’s nose, and in case of emergency situations, the use of border dogs is simply necessary. They are used both when searching for drugs and when tracking and apprehending border violators.
Quite funny situations also happen when border violators are detained. So, in 2007, on the border of Russia and Belarus, a young man was detained who was trying to dig an underground passage under the dividing strip with a shovel.
On May 28, according to tradition, a holiday is celebrated - Border Guard Day. This day is equally dear to both border guards serving and veterans of border troops. In post-Soviet Russia, Border Guard Day was legalized by presidential decree of May 23, 1994. On Border Guard Day, Border Guard flags are hung on the territory of all border detachments and at outposts, and festive events are held.
2013 marks the 95th anniversary of the Russian border troops. The release of the anniversary medal “95 Years of Border Troops” is timed to coincide with this day.
On Border Guard Day 2013, festive reviews and parades of Russian border guards will be held in many cities, and during the parade the abilities of service dogs will be demonstrated, and the mobile actions of border units to detain violators, free hostages and neutralize terrorist groups will be demonstrated. In the locations where the Pogranovsk maritime units are based, festive events will be held with the participation of ships and coast guard boats. The end of the holiday will be marked by fireworks.
Solemn prayer services will be held in Orthodox Churches on this day.
I would like to note that on May 28, Border Guard Day is celebrated not only in Russia, but also in some former republics of the USSR. Festive celebrations on Border Guard Day on May 28 are held in Ukraine, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and the Republic of Tajikistan.
On the eve of the holiday, Voentorg VOENPRO offers you a large selection of souvenirs and clothing items with the symbols of the border troops and original drawings on border themes. From us you can buy a Border Troops flag, original “Border Troops” T-shirts and sweatshirts, as well as various souvenirs: mugs, flasks, lighters, keychains, stickers and “Border Troops” magnets. Your loved ones and friends will be pleased with the original covers for documents: a cover for a passport “Border Troops” and a cover for a military ID “Border Troops”; all border troops veterans will be happy to receive such gifts. If you want to get acquainted with a wider range of paraphernalia and symbols of border guards, then you should visit the Border Troops Museum. By visiting the Border Troops Museum, you will learn a lot of interesting things about the defenders of the borders of our Motherland.
FSB aviation has an 85-year history. It began in 1923 as special forces aviation. Alexey Maresyev and Marina Raskova, Ilya Chuprov and Leonid Konstantinov are its best representatives.
In 1929, special forces aviators took an active part in the Soviet-Chinese conflict on the KVZhD, fought with the Basmachi, died in the Soviet-Finnish war, and fought in the Great Patriotic War. They supported the partisans and took the country's leadership to the Tehran Conference. Special missions abroad, the Caribbean crisis, transportation of special passengers, difficult service in protecting state borders, the war in Afghanistan, combat operations in Chechnya, extreme operations at the North and South Poles... Whatever the FSB aviation did and whatever it was called, it always provided country security.
Any state cannot do without special services. If an intelligence service wants to be strong, it must be technically equipped. One of these most important technical types of equipment is the aviation component. Today, the aviation component of the FSB numbers about 300 aircraft and is dispersed along our state border, ensuring the safety and security of the country. Recently, she has been actively involved in the fight against terrorism in special operations.
Main goals:
Monitoring in order to prevent economic and other provocations and terrorist acts against our society;
Rapid detection and neutralization of terrorists;
Delivery and air support for the Alpha and Vympel teams.
FSB aviation in no way duplicates or replaces other types of aviation of law enforcement agencies. Side by side performing special operations,
it complements our Army aviation. The main slogan of air special forces is to carry out tasks “not in quantity, but in quality.”
Technique
The FSB Aviation Directorate is armed with conventional airplanes and helicopters, the only difference being the equipment. Even such light helicopters as the Ka-226, Ansat, the Finist aircraft and the absolutely peaceful Mi-8 with special filling can play a huge role in this complex work.
According to the leadership, “one helicopter can accomplish what an entire division cannot accomplish.” Special equipment is needed to have a half-step advantage over your opponent. Today, FSB aviation has the most unexpected means of neutralizing terrorists. Consider the interception of the march of Gilaev’s gang of 300 sabers to Sukhumi in 2001 and a number of other operations that are too early to talk about.
What will the FSB special purpose aviation be like? A special program was adopted, the FSB aviation concept was approved and agreed upon. We decided on the types of rotorcraft. Based on the results of various research works, five standard sizes received the right to exist: light double; 6-8-seater; 10-12-seater; category Mi-8/38 and Mi-26. As for unmanned vehicles, UAVs will be widely used when the level of technology development makes it possible to do without human intelligence on board. Why send a person where there is a high probability of combat damage, to such man-made disasters as Chernobyl, and even in vast spaces, robots are quite capable of performing aerial monitoring without causing damage.
However, new unmanned and manned aerial vehicles (AC) must appear “de jure” - undergo testing and certification. Unfortunately, over the past 17 years, not a single type of aircraft has been tested. The FSB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and even Gazprom need special aircraft. A strange situation has arisen: the state allocates funds, but you can only buy military or civilian equipment designed for other combat conditions or passenger transportation. Why train cadets on the heavy Mi-8?
“Today we are offered to take what we have, but we cannot take what we have, I have to order what the department needs and get it. It is necessary to restore the role of the customer, and then military, civilian and special aircraft will appear. Special aviation has its own achievements, but there is no customer.”
Seeing these and other objective problems, the leadership of the FSB aviation proposed to the President of the Russian Federation to create special-purpose aviation (Ministry of Internal Affairs, Federal Border Guard Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Federal Customs Service), which would not transport commercial passengers, and the FSB was proposed as the general customer by full agreement. “We believe that there should be state, civil, experimental and special purpose aviation. Such a wide range will allow us to find ways for the Russian aviation industry to overcome the protracted crisis.”
Personnel policy
Closedness, its own school, and the prestige of the service (this can be seen from the flow of applicants after graduating from educational institutions) allowed the FSB aviation to retain highly professional flight and technical personnel by attracting the best. However, the overall staffing problem is endemic to air special forces and is a cause for concern. The main direction of improving personnel training today is the formation of a unified training system. Here's what the management says about it. “Pilots must speak the same language, graduate from the same educational institutions (for this reason, the flight school in Kurgan and the aviation department at the Academy of Border Troops were closed), and fly using the same documents. We have the same sky."
So, FSB aviation is an integral component of the aviation of law enforcement agencies, which plays a key role in protecting the interests and ensuring the security of our state. And our common task is to ensure that she is fully prepared to carry out the most difficult tasks.
On March 11, 2003, Decree of the President of Russia No. 308 “On measures to improve public administration in the field of security of the Russian Federation” was issued, which abolished the independent structures of the FPS and FAPSI of Russia and transferred their functions to the FSB of Russia.
The border service, like 10 years ago, has become one of the constituent parts of the state security agencies of our country. Lieutenant General V. Pronichev was appointed head of the border service of the FSB of Russia. From that moment on, all aviation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia became the aviation of the border service of the FSB of Russia.
In 2004, the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia was organized, the head of which was appointed Colonel, Hero of Russia, and today Major General N. Gavrilov. The staff of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia includes personnel, logistics, finance, legal services, engineering and aviation services, testing and research departments.
In fact, since 2005, the aviation of the border service of the FSB of Russia has become the aviation of the FSB of Russia. This meant that aviation began to work not only in the interests of the border service as one of the departments of the Federal Security Service, but also equally of all other departments and services of the FSB of Russia.
The structure of management and subordination of the aviation units of the FSB of Russia has undergone serious changes. And this was done taking into account the experience of the coast guards of developed Western countries, but in relation to Russian conditions. The Head of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia is subordinate to two aviation centers - Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk, and to each of them - several aviation units, respectively, in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. All air units on the territory of the four federal districts of the European part of Russia do not have intermediate control bodies, but are directly subordinate to the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia. Thus, commanders of air units are directly subordinate to either the Aviation Directorate or the heads of aviation centers.
In fact, the aviation of the FSB of Russia, more than 70 years after its creation and formation, for the first time moved away from the army military structure and terminology. Even its former regiments and individual squadrons began to be called joint air squadrons (which is approximately equivalent to an aviation regiment) or individual air squadrons (equivalent to a separate air squadron) and subordinate to the heads of regional aviation centers.
