Anton Andreevich big chieftain. Anton Andreevich Golovaty: biography
Anton Andreevich Golovaty
Brigadier. Hero of the Black Sea Cossack Army
The son of the Little Russian foreman Anton Andreevich Golovaty gained fame in the history of the Russian Cossacks thanks to his intelligence, administrative abilities and exploits on the battlefield. In his youth, having heard enough stories about the knightly service of the Cossacks, he fled in 1757 from his father’s house to the Zaporozhye Sich. The Sichs accepted the 14-year-old volunteer into their circle of friends, and Golovaty became a Cossack for the rest of his life.
But before fleeing to the Dnieper island of Khortitsa, Anton Golovaty studied at the Kyiv Academy, where the children of noble Little Russians were traditionally educated. The half-educated “student” fled to the Sich not alone, but with several students of the academy like him, who were seeking freedom and military glory among the Cossacks.
The abilities, as well as the education of Anton Golovaty, who enrolled in the Kushchevsky kuren, allowed him, despite his youth, to quickly advance. First, he became an elected kuren ataman, then in 1764 he received the post of military clerk and the rank of regimental foreman. That is, to put it differently, at the age of 21 (!) Golovaty became the chief of staff of the Zaporozhye Cossack army.
... Koshevoy Ataman Fedorov, going with a delegation of the Zaporozhye Cossacks to the celebrations on the occasion of the coronation of Empress Catherine II, took with him to St. Petersburg a military clerk.
Golovaty was also part of the last delegation of the Zaporozhye Sich to the All-Russian autocratic empress in 1774 with a request to restore the rights and privileges of the Zaporozhye Army. On this trip he met G. A. Potemkin, which played a big role in his subsequent fate.
During the “ruin” of the Sich, Anton Golovaty was not touched by the “royal punishments” that fell on part of the Cossack elders. He remained for some time a man free from military service.
Five years after the destruction of the Zaporozhye Sich, in 1780, Potemkin visited Novorossiya. He toured this region, which had only recently been annexed to the Russian Empire, accompanied by a convoy of former Cossacks, commanded by Anton Golovaty. This new meeting strengthened their relationship.
When the Russian-Turkish War of 1787–1791 began, the Army of the Loyal Zaporozhye Cossacks (the future Black Sea Cossack Army) was created. Golovaty took an active part in its organization and was elected as a military judge in the system of Cossack self-government.
His Serene Highness Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky then became the hetman of the new Cossack army, and Sidor Bely became the chieftain. Both of them treated Anton Golovaty very kindly, appreciating his business qualities and loyalty to duty.
...In the “Second Catherine’s Turkish War,” the military judge commanded the foot Cossacks and the Black Sea rowing military flotilla, which consisted mostly of seaworthy oak boats. The flotilla distinguished itself in several battles with the Turkish naval squadron, which “reinforced” the garrison of the Ochakov fortress from the Dnieper-Bug estuary.
Golovaty, along with the Kosh chieftain Sidor Bely, became one of the main heroes of those sea battles that were significant for military history. Under his command, the Black Sea Cossacks decisively and fearlessly walked through cannon fire to board the Sultan’s sailing ships, and the history of wars at sea received a new, remarkable page.
During that war, Anton Golovaty distinguished himself more than once. During the first military campaign, his Cossacks, under the personal leadership of a military judge, crossed the border river Southern Bug across the ice at night and made a surprise attack on Turkish outposts, which were located in the villages of Ajigan and Yaselki. The defeat of the outposts of the enemy army was complete.
The following year, in November 1788, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army G. A. Potemkin instructs Golovaty to take the island of Berezan, on which the Turks kept artillery batteries in field fortifications. The Cossack rowing flotilla, under cannon fire, approached the island from the estuary and landed troops. The battle turned out to be fleeting: the Black Sea troops took the enemy fortifications with a bloody attack, eventually winning a brilliant victory.
Golovaty was on the ships of the first line, leading the landing. On that day, 21 guns, 13 detachment banners, more than 200 prisoners and large supplies of food were taken from the battle for the Ochakov fortress garrison besieged by the Russians.
Appearing before Commander-in-Chief Potemkin, the leader of the successful landing operation presented the Field Marshal with a bow to the ground symbolic keys to the Berezan field fortress. His Serene Highness Prince Tauride, in response, attached the white enamel cross of the Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George, 4th degree, to the chest of the military judge. At that time this was a very high military award.
...The Black Sea Cossacks also took part in the famous Suvorov assault on Izmail. Colonel Anton Golovaty commanded one of the assault columns, which, on the ships of the rowing flotilla, landed inside the fortified city from the island of Chatal lying opposite. The Danube waters and the fire of enemy batteries from the left (northern) bank did not become an insurmountable obstacle for the assaulting troops.
In that throw across the Danube, Golovaty commanded the vanguard of the assault column of Major General N.D. Arsenyev, which consisted of the Primorsky Nikolaev Grenadier Regiment, a battalion of the Livonia Jaeger Corps and two thousand Black Sea Cossacks. The military judge personally commanded three Cossack hundreds, who were the first to land from the oak trees on the shore within the city limits.