It has become more focused on protecting the economic interests of the state, on monitoring compliance with the regime of the State Border and the maritime economic zone of the USSR, and on combating new threats of the 21st century. - with terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, illegal migration, subversive activities of foreign hostile organizations, as well as to suppress, together with customs services, attempts to illegally import into and export from our country means of sabotage, weapons, explosives, toxic substances and radioactive substances .
Border service aviation began to work in the interests of all bodies and departments of the FSB of Russia, using some principles of the coast guard of the USA, Canada and other Western countries. But modern leaders of the FSB of Russia have gone even further: aviation of the FSB of Russia has switched to strict centralized control from the center and to operational control from regional authorities and the border service of state security. This serious step opens up great opportunities to improve flight safety, reduce accident rates, and more effectively use aviation in protecting the State Border and the 200-mile maritime economic zone of Russia.
The reform process is always not simple and requires significant financial resources. The transformation of the aviation of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR into the aviation of the FSB of Russia is no exception. In addition to changing the uniform of flight personnel, the structure of air units, and their management systems, approaches to protecting the state border, choosing aircraft equipment, and training flight and engineering personnel have also changed.
The implementation of everything planned began with a training session for the leadership of the aviation of the FSB of Russia, which was held from November 8 to 11, 2004 at the training base of a separate transport aviation regiment of the border troops in Yoshkar-Ola. Changes, tasks, new approaches to protecting the state border and modern requirements for solving them were communicated by the head of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia, Colonel N. Gavrilov, to the heads of regional centers and the command of air units.
Despite the rather tense situation with aviation financing, aviation detachments, following the order of the Director of the FSB of Russia, actively participated in flights to protect the State Border and the maritime economic zone of Russia. Moreover, they began to fly even where the aviation of the Border Troops of the KGB of the USSR and the aviation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia had never flown at one time or flew extremely rarely: to the islands of Franz Josef Land, New
442 ChapterVI
the Siberian islands, to the regions of the North and South Poles, to the highest airfields of the former Soviet Union, Murghab and Khorog, to the most extreme and remote areas of the Russian maritime economic zone in the Pacific Ocean. Examples include the propaganda flight of a pair of Mi-8 helicopters in May 2005 to the Borneo polar explorers’ landing site, located in the center of the Arctic Ocean, in order to launch a balloon over the North Pole in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War; flight of a pair of Mi-8 helicopters with the Director of the FSB of Russia.
Aviation units of the FSB of Russia continued their service in protecting the state border with Georgia. In 2002, Colonel N. Gavrilov and Lieutenant Colonel Yu. Nedviga became Heroes of Russia for carrying out a special task from the leadership of the FSB of Russia during the conduct of a counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus. Members of their crews were awarded military orders. 15 years after the collapse of the USSR, Russian President V. Putin, in his annual address to the Federal Assembly, said: “For the first time in 2005, financial resources were found and planned in the Russian budget for the improvement of the state border of its most tense Caucasus region, including in the Russian-Georgian sector, where 9 border detachment towns and about 70 border outposts were built.”
The President expressed confidence that in a few years, together with two mountain brigades of the Ministry of Defense and units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, border guards will reliably close the southern border of the state. This is especially important in connection with the construction of an international-class high-mountain resort and preparations for the 2012 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
Aviation of the FSB of Russia provides high-quality and professional support for operational, service and combat activities not only of the border service, but also of other departments and services of the FSB of Russia. Because of this, the demand for aviation in performing difficult and honorable tasks to protect the state border has only increased. Aviation has always helped, is helping, and will continue to help the maritime and land components of the border service.
The leadership of the FSB of Russia treats the needs of aviation with great respect, and everything necessary is done to fulfill the assigned tasks.
Aviation of the FSB of Russia is capable of monitoring the situation on the borders of our state around the clock, delivering leadership and special forces to any corner of our country, transferring material and technical means, including equipment for mine clearance, which is necessary to combat terrorism and banditry.
Today, the industry is creating new aviation complexes for the security forces of the state. And if earlier the air units of the border troops were replenished with such aircraft as the Il-74, An-72, Mi-8, Mi-24 and Ka-29 helicopters, then today the border aviation is the Ka-226 and Sm-92 T.
Russia has 61 thousand km of state border. It passes along the southern borders, and through the snowy northern expanses, and through the mountains, and through deserts, and through forests. Different physical and climatic conditions of the country's regions create
Aviation of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR by the beginning of the 1990s.
Development of Russian border aviation in 1991-2005.443
There are many difficulties in the work of pilots. But the aviators worthily fulfill their assigned tasks to protect Russia’s borders. Thus, the Director of the FSB of Russia N. Patrushev and his first deputy - the head of the Border Service of the FSB of Russia V. Pronichev, with the help of our aviation, constantly visit the “hot spots” of the State Border of Russia.
Aviators show not only high professionalism, but also the best fighting qualities: courage, bravery and bravery. The leadership of the Russian FSB highly appreciates their work. Today, Heroes of the Russian Federation, Major General N. Gavrilov, Colonels Yu. Nedviga and V. Tarasov, serve in the aviation of the FSB of Russia. The medal “For Services to the Fatherland”, II degree, was awarded to Colonel A. Sobolev, Lieutenant Colonel A. Ladanyuk; The medal “For Courage” was awarded to Lieutenant Colonel Ya. Dvoretsky.
An event of great significance for border guard aviators in December 2005 was the relocation of the 23rd Dushanbe separate aviation regiment of the FSB of Russia from the sovereign state of Tajikistan to Novosibirsk. This was the last aviation border unit of the Russian FSB, which, in accordance with the agreements, guarded the borders of the neighboring state. Representatives of the head of the administration of the Republic of Tajikistan, army and border Tajik commanders, journalists, active Russian border guard officers and guests from Russia, including the first commander-organizers of this air regiment in 1983 were invited to the ceremonial send-off: F. Shagaleev , S. Bykov, V. Sukhov, V. Nerobeev, A. Efremov and others.
Leaving the Republic of Tajikistan, the aviators laid wreaths at the monument to internationalist aviators, on the memorial plate of which 32 names of the regiment pilots who died guarding and defending the Soviet-Afghan and then the Tajik-Afghan border are engraved. A ceremonial formation of personnel was carried out, checking the readiness of the air echelon for the flight on the route Dushanbe - Novosibirsk and the ground echelon for departure by train. The farewell ceremony ended with helicopters passing over the airfield and the territory of the regiment with the flags of both countries flying. The orders of the command on conferring military ranks to the pilots of the Tajik-Afghan border were announced, awards and gifts were presented. The regiment's personnel were in a festive mood. Ahead of them was a beautiful Siberian city, a new border and new official tasks.
conclusions
1. The aviation of the border troops emerged from the Afghan war with a strong and updated structure. In its 18 base aviation units, thoughtfully located along the entire State Border of the former USSR, there were 418 units of aviation equipment out of 460 in the state. The ratio of aviation equipment that developed during the Afghan decade was the most optimal: one quarter - An-26, An-72, Il-76, Tu-134 aircraft and three quarters - helicopters, all of different classes and purposes. Helicopters became the main type of aircraft and a universal means of protecting, defending and defending the State Border of the USSR, and these were the most modern types at that time
and modifications of helicopters - Mi-8, Mi-24, Mi-26, Ka-27. The combat readiness of aviation equipment, even during the most difficult Afghan period, on average did not fall below 85%, and immediately after the end of the Afghan events it was more than 92%.
In the early 1990s. The aviation department of the Main Directorate of Internal Affairs of the KGB of the USSR, as the main control body for aviation of the border troops, was intensively engaged in the development and implementation of new aviation equipment in the aviation units of the border troops. A lot of work was done:
firstly, the new An-7 2 medium transport and landing aircraft were mastered by the flight personnel and received by the unit to replace the An-24 and some An-26 aircraft that had exhausted their service life;
secondly, on the basis of the An-72 aircraft, a lot of work was carried out to create and test the first patrol or search aircraft An-72P, i.e. the aircraft's equipment for searching and detecting standard border targets in remote maritime areas of the state border has been improved;
thirdly, serious work was done to develop tactical and technical specifications and test the equipment of the new A-44 Albatross patrol aircraft, specially created to protect the 200-mile maritime economic zone of the USSR.
At the same time, over the ten-year period that passed after the Afghan events, the combat readiness of aviation equipment, for a number of objective and subjective reasons, on average decreased from 92 to 45-50%, i.e. fell almost 2 times.