The exploits of the participants in the Izmail attack did not go without high rewards. In his victorious report to Empress Catherine II, Field Marshal General G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky (based on Suvorov’s report) reported to the banks of the Neva:
“... Colonel Golovaty, with boundless courage and vigilance, not only won, but, personally acting, went ashore, entered into battle with the enemy and defeated him.”
For the storming of the Izmail fortress, unparalleled in world military history, Anton Andreevich Golovaty was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree, the rank of army colonel, and then also received the golden Izmail Cross, which in Russia was equal to the St. George awards.
It should also be added that on the way to Izmail, the rowing flotilla of the Black Sea Cossacks, sailing under the pennant of Golovaty, took part in the capture of the Turkish fortresses of Kiliya and Tulcha, which stood at the Danube mouth.
...Golovaty was among the elders of the Black Sea Cossack army who arrived in St. Petersburg to ask Empress Catherine II the Great to “add some land” to the one already granted to the Taman army. They asked for the Kuban lands for eternal possession. And at the same time - the right to protect the state border along the Kuban to protect the borders of Russia from the predatory raids of the highlanders.
The Empress responded to the request with understanding and granted the army of the former Cossacks the Kuban region for their military merits: territory in the triangle Taman - Ekaterinodar - Yeisk. Thus, a reliable basis was created for the settlement and economic development of the steppes north of the Kuban that were deserted after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate.
Colonel Anton Andreevich Golovaty received from the Empress as a gift a large porcelain mug with her portrait, filled with gold chervonets. During the negotiations on the “Kuban land”, the military judge showed himself to be a skilled diplomat. But he was also known on the banks of the Neva as a fearless warrior, whose path was marked by victories at Izmail and on the island of Berezan.
Catherine II sent with Golovaty to the Black Sea Cossack army letters of gratitude, a large white banner, silver kettledrums, a military seal and, according to ancient Russian custom, for housewarming - bread and salt on a platter made of pure gold with the same salt shaker, and to the Koshe Ataman Zakhary Chepege a precious saber.
Colonel Anton Golovaty, touched by such gifts to the Black Sea Cossacks, delivered a speech of gratitude in response. It also contained these very binding words:
“...Taman is a gift of your favor, Mother Empress, will be an eternal guarantee of your favors to us, faithful Cossacks. We will build cities, populate villages and preserve the safety of Russian borders for you.”
Among the many privileges that the Black Sea Cossack Army received was this. Military commanders were given the right to establish courts on their territory. That is, this right was granted to the military judge, Colonel A. A. Golovaty.
Anton Andreevich himself moved to Kuban only the next year. He temporarily remained on the banks of the Southern Bug to organize the resettlement of Cossack families. He arrived in Kuban in May 1793. At the same time, construction began on the main military city and at the same time a fortress - Ekaterinodar.
When Koshevoy Ataman Z. A. Chepega set out with two regiments of Black Sea Cossacks on the Polish campaign in 1794, Golovaty performed his duties for two years. At the same time, he showed himself to be a skillful administrator of a very large Cossack army that had moved to a new place.
...In 1796, Colonel A. A. Golovaty, at the head of two Cossack regiments (a thousand people), took part in the Persian campaign of Chief General Valerian Zubov. He was entrusted with command of the rowing flotilla and landing forces of the expeditionary force.
Under the leadership of Holovaty, the Black Sea Cossacks took part in the capture of the Persian islands in the south of the Caspian Sea and the conquest of the khanates of Northern Azerbaijan along the Kura and Araks rivers. During the campaign, the Cossacks successfully fished and caught Caspian seals, replenishing the provisions of the expeditionary forces.
The glory of a skilled commander of landing troops and victories in naval battles over the Persians became the basis for the promotion of Anton Andreevich Golovaty to the rank of brigadier.
After the death of the Kosh ataman Zakhary Chepega, the Cossacks in the Kuban chose Holovaty as the new ataman, not knowing that he had died on a campaign in the Southern Caspian on January 28, 1797. Anton Andreevich did not have the chance to learn that Emperor Paul I signed a decree approving the new ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army.
That campaign across the Caspian Sea was extremely difficult for the Black Sea Cossacks, not because of combat tension and the strain of their hands from the oars. The “bad” climate halved the ranks of the two regiments participating in the expedition. In August 1797, Colonel Chernyshev, who remained behind Golovaty, brought home only about 500 Cossacks from a campaign in Ust-Laba.
Brigadier A.I. Golovaty was the last elected chieftain of the Black Sea Cossack army. After him, this elective position was replaced by Paul I with a mandated military chieftain appointed by the emperor.
...Golovaty left a bright memory of himself in Kuban. Therefore, the assignment of his name in 1904, as the eternal chief, to the 1st Uman Regiment of the Kuban Cossack Army was taken for granted.