2. The flight personnel of the border aviation after 1989 had the best level of flight training in the entire history of the existence of border troops aviation. In almost all air units of the border troops, on average, about 90% of helicopter and airplane commanders were 1st and 2nd class pilots. The vast majority of them had experience in combat operations and were allowed to parachute personnel and land with the selection of landing sites in high-mountainous and desert-sandy areas. The pilots had impeccable command of aviation weapons. Many sniper pilots, honored military pilots of the USSR and Russia, appeared in the aviation units.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of 15 independent states on its territory, more than 40% of aviation units, airplanes and helicopters, ground aircraft and flight personnel of the border troops found themselves outside Russia. There are no more than 280 pieces of aircraft left in 11 Russian air units. It was with great difficulty that we had to create air units on the state border of Russia with the newly independent states.
The most combat-experienced flight and engineering personnel of the aviation units of the southern and southwestern regions of the state border of the former USSR remained in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Ukraine and the Baltic states, i.e. beyond the borders of our state. The disintegration processes that began led to the dismissal of a large number of trained and unique flight personnel with enormous combat experience, and graduates of Air Force aviation schools and newly recruited pilots from other aviation structures to serve in the border troops were unable to compensate for the decline in the quality of flight training.
As a result, by 2000, in all air units of the Russian border troops, only 40% of the flight personnel were 1st and 2nd class pilots, and there were even fewer helicopter commanders allowed to land at high-mountain sites. The level of flight training of border troops' aviation fell by more than 2 times.
Aviation Border USSR KGB troops back to the beginning 1990s
For heroism and courage shown during combat operations in border operations in Tajikistan and the Chechen Republic, six border aviation pilots became Heroes of the Russian Federation: Colonel S. Lipovoy, Lieutenant Colonels V. Tarasov, Yu. Stavitsky and L. Konstantinov (posthumously), captains V. Stovba and I. Budai (both posthumously). A large number of flight personnel of aviation units were awarded orders and medals of the Russian Federation.
3. In the early 1990s. all the necessary infrastructure for effective
effective functioning of border troops aviation:
aviation department within the walls of the leading university of the border troops - for increased
improving the qualifications of the leading flight personnel of border troops aviation units
and land and sea border structures;
research and testing department as part of the Operations Center
tive frontier studies and scientific research and technical
center - to develop an aviation border policy and test a new
aviation equipment and equipment for aircraft and helicopters for border aviation
troops;
separate aviation training center - for retraining of flight personnel
for new aviation equipment;
school of junior aviation specialists - for training warrant officers,
sergeants and soldiers for maintenance and work on aircraft.
In 1995, the Kurgan Aviation Institute of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia was created to train airplane and helicopter pilots, navigators and aviation engineers of five leading aviation specialties.
In 1988, the Council of Aviation Veterans of the Border Troops of Moscow and the Moscow Region was officially created. Veterans made a worthy contribution to the patriotic education of youth, providing assistance to those veterans who needed it, contributed to the transfer of service and combat experience of flight personnel to the younger generation, and participated in the study and writing of the history of border troops aviation.
4. For the first time since the existence of border troops aviation, in 1994 there was a
the official Concept was worked out and approved by order of the Director of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia
construction, development and use of border troops aviation during the transition
period 1995-2005
According to the Concept, aviation is one of the three types of border troops and must carry out its tasks in cooperation with ground and naval forces. It is divided into five branches: reconnaissance, naval reconnaissance, transport, assault and light-engine.
5. Performed tasks and tactics of using border troops aviation in the 1990s.
constantly modified and improved. In addition to the traditional and chapters
tasks to protect the State Border and the 200-mile maritime economy
ical zone of Russia after the Afghan war, the FPS aviation of Russia had to
injure and protect the border in “hot spots” - in Tajikistan and the North
Caucasus. The necessary aviation groups were created in these regions
to perform, along with service and combat missions, also combat missions in
landing of personnel and combat use of aviation weapons
from helicopters in ongoing border and special operations. But prepare
446 ^^ ChapterVI
The training, organization and conduct of border operations and the effectiveness of border troops performing these missions, no less complex than Afghan combat missions, were carried out practically without taking into account Afghan combat experience. The permission, canceled in 1947, for the use of airborne weapons from border troops aircraft and helicopters against state border violating vessels and poaching vessels that deliberately do not want to comply with the rules for catching seafood in the 200-mile maritime economic zone of Russia was restored.
6. Construction of aviation units and formations, air control systems for border troops in the 1990s. depended on the reorganization of the border troops and security agencies of our state. Over the course of 10 years, the management structure, principles of subordination and the organizational and staffing structure of border troops aviation changed almost three times.
In 1992, the aviation department of the Committee for the Protection of the State Border of Russia was created, the head of which and at the same time the deputy chairman of this committee for aviation, Lieutenant General N. Rokhlov was approved. The head of the aviation structure of the border troops received authority, had the legal right to give orders to the chiefs of aviation of the border districts and commanders of air units, could, on an equal basis, with the commanders of the troops of the border districts, resolve issues of competent and effective use of aviation and protect their flight personnel in various conflict situations.
After the creation of the independent Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation in 1994, the Aviation Department was formed within it, the head of which was confirmed by Lieutenant General Yu. Shatokhin.
In 2003, by Decree of the President of Russia, border troops were again returned to the structure of the FSB of Russia. Aviation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia first became aviation of the Border Service of the FSB, and then aviation of the FSB of Russia. In 2004, on the basis of the aviation unit within the FSB structure, the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia was deployed, the head of which was appointed Hero of the Russian Federation, Major General N. Gavrilov. As a result of this reorganization, the functions and scope of tasks performed by aviation in the interests of all departments and structures of the FSB of Russia expanded, the management system, subordination structure and organizational structure of regional aviation centers and air units changed.
In the aviation of the FSB of Russia, instead of aviation regiments and individual air squadrons, united and separate aviation detachments appeared; Instead of the structure of “aviation of the border district” or “aviation of the regional department of the border service,” aviation centers began to be formed, responsible for specific administrative units - the federal districts of the Russian Federation. Instead of direct subordination of air unit commanders to the heads of regional departments of the FSB border service, direct subordination was introduced to the commanders of aviation centers, and through them to the head of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia. These changes opened up reserves for increasing the operational efficiency and flight safety of the updated aviation structure in the FSB of Russia.
AviationBorder USSR KGB troops tothe beginning 1990sgg.
disgusting aircraft 447
7. The training system for flight personnel in the post-Soviet period also underwent significant changes.
In 1994, the Academy of the FPS of Russia was created, in 1995 - the Kurgan Military Aviation Institute of the FPS of Russia. Advanced training for flight management personnel was carried out within the walls of the Border Academy of the FSB of Russia, and training for pilots, navigators and engineers was carried out at the Kurgan Military Aviation Institute. Five or six years after its organization, the university was recognized as unprofitable and ineffective, and in 2005 it was repurposed.
As a result of the reform of the aviation structure within the FSB of Russia, by 2007, border troops aviation had become a popular, promising and developing structure in the Russian state security system.
CONCLUSION
Over the years of the existence of border troops aviation in the system of state security bodies of the USSR and the Russian Federation, the flight and engineering personnel of the aviation units with honor overcame all the difficulties and trials that befell them in different periods of our national history. More than 20 Heroes of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation served and are serving in border aviation, more than 40 pilots were awarded the Order of Lenin, more than 500 were awarded the Order of the Red Banner, more than 200 became honored military pilots and navigators, more than 30 became generals. The aviators received their military awards for specific military exploits described in this book.
For all the local wars and major armed conflicts on the state border, there was not a single deserter or traitor in the aviation of the border troops, no one was captured, not a single wounded or dead comrade was left by the border guards to the enemy, no matter where they had to fight -new actions and protect the state border. The traditions laid down by the founders of the border troops aviation at the beginning of its formation are still alive: devotion to their country and patriotism, high flying professionalism and self-sacrifice.
In the history of border troops aviation, in addition to many unique, extraordinary cases and heroic feats on the ground and in the air, accidents and disasters occurred, and there were losses of military equipment and personnel.
The volume of tasks performed by aviation was constantly increasing. The tactics of using aviation units of border troops in guarding and defending the State border of the USSR and the Russian Federation have been improved. In addition to traditional service and combat missions to protect the State Border of the USSR, border troops aviation carried out complex combat missions to combat the Basmachism on the southern borders of the USSR in the pre-war period, and actively participated in combat operations with the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War, with Japanese militarists during the war with Japan, fought against Bandera gangs on the western borders of the USSR in the post-war period, participated in a major armed conflict on
Conclusion 449
Soviet-Chinese border at the end of the 1960s. Since the mid-1970s. The protection of the 200-mile maritime economic zone of our country was added to the tasks being performed, and since the early 1980s. - protection and defense of the state border in “hot spots” - in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Chechnya. Air units of the border troops constantly carried out reconnaissance and search, airborne transport and combat or assault missions. Thus, by the end of the Afghan events, three main types of border aviation were clearly formed - reconnaissance, transport and combat (assault).
The tactics of using airplanes and helicopters in guarding and defending the state border in various periods of the development of our state were developed and carried out in accordance with the service-combat and combat missions solved by the aviation units of the border troops and the infrastructure created by the border guards on the basis of their border formations and units, and at each specific stage it depended heavily on the capabilities of aviation equipment and on the level of training of the flight crew. From constant patrol and reconnaissance flights to detect signs of violations of the state border in the first decades of its existence, aviation units and crews have now moved to more effective sorties to search for and detain specific violators of the state border and 200-mile maritime economic zone of our country.
Over the years of its existence, the border troops' aviation operated more than 55 types of aircraft from the Po-2 and R-5 to the most modern aircraft such as the An-74 and Il-76; from helicopters Mi-1 and Ka-15 to Mi-8, Mi-24, Mi-26, Ka-27 and Ka-29. The most effective and indispensable for service on the border were helicopters, capable of being based on outposts and ships, commandant's offices and in border detachments, in mountains, deserts, forests and in the Arctic. In cooperation with aviation, the capabilities of ground and sea units and units in protecting the state border have expanded.
A serious task of the aviation of the FSB of Russia at the present period is the creation of hydroaviation for the control and protection of the vast maritime border territories of Russia and small, economical aircraft for the protection of long land sections of the border.
The basing of aviation units was chosen and changed by the leadership of the border troops, as a rule, according to official needs and as “hot spots” arose, closer to the state border, where complex and large border armed conflicts arose: in the 1920s-1930s. - on the borders of Central Asia and Kazakhstan; in the 1940s, the war years - on the western border of the USSR and on the Far Eastern borders with Japan; in the 1970s - on the border with China; in the 1980s - on the border with Afghanistan; in the 1990s - on the border with Tajikistan, and currently - Chechnya and Dagestan.
The strengthening of some air units, as a rule, occurred at the expense of a reduction in the number and reduction of others, as well as at the expense of the total number of border troops.
Over many years, a well-functioning aviation border infrastructure was created on the border of our state, which made it possible to effectively carry out service and combat missions to protect the border through landing sites and small operational airfields in border detachments, naval brigades, commandant’s offices and border outposts.
The specifics of the aviation service on the border also required special training of the flight and engineering personnel of the aviation units of the border troops. However, the experience of training flight and technical personnel at border aviation schools revealed their unprofitability, weak educational and material and technical base, low flight hours and isolation from modern methods of training pilots, navigators and aviation engineers in the Air Force and Moscow Civil Aviation of the USSR and Russia.
At the beginning of the 21st century. The center of gravity of threats to the Russian Federation has shifted from military positions to economic, terrorist, extremist sabotage and trends, drug trafficking, illegal migration, etc.
In the context of new realities, the Security Council under the President of Russia and the leaders of the FSB of Russia proposed to the President of Russia to reform the work of border aviation, taking into account the experience in solving similar problems of the coast guard of other developed economic states of the world. After the publication of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 11, 2003, the aviation of the FPS and the FSB of Russia became the unified aviation of the FSB of Russia and began to work in the interests of all departments of the Federal Security Service. The structure of management and subordination has changed: direct control from the Director of the FSB of Russia through the head of the Aviation Directorate to the commanders of regional aviation centers and air units and operational subordination from the heads of regional FSB departments and border service departments of the FSB of Russia.
The tasks, functions, rights and responsibilities of aviation of the FSB of Russia have expanded. In the new historical conditions, the structure of the FSB of Russia aviation has been reformed, experience is being accumulated, and skills are being improved in performing the service of protecting the state border and maritime economic zone of our Motherland and countering all possible threats to the Russian Federation.
A word to the reader……………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Formation and development of border troops aviation
Formation and establishment of aviation detachments in the border troops 10
Historical background to the creation of aviation detachments in the border troops -
Organizational arrangements for the formation of air detachments in border wars--
skah 20
Selection of aviation equipment for border troops aviation 24
Combat training of flight personnel of aviation units of border troops 27
5. Training of aviation personnel for border troops in the pre-war period 30
Participation of air detachments of border troops in pre-war armed conflicts in
State border of the USSR 34
Xinjiang events on the Soviet-Chinese border in 1933 -
The fight against the remnants of Basmachi on the southern border of the USSR in Turkmenistan and Tajikistan
mid-30s, 35
Elimination of Basmachi on the border of Kazakhstan and China in 1937 37
Khasan events in Primorye in July-August 1938 39
Participation of border troops aviation in search and rescue operations in the pre-war period... 42
Participation of border guard aviators in the rescue of Chelyuskin heroes -
Experience in the use of communications aircraft in the NKVD border detachments 44
Pre-war leaders of the border aviation of the OGPU-NKVD of the USSR 46
The first leaders of the OGPU border aviation -
Appointment of I. Chuprov as head of the aviation department of the GUPV NKVD of the USSR 51
Formation of a separate aviation brigade of the border troops of the NKVD of the USSR 53
Organizational arrangements for the formation of a separate border air brigade -
NKVD troops -
Retraining the flight personnel of the air brigade of the NKVD border troops for new aviation--
on-line technology 58
The state of affairs in the units of the air brigade of the border troops before the Great Patriotic War
conclusions 64
Separate aviation brigade of the border troops of the NKVD of the USSR in the years
Great Patriotic War
Combat activities of aviation units of border troops on the western borders of the USSR in...
the initial period of the Great Patriotic War 66
Service and combat activities of the 10th Grodno separate air squadron 67
Service and combat activities of the 11th Saarema Separate Air Squadron -
Service and combat activities of the 6th Koktebel and 7th Odessa separate aviation
squadrons 70
The work of the Directorate and headquarters of the air brigade in organizing service and combat activities
activity of air units on the State border of the USSR 71
Combat activities of the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Border Troops in the Battle of Mo-
skwu 79
Combat activity of the 1st separate transport air squadron at the beginning of the war
and the 1st separate aviation regiment of border troops during the war 82
7. Special task of the command of the NKVD of the USSR 89
Participation of aviation units of border troops in the protection of southern, eastern and Far Eastern
sections of the State border of the USSR during the war 90
Service and combat activities of the 4th Mary Separate Aviation Regiment 91
Service and combat activities of the 8th Tashkent separate aviation squadron... 92
Service and combat activities of the 3rd Alma-Ata separate aviation squadron
rily 94
Service and combat activities of the 3rd Nerchinsk Red Banner separate aviation
tion regiment 95
Service and combat activities of the special 7th Nerchinsk separate aviation
regiment (future 9th Sakhalin separate naval aviation regiment) 96
Service and combat activities of the Khabarovsk separate aviation squadron 98
Service and combat activities of the 5th Vladivostok Separate Naval Air Squadron --
rily 100
8. Service and combat activities of the 2nd Kamchatka Separate Marine Aviation Regiment 101
Participation of aviation units of the border troops of the NKVD of the USSR in the war with imperialist Japan -
niya 104
Combat operations of the 3rd Nerchinsk Red Banner Separate Aviation Regiment 105
Combat operations of the 8th Khabarovsk Red Banner Separate Aviation Regiment 107
Combat operations of the special 7th Nerchinsk separate air regiment -
Combat operations of the 5th Vladivostok separate naval aviation squadron 109
Combat operations of the 2nd Kamchatka Separate Light Bomber Marine
aviation regiment -
Border guard pilots who became Heroes of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War 114
Viktor Maksimovich Golubev -
Lev Alexandrovich Govorukhin 115
Alexander Dmitrievich Rykhlov 116
Gennady Vasilievich Pisarev 117
Ivan Ivanovich Meshcheryakov -
Nikolay Kupriyanovich Delegey 118
Alexey Petrovich Maresyev -
Anatoly Ivanovich Volodin 119
Yuri Antonovich Dobrovolsky 120
Alexey Petrovich Martynov 122
Ivan Nazarovich Martynenko -
Ivan Vasilievich Maslov 123
Anatoly Ivanovich Mirovich 124
Nikolay Ivanovich Maikov 125
Mikhail Andreevich Zhivolup -
Alexey Ivanovich Kireev 127
Ivan Andreevich Meshkov -
Kuzma Vasilievich Novoselov 128
Joseph Kuzmich Sachko 129
Vasily Ivanovich Tkachenko and Sergei Alexandrovich Blinnikov -
Conclusions.... 130
Development of border troops aviation during the years of peaceful construction
1946-1979
Reduction of border troops aviation in the post-war period and reduction of its role in
protection of the State Border of the USSR 132
Participation of air units of border troops in the fight against banditry in Western countries
border regions of the USSR in the first post-war years -
The use of captured German aircraft in protecting the State Border--
cy USSR 141
Appointment of N. Sergeev as head of the aviation department of the Main Directorate of Internal Affairs of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1946,
and his work on the introduction and development of new aviation technology in the first
war decade 146
Structural changes and features of the use of border troops aviation in security
state border in the post-war period 150
The activities of General I. Chuprov in the post-war period. Numerical reduction
aviation border troops in the early 60s 161
Constant growth and increasing role of border troops aviation in protecting the State Gra-
Nitsa and the 200-mile maritime economic zone of the USSR from the mid-60s and in the 70s 166
Appointment of A. Volodin as head of the aviation department of the Main Directorate
border troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1963 -
Participation of aviation units of the border troops in the Daman and Zhelanoskol events -
ties on the Soviet-Chinese border in the late 60s. Post-war history of the 11th
Vladivostok separate aviation regiment and 16th Khabarovsk separate
air squadron 171
Service and combat activities of the 11th Vladivostok Separate Aviation Regiment 175
Service and combat activities of the 16th Khabarovsk separate aviation squadron 177
Increasing the role and importance of aviation in protecting the State Border and the 200-mile
maritime economic zone of the USSR in the 60-70s 178
1. Protection of the Arctic borders of the Fatherland. History of the Vorkuta Separate Aviation
tion regiment -
2. Examples of the use of border troops aviation in the Arctic region 182
Mi-26 helicopter crash near the island. Bolshevik of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago 184
Thanks to "Swallow" 186
The use of heavy transport helicopters Mi-26 of the Kamchatka Aviation Regiment 187
Business trips to the North Caucasus 188
Kamchatka air regiment pilots detain sea poachers 200 miles away
maritime economic zone using airborne weapons from aircraft and helicopters -
years 189
Participation of the regiment in the liquidation of the earthquake in the north of Sakhalin 190
Sakhalin aviation accidents 191
Uninvited "guest" 193
Operation Courage 194
Strength test 195
Visit to the Arctic Squadron by the Head of the Cosmonaut Training Center 196
Appointment of Lieutenant Colonel A. Chersky as commander of the Arctic air unit 197
Connections between Arctic border pilots and artists 199
6. Retraining of border guard aviation flight personnel in the 70-80s. to turboprop
aviation. History of the Tbilisi separate training aviation regiment 200
Caspian swimmer 204
We will attack 205
Ingenuity and endurance helped -
Black Sea border violator on a rubber boat 206
7. Protection of the 200-mile maritime economic zone of the USSR 207
8. Post-war history of the 15th Kamchatka Red Banner Aviation Regiment 212
454 Table of contents
9. History of the 16th Sakhalin Separate Aviation Regiment 216
Relocation of air units from Ozersk to Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 218
Appointment of N. Rokhlov as head of the aviation department of the Main Directorate of Military Police of the KGB of the USSR in 1977.
and training camp for the leadership flight personnel of the border troops aviation in 1978 in Vor--
Kute 220
History of formation, military path and traditions of the Sheremetyevo separate
special purpose air squad of border troops 224
Conclusions 231
Portraits of aviators 1950-1970
Georgy Sergeevich Ionesyan 234
Nikolay Ivanovich Tumanov 237
Vladlen Mikhailovich Bevzo 240
Alexander Nikolaevich Evdokimov 241
Alexander Ivanovich Kunaev 247
Alexander Yakovlevich Valaev 250
Valery Borisovich Mozgunov 252
Vasily Efimovich Mironenko 254
Igor Borisovich Voronov 255
Alexey Fadeevich Churakov 257
Ivan Petrovich Romanyuk 260
Anatoly Yakovlevich Palchun 262
Vyacheslav Ivanovich Sukhov 267
Yuri Alexandrovich Miroshnichenko 269
Vladimir Valerievich Talanov 273
Vladimir Mikhailovich Ponomarev 280
Anatoly Panteleevich Vetoshnikov 284
Participation of aviation of the Border Troops of the KGB of the USSR in the Afghan war
Experience of combat operations of border troops aviation in Afghan border operations 294
Aviation group of border troops on the border with the DRA -
Tactics and enemy capabilities to destroy helicopters 296
Methods of conducting border operations and tasks performed by aviation in them 297
Physiographic conditions of combat flight areas 298
Results of combat activities of border troops aviation 300
Level of training of flight personnel of air units of border troops 301
Combat readiness of aircraft 302
Preparation of border troops aviation (border district aviation) for conducting border patrols
private operations to eliminate illegal armed gangs 304
9. Conduct of combat operations by border troops aviation in border operations 308
Service and combat activities of border aviation flight personnel during combat
actions in DRA 312
Conduct of hostilities in 1979-1981 -
Conduct of hostilities in 1982-1986 317
17th Mary Red Banner Separate Aviation Regiment -
23rd Dushanbe Order of the Red Star separate aviation regiment 330
10th Alma-Ata separate aviation regiment and 19th Uch-Aral separate
Air Squadron 354
3. Combat losses of the flight personnel of aviation units of the border troops during combat operations -
developments in Afghanistan 369
Losses of flight personnel “in the line of duty” 376
Organization of combat operations by border troops aviation in the territory
rii DRA 378
On the Krutikhinsky hillocks 383
conclusions 386
Aviation of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR by the beginning of the 1990s. Development
border aviation of Russia in 1991-2005.
Re-equipment of air units of border troops in the late 1980s - early 1990s 389
Development of the Concept for the construction, development and use of aviation in security
State border and maritime economic zone of the Russian Federation 402
Activities of the aviation department of the leading university of the border troops, a separate educational
of the Gochubeevskoe Border Troops Aviation Center and the Kurgan Military Aviation
tion Institute of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia 412
Separate aviation training center for border troops “Kochubeyevskoye” 417
Kurgan Military Aviation Institute FPS of Russia 420
4. The fight against banditry, terrorism and drug trafficking on the border of Tajikistan
with Afghanistan in the post-Soviet period 422
5. Participation of border troops aviation in combat operations in the Chechen Republic and
on the border with Georgia 428
Border aviation in 1996-2005 432
Council of Border Troops Aviation Veterans 435
Formation and establishment of aviation of the FSB of Russia 439
conclusions 443
Conclusion 448
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After the collapse of the USSR and the division of the functions of the FSB and the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia in 1993, almost all aviation was transferred to the newly formed independent structure of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia. For the first time in the years of existence of the state security bodies, there was no aviation in their composition. At this time, crime and extremism increased greatly, and the most terrible “disease” of society appeared - terrorism. Elite units were increasingly involved in heavy combat work. Great difficulties arose with the timely delivery of special forces of the FSB of Russia to the sites of special and counter-terrorism operations. The use of aviation from other departments and the lengthy approvals inevitable in such cases led to the most dangerous thing - loss of time. Intelligence services around the world could not, and now even more so, cannot work effectively without aviation. The leaders of the Federal Security Service of Russia had to make difficult decisions about creating their own aviation.
In 1999, a decision was made to create its own aviation in the Russian FSB system, namely, an aviation unit was organized within the structure of the central apparatus of the Russian FSB and an aviation squadron in Vnukovo, which consisted of six units of aviation equipment: two Tu-134 and Tu -154 and four Mi-8 helicopters. The former leading test pilot of the NIITC FPS of Russia, Colonel N. Gavrilov, was appointed head of the aviation division of the FSB of Russia. For these purposes, already in the same 1999 from
440 Chapter VI
The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation received Tu-154, Tu-134 aircraft and two Mi-8 helicopters. In the shortest possible time, all equipment underwent a major overhaul and was in combat-ready condition to perform special tasks.
On February 18, 2000, the crew of the Tu-154 aircraft made the first flight to deliver the leadership and special forces soldiers of the Russian FSB to the site of a special operation to free hostages in a plane hijacked by terrorists in the North Caucasus. Such special flights began to be operated to all regions of Russia, including the state border. In the relatively short time of its existence, Russian FSB aviation has completed hundreds of special missions, as a result of which the lives of many hostages, victims of terrorist attacks, and military personnel injured in combat operations have been saved. The command of the security forces and the country's leadership immediately drew attention to the obvious duplication of the functions of aviation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia and the FSB of Russia.
On March 11, 2003, Decree of the President of Russia No. 308 “On measures to improve public administration in the field of security of the Russian Federation” was issued, which abolished the independent structures of the FPS and FAPSI of Russia and transferred their functions to the FSB of Russia.
The border service, like 10 years ago, has become one of the constituent parts of the state security agencies of our country. Lieutenant General V. Pronichev was appointed head of the border service of the FSB of Russia. From that moment on, all aviation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia became the aviation of the border service of the FSB of Russia.
In 2004, the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia was organized, the head of which was appointed Colonel, Hero of Russia, and today Major General N. Gavrilov. The staff of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia includes personnel, logistics, finance, legal services, engineering and aviation services, testing and research departments.
In fact, since 2005, the aviation of the border service of the FSB of Russia has become the aviation of the FSB of Russia. This meant that aviation began to work not only in the interests of the border service as one of the departments of the Federal Security Service, but also equally of all other departments and services of the FSB of Russia.
The structure of management and subordination of the aviation units of the FSB of Russia has undergone serious changes. And this was done taking into account the experience of the coast guards of developed Western countries, but in relation to Russian conditions. The Head of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia is subordinate to two aviation centers - Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk, and to each of them - several aviation units, respectively, in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. All air units on the territory of the four federal districts of the European part of Russia do not have intermediate control bodies, but are directly subordinate to the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia. Thus, commanders of air units are directly subordinate to either the Aviation Directorate or the heads of aviation centers.
^
Development of Russian border aviation in 1991-2005.
In fact, the aviation of the FSB of Russia, more than 70 years after its creation and formation, for the first time moved away from the army military structure and terminology. Even its former regiments and individual squadrons began to be called joint air squadrons (which is approximately equivalent to an aviation regiment) or separate air squadrons (equivalent to a separate air squadron) and subordinate to the heads of regional aviation centers.
It has become more focused on protecting the economic interests of the state, on monitoring compliance with the regime of the State Border and the maritime economic zone of the USSR, and on combating new threats of the 21st century. - with terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, illegal migration, subversive activities of foreign hostile organizations, as well as to suppress, together with customs services, attempts to illegally import into and export from our country means of sabotage, weapons, explosives, toxic substances and radioactive substances.
Border service aviation began to work in the interests of all bodies and departments of the FSB of Russia, using some principles of the coast guard of the USA, Canada and other Western countries. But modern leaders of the FSB of Russia have gone even further: aviation of the FSB of Russia has moved to strict centralized control from the center and to operational control by regional authorities and the border state security service. This serious step opens up great opportunities to improve flight safety, reduce accident rates, and more effectively use aviation in protecting the State Border and the 200-mile maritime economic zone of Russia.
The reform process is always not simple and requires significant financial resources. The transformation of the aviation of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR into the aviation of the FSB of Russia is no exception. In addition to changing the uniform of flight personnel, the structure of air units, and their management system, approaches to protecting the state border, choosing aircraft equipment, and training flight and engineering personnel have also changed.
The implementation of everything planned began with a training session for the leadership of the aviation of the FSB of Russia, which was held from November 8 to 11, 2004 at the training base of a separate transport aviation regiment of the border troops in Yoshkar-Ola. Changes, tasks, new approaches to protecting the state border and modern requirements for solving them were communicated by the head of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia, Colonel N. Gavrilov, to the heads of regional centers and the command of air units.
Despite the rather tense situation with aviation funding, aviation detachments, following the order of the Director of the FSB of Russia, actively participated in flights to protect the State Border and the maritime economic zone of Russia. Moreover, they began to fly even where the aviation of the Border Troops of the KGB of the USSR and the aviation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia had never flown at one time or flew extremely rarely: to the islands of Franz Josef Land, New
442 Chapter VI
The Siberian Islands, to the regions of the North and South Poles, to the highest airfields of the former Soviet Union, Murghab and Khorog, to the most extreme and remote areas of the Russian maritime economic zone in the Pacific Ocean. Examples include the propaganda flight of a pair of Mi-8 helicopters in May 2005 to the Borneo polar explorers’ landing site, located in the center of the Arctic Ocean, in order to launch a balloon over the North Pole in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War; flight of a pair of Mi-8 helicopters with the Director of the FSB of Russia.
Aviation units of the Russian FSB continued their service to protect the state border with Georgia. In 2002, Colonel N. Gavrilov and Lieutenant Colonel Yu. Nedviga became Heroes of Russia for carrying out a special task from the leadership of the Russian FSB during the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus. Members of their crews were awarded military orders. 15 years after the collapse of the USSR, Russian President V. Putin, in his annual address to the Federal Assembly, said: “For the first time in 2005, financial resources were found and planned in the Russian budget for the improvement of the state border of its most tense Caucasus region, including the Russian -Georgian section, where 9 towns of border detachments and about 70 border outposts were built.”
The President expressed confidence that in a few years, together with two mountain brigades of the Ministry of Defense and units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, border guards will reliably close the southern border of the state. This is especially important in connection with the construction of an international-class high-mountain resort and preparations for the 2012 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
Aviation of the FSB of Russia provides high-quality and professional operational and combat activities not only for the border service, but also for other departments and services of the FSB of Russia. Because of this, the demand for aviation in performing difficult and honorable tasks to protect the state border has only increased. Aviation has always helped, is helping, and will continue to help the maritime and land components of the border service.
The leadership of the FSB of Russia treats the needs of aviation with great respect, and everything necessary is done to fulfill the assigned tasks.
Aviation of the FSB of Russia is capable of monitoring the situation on the borders of our state around the clock, delivering commanding personnel and special forces to any corner of our country, transferring material and technical means, including equipment for mine clearance, which is necessary to combat terrorism and banditry.
Today, industry is creating new aviation complexes for the state's security forces. And if earlier the air units of the border troops were replenished with such aircraft as the Il-74, An-72, Mi-8, Mi-24 and Ka-29 helicopters, then today the border aviation is the Ka-226 and Sm-92 T.
Russia has 61 thousand km of state border. It passes along the southern borders, and through the snowy northern expanses, and through the mountains, and through deserts, and through forests. Different physical and climatic conditions of the country's regions create
^ Aviation of the border troops of the KGB of the USSR by the beginning of the 1990s.
Development of Russian border aviation in 1991-2005. 443
There are many difficulties in the work of pilots. But the aviators worthily fulfill their assigned tasks of protecting Russia’s borders. Thus, the Director of the FSB of Russia N. Patrushev and his first deputy - the head of the Border Service of the FSB of Russia V. Pronichev, with the help of our aviation, constantly visit the “hot spots” of the State Border of Russia.
Aviators show not only high professionalism, but also the best fighting qualities: courage, bravery and bravery. The leadership of the Russian FSB highly appreciates their work. Today, Heroes of the Russian Federation Major General N. Gavrilov, Colonels Yu. Nedviga and V. Tarasov serve in the aviation of the FSB of Russia. The medal “For Services to the Fatherland”, II degree, was awarded to Colonel A. Sobolev, Lieutenant Colonel A. Ladanyuk; The medal “For Courage” was awarded to Lieutenant Colonel Ya. Dvoretsky.
An event of great significance for border guard aviators in December 2005 was the relocation of the 23rd Dushanbe separate aviation regiment of the FSB of Russia from the sovereign state of Tajikistan to Novosibirsk. This was the last aviation border unit of the Russian FSB, which, in accordance with the agreements, guarded the borders of the neighboring state. Representatives of the head of the administration of the Republic of Tajikistan, army and border Tajik commanders, journalists, active Russian border guard officers and guests from Russia, including the first commander-organizers of this air regiment in 1983: F. Shagaleev, S. Bykov, were invited to the ceremonial farewell , V. Sukhov, V. Nerobeev, A. Efremov and others.
Leaving the Republic of Tajikistan, the aviators laid wreaths at the monument to internationalist aviators, on the memorial plate of which 32 names of the regiment pilots who died guarding and defending the Soviet-Afghan and then the Tajik-Afghan border are engraved. A ceremonial formation of personnel was carried out, checking the readiness of the air echelon for the flight on the Dushanbe - Novosibirsk route and the ground echelon for departure by train. The farewell ceremony ended with helicopters passing over the airfield and the territory of the regiment with the flags of both countries flying. The orders of the command on conferring military ranks to the pilots of the Tajik-Afghan border were announced, awards and gifts were presented. The mood of the regiment personnel was festive. Ahead of them was a beautiful Siberian city, a new border and new official tasks.
conclusions
1. The aviation of the border troops emerged from the Afghan war with a strong and updated structure. In its 18 base aviation units, thoughtfully located along the entire State Border of the former USSR, there were 418 units of aviation equipment out of 460 in the state. The ratio of aviation equipment that developed during the Afghan decade was the most optimal: one fourth - An-26, An-72, Il-76, Tu-134 aircraft and three quarters - helicopters, all of different classes and purposes. Helicopters became the main type of aircraft and a universal means of protecting, defending and defending the State Border of the USSR, moreover, these were the most modern types at that time
And modifications of helicopters - Mi-8, Mi-24, Mi-26, Ka-27. The combat readiness of aviation equipment, even during the most difficult Afghan period, on average did not fall below 85%, and immediately after the end of the Afghan events it was more than 92%.
In the early 1990s. The aviation department of the Main Directorate of Internal Affairs of the KGB of the USSR, as the main governing body of the aviation of the border troops, was intensively engaged in the development and implementation of new aviation equipment in the aviation units of the border troops. A lot of work has been done:
Firstly, new medium transport and landing aircraft An-7 2 were mastered by the flight personnel and received by the unit to replace the An-24 and some An-26 aircraft that had exhausted their service life;
Secondly, on the basis of the An-72 aircraft, a lot of work was carried out to create and test the first patrol or search aircraft An-72P, i.e. the aircraft's equipment for searching and detecting standard border targets in remote maritime areas of the state border has been improved;
Thirdly, serious work was done to develop the tactical and technical specifications and test the equipment of the new A-44 Albatross patrol aircraft, specially created to protect the 200-mile maritime economic zone of the USSR.
At the same time, over the ten-year period that passed after the Afghan events, the combat readiness of aviation equipment, for a number of objective and subjective reasons, on average decreased from 92 to 45-50%, i.e. fell almost 2 times.
2. The flight personnel of the border aviation after 1989 had the best level of flight training in the entire history of border troops aviation. In almost all air units of the border troops, on average, about 90% of helicopter and airplane commanders were 1st and 2nd class pilots. The vast majority of them had combat experience and were allowed to parachute personnel and land with the selection of landing sites in high mountains and desert-sandy areas. The pilots had impeccable command of aviation weapons. Many sniper pilots, honored military pilots of the USSR and Russia, appeared in the aviation units.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the formation of 15 independent states on its territory, more than 40% of aviation units, airplanes and helicopters, ground aircraft and flight personnel of the border troops found themselves outside Russia. There are no more than 280 pieces of aircraft left in 11 Russian air units. It was with great difficulty that we had to create air units on the State Border of Russia with the newly independent states.
The most combat-experienced flight and engineering personnel of the aviation units of the southern and southwestern regions of the state border of the former USSR remained in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Ukraine and the Baltic states, i.e. beyond the borders of our state. The disintegration processes that began led to the dismissal of a large number of trained and unique flight personnel with enormous combat experience, and graduates of Air Force aviation schools and pilots newly recruited to serve in the border guard aviation from other aviation structures were unable to compensate for the decline in the quality of flight training.
As a result, by 2000, in all air units of the Russian border troops, only 40% of the flight personnel were 1st and 2nd class pilots, and there were even fewer helicopter commanders allowed to land at high-mountain sites. The level of flight training of border troops' aviation fell by more than 2 times.
Aviation Border USSR KGB troops back to the beginning 1990s
For heroism and courage shown during combat operations in border operations in Tajikistan and the Chechen Republic, six border aviation pilots became Heroes of the Russian Federation: Colonel S. Lipovoy, Lieutenant Colonels V. Tarasov, Yu. Stavitsky and L. Konstantinov (posthumously), captains V. Stovba and I. Budai (both posthumously). A large number of flight personnel of aviation units were awarded orders and medals of the Russian Federation.
3. In the early 1990s. all the necessary infrastructure for effective
effective functioning of border troops aviation:
aviation department within the walls of the leading university of the border troops - for advanced
improving the qualifications of the leading flight personnel of border troops aviation units
and land and sea border structures;
research and testing department as part of the Opera Center
tive frontier studies and scientific research and technical
center - to develop an aviation border policy and test a new
aviation equipment and equipment for aircraft and helicopters for border aviation
troops;
separate aviation training center - for retraining of flight personnel
for new aviation equipment;
school of junior aviation specialists - for training warrant officers,
sergeants and soldiers for maintenance and work on aircraft.
In 1988, the Council of Aviation Veterans of the Border Troops of Moscow and the Moscow Region was officially created. Veterans made a worthy contribution to the patriotic education of youth, providing assistance to those veterans who needed it, contributed to the transfer of service and combat experience of flight personnel to the younger generation, and participated in the study and writing of the history of border troops aviation.
4. For the first time since the existence of border troops aviation in 1994, there was
the official Concept was worked out and approved by order of the Director of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia
construction, development and use of border troops aviation during the transition
period 1995-2005
According to the Concept, aviation is one of the three types of border troops and must carry out its tasks in cooperation with ground and naval forces. It is divided into five branches: reconnaissance, naval reconnaissance, transport, assault and light engine.
5. Performed tasks and tactics of using border troops aviation in the 1990s.
constantly modified and improved. In addition to traditional and chapters
tasks to protect the State Border and 200-mile maritime economy
ical zone of Russia after the Afghan war, the FPS aviation of Russia had to
injure and protect the border in “hot spots” - in Tajikistan and the North
Caucasus. The necessary aviation groups were created in these regions
to perform, along with service and combat missions, also combat missions in
landing of personnel and combat use of aviation weapons
from helicopters in ongoing border and special operations. But prepare
446 ^^ Chapter VI
Combat, the organization and conduct of border operations and the effectiveness of border troops in carrying out these no less complex than Afghan combat missions by aviation were carried out practically without taking into account Afghan combat experience. The permission, canceled in 1947, for the use of airborne weapons from border troops aircraft and helicopters against state border violating vessels and poaching vessels that deliberately do not want to comply with the rules for catching seafood in the 200-mile maritime economic zone of Russia was restored.
6. Construction of aviation units and formations, air control systems for border troops in the 1990s. depended on the reorganization of the border troops and security agencies of our state. Over the course of 10 years, the management structure, principles of subordination, and the organizational and staffing structure of border troops aviation changed almost three times.
In 1992, the aviation department of the Committee for the Protection of the State Border of Russia was created, the head of which and at the same time the deputy chairman of this committee for aviation, Lieutenant General N. Rokhlov was approved. The head of the aviation structure of the border troops received authority, had the legal right to give orders to the chiefs of aviation of the border districts and commanders of air units, could, on an equal basis, with the commanders of the troops of the border districts, resolve issues of competent and effective use of aviation and protect their flight personnel in various conflict situations.
After the creation of the independent Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation in 1994, the Aviation Department was formed within it, the head of which was appointed Lieutenant General Yu. Shatokhin.
In 2003, by Decree of the President of Russia, border troops were again returned to the structure of the FSB of Russia. Aviation of the Federal Border Guard Service of Russia first became aviation of the Border Service of the FSB, and then aviation of the FSB of Russia. In 2004, on the basis of the aviation unit within the FSB structure, the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia was deployed, the head of which was appointed Hero of the Russian Federation, Major General N. Gavrilov. As a result of this reorganization, the functions and scope of tasks performed by aviation in the interests of all departments and structures of the FSB of Russia expanded, the management system, subordination structure and organizational and staffing structure of regional aviation centers and air units changed.
In the aviation of the FSB of Russia, instead of aviation regiments and separate air squadrons, united and separate aviation detachments appeared; Instead of the structure of “aviation of the border district” or “aviation of the regional border service department,” aviation centers began to be formed, responsible for specific administrative units - the federal districts of the Russian Federation. Instead of direct subordination of air unit commanders to the heads of regional departments of the FSB border service, direct subordination was introduced to the commanders of aviation centers, and through them to the head of the Aviation Directorate of the FSB of Russia. These changes opened up reserves for increasing the operational efficiency and flight safety of the updated aviation structure in the FSB of Russia.
^ Aviation of the Border Troops of the KGB of the USSR by the beginning of the 1990s.
disgusting aircraft 447
7. The training system for flight personnel in the post-Soviet period also underwent significant changes.
In 1994, the Academy of the FPS of Russia was created, in 1995 - the Kurgan Military Aviation Institute of the FPS of Russia. Advanced training for flight management personnel was carried out within the walls of the Border Academy of the FSB of Russia, and training for pilots, navigators and engineers was carried out at the Kurgan Military Aviation Institute. Five or six years after its organization, the university was recognized as unprofitable and ineffective, and in 2005 it was repurposed.
As a result of the reform of the aviation structure within the FSB of Russia, by 2007, border troops aviation had become a popular, promising and developing structure in the Russian state security system.
In the mid-1990s. The Airborne Forces aviation included 7 separate squadrons equipped with An-2 and Mi-8. They were stationed at the following airfields: Ryazan, Tula (Myasnovo), Ulyanovsk (Bely Klyuch), Krymsk, Pskov, Ivanovo (Yasunikha), Omsk (Severny). During the reforms, all of them were subordinated to the BTA Command.
Space Force aviation has also seen significant cuts. From the “allied” three regiments and 9 separate squadrons, only 4 squadrons remained. Since 2010, they have been transferred to the subordination of the Air Force. A similar fate befell the aviation of the Strategic Missile Forces. After a series of reductions, it was left with 18 separate squadrons, incl. 10 helicopters, which were transferred to the Air Force in April 2011.
In addition to the Ministry of Defense, other law enforcement agencies in Russia also have aviation: the FSB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, and the Federal Customs Service.
Two years after the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Border Troops were transformed into the Federal Border Service (FBS). Its aviation also underwent structural changes, including the elimination of some units and the creation of others. For example, in Gelendzhik, Kaspiysk, Mozdok, new UAE was formed, and in Yoshkar-Ola, the 1st separate heavy transport regiment (OTTAP) was deployed on the basis of the squadron.
Since 2004, FPS aviation was transferred to the subordination of the FSB, which already had its own squadron created in 1999 in Vnukovo (Tu-154, Mi-8, An-72). Since 2005, deliveries of Ka-226 helicopters began to the FPS aviation (four machines are known so far), and since 2007 – light aircraft SM-92T. A special modification of the Ka-32, the Ka-32A7, has also been developed for the FPS.
As of the beginning of 2012, the FSB had about 130 aircraft at its disposal, which were part of 11 joint air squads, one OTTAP and two air groups (Kaliningrad and Kyzyl).
The Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs also has a substantial fleet of aircraft. As of the beginning of 2012, the aviation of the Internal Troops included 4 separate mixed special purpose regiments (OSAP ON) and 10 separate squadrons, which included about 150 aircraft.
In addition, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has twenty separate special-purpose air squads (OAOSN), which are closed on a territorial basis to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the constituent entities of the federation and regional police departments. The first of them was created in November 1996. It is planned to form 5 more similar detachments, including in Khabarovsk, Magadan, and Arkhangelsk. In addition to 50-60 airplanes and helicopters, they also use airships, balloons and UAVs. A patrol version of the Ka-32, the Ka-32A2, was developed specifically for the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 2011, the Special Purpose Center for Rapid Reaction Forces and Aviation of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs was created.
In total, there are about 340 aircraft in the “small aviation”: 2 An-12, 37 An-26, 1 An-30, 22 An-72, 1 An-74, 12 Il-76, 7 Tu-134, 5 Tu- 154, 2 Yak-40, 4 SM-92T, 2 L-410, as well as 7 Ka-27PS, 3 Ka-32, 14 Ka-226, 1 Mi-2, 11 Mi-24, 3 Mi-34, 178 Mi-8, 19 Mi-26, 2 Ansat, 2 AS.355 and 4 R-44.
In 2002, after the relevant decree of the Government of the Russian Federation was issued, the aviation of the Federal Customs Service of Russia officially began to fulfill its duties, although its formation began back in 1992. As of the beginning of 2012, it included 11 Mi-8 helicopters and 2 Ka-32s, which are used in seven regional customs departments and two customs offices.
In 1994, a state unitary enterprise was formed as part of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, which initially included 5 Il-76TD, 2 An-74, one Yak-42 and one Il-62. As of the beginning of 2012, there were already more than 60 aircraft in the EMERCOM aviation: 20 aircraft (1 Il-62, 2 Yak-42, 6 Il-76, 2 An-74, 3 An-ZT, 6 Be-200ChS) and more than 40 helicopters (25 Mi-8, 7 Mi-26, 5 Ka-32, 3 Vo.105, 1 VK-117). For the Ministry of Emergency Situations in 1994, they developed a fire modification of the Ka-32 - Ka-32A1. In the near future, it is planned to purchase 7 more Be-200ChS, as well as 2 An-148. This equipment is primarily used in eliminating the consequences of natural and man-made disasters, as well as for evacuating Russian citizens from armed conflict zones.
An-72P from the Russian FPS aviation
Aviation composition of the FSB of Russia
| Name | Aerodrome | Aircraft type |
| JSC SN | Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo | Tu-154/134, An-72/74, Mi-8, SM-92T Ka-226 |
| 1 OTTAP | Yoshkar-Ola | Il-76, An-72/26, Mi-26/8, Ansat, Ka-226 |
| 1 JSC | Petrozavodsk | |
| 2 JSC | Stavropol, Gelendzhik, Sochi, Kaspiysk, Makhachkala | An-26/72, Ka-27PS, Ka-32PS, Mi-8/24 |
| 3 JSC | Novosibirsk | An-26, Mi-8 |
| 4 JSC | Chelyabinsk | An-26, Mi-8 |
| 5 JSC | Elizovo, Magadan, Providence Bay | An-26, An-72, Mi-26, Ka-27PS, Mi-8 |
| 6 JSC | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Yuzhno-Kurilsk | An-26, An-72, Mi-8 |
| 7 JSC | Vladivostok | An-26, Ka-27PS, Ka-32PS, Mi-8 |
| 8 JSC | Khabarovsk | An-26, Mi-8 |
| 9 JSC | Chita | An-26, Mi-8 |
| OAAO | Vorkuta, Tiksi, Murmansk, Chersky, Khatanga | An-26, Mi-26, Mi-8 |
| AG | Kaliningrad | An-26, Mi-8 |
| AG | Kyzyl | An-26, Mi-8 |
Aviation of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
| Name | Aerodoom | Aircraft type |
| 675 OSAPON | Nizhny Novgorod | Il-76, Mi-8 |
| 70 OSAPON | Ermolino | Il-76, An-12, An-26, Mi-8, An-30 |
| 685 OSAP | Rostov-on-Don | An-26, Mi-26, Mi-8, Mi-24 |
| 142 OSAP | Mozdok | Mi-26, Mi-8, Mi-24 |
| 1 UAE | Khabarovsk | An-26, Mi-8 |
| 3 UAE | New Village | Mi-8 |
| 6 UAE | Koasnodar | Mi-8 |
| 7 UAE | Gorelovo | Mi-8 |
| 8 UAE | Engels | Mi-8 |
| 9 UAE | Ekaterinburg | Mi-26, Mi-8 |
| 10 UAE | Novosibirsk | Mi-26, Mi-8, An-26 |
| 11 UAE | Voronezh | Mi-8 |
| 12 UAE | Irkutsk | Mi-8 |
| 859? JSC SN | Chkalovsky | An-72, Tu-134, Tu-154, Yak-40, Mi-8 |