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Anton Andreevich Golovaty not just a Cossack ataman, judge and army brigadier, but also a talented administrator of the Black Sea Cossack Army, a man who persuaded his own. He is also the author of the first poem, which, as they say, was printed in civilian script in the popular Ukrainian language.
Exact date of birth Ataman Anton Golovaty not preserved. According to some sources, he was born in the Poltava region in 1732, according to others - 12 years later. Having received an excellent education at home, he continued his studies at the Kyiv Bursa (over time, this educational institution was renamed the Theological Academy). The young man turned out to be incredibly capable; science and foreign languages were equally easy for him; he played the guitar, bandura, and wrote poetry.
In 1757 Anton Golovaty came to the Zaporozhye Sich, where he proved himself excellent, and within five years he became a chieftain of the kuren. Moreover, as part of the Cossack delegation, he went to St. Petersburg for the coronation, where he was personally introduced to the Empress, and was also honored to play the bandura for her.
Anton Golovaty - judge and shipbuilder
Holovaty’s excellent education, diplomatic abilities and sharp mind were appreciated by his superiors, and he was increasingly entrusted with the investigation of legal disputes, including land disputes.
In addition, Anton Andreevich participated in Cossack sea campaigns and devoted a lot of time to building a fleet.
However, the wars ended, and the government decided to abolish the Zaporozhye Sich. Even the delegation, which included Anton Golovaty, could not convince the queen to change her decision. True, the Cossack elders received an offer to join the Russian army, which Anton Andreevich gladly took advantage of.
It is unknown how Golovaty’s fate would have developed further if not for Grigory Potemkin, a favorite of Catherine II and a prominent statesman. Having a great attitude towards the Cossacks, he advised them to gather a delegation led by Anton Andreevich and go to the Empress with a request: to create an “Army of Loyal Cossacks” from the former Cossacks. Mother Catherine gave the go-ahead.
The Cossacks formed two detachments, mounted and on foot, to serve on boats (presumably a prototype of the Marine Corps). Anton Golovaty became a military judge - the second person after the chieftain. And Potemkin allocated new lands for the Kerch Kut and Taman.
Anton Golovaty commands the Black Sea Cossack flotilla
Cossacks took an active part in the Russian-Turkish war. They also distinguished themselves during the siege of Ochakov, a large-scale battle during which our troops defeated Hasan Pasha’s fleet. It was as a result of the Battle of Amman that the Cossack boat detachment was transformed into the Black Sea Cossack flotilla, the command of which was entrusted to Golovaty, and soon his charges successfully stormed the island of Berezan. For these victories, Anton Golovaty was awarded the Order of St. George.
Then there was a whole series of successful military operations with the participation of the Cossacks: the assault on the Khadzhibey fortress (the future Odessa), the capture of the Akkerman and Bendery fortresses, the capture of several Turkish fortifications and the assault on Izmail.
New lands
After the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. The Cossacks were given lands between the Dniester and the Bug. The army itself began to be called the Black Sea Cossacks. But the Cossacks found the new territories not enough, and they sent another delegation to St. Petersburg. As before, it was headed by Anton Golovaty. The Cossacks presented the empress with a petition to allocate them land in the Taman region and its environs, as well as land on the right bank of the Kuban River, which was empty at that time.
Capital officials did not believe in the success of the enterprise, but Golovaty talked with Catherine II in Latin (!) and was able to convince her that everyone would only benefit from this. As a result, the Taman and Kuban lands were granted to the Cossacks “for eternal and hereditary possession.”
Relocation of the Cossacks to Kuban
Arriving in Kuban, Golovaty began surveying lands and drawing up a civil code for the Black Sea residents, called the “Order of Common Benefit.” At the same time, Anton Andreevich obtained permission to build churches and monasteries throughout the region and took care of extracting architects, builders, icon painters and priests from the capital. After all, it was necessary to build not only churches, but also barracks and military buildings in the villages and on the cordon line.
Golovaty - Kuban philanthropist
A. A. Golovaty made many donations for the construction of churches in the Kuban, and existing churches also received generous contributions. True, some biographers claim that Golovaty acquired his fabulous wealth in a far from honest way: they say, he did not hesitate to use the military treasury for personal purposes.
Often visiting St. Petersburg, at court and attending dinner parties, Golovaty became friends with such outstanding personalities as the poet G.R. Derzhavin, admirals O.M. de Ribas and N.S. Mordvin, Field Marshal N.V. Repin, Golovaty maintained regular correspondence with some of them.
By the way, it was thanks to Anton Andreevich Golovaty that the entire archive of the Cossack army was preserved: before moving to Kuban, Golovaty ordered the collection of smoking documents and transporting them to the new place of residence of the Cossacks.
And the ataman literally saved the famous Tmutarakan (“Phanagorian”) stone. It is known that at one time the collector of antiquities A.I. Musin-Pushkin learned about the stone and informed Catherine II about it, who ordered the inscription to be copied and then delivered to the capital. Inscription text: “In the summer of 6576 of Indictment 6, Prince Gleb measured the sea on ice from Tmutorokan to Kornev 14,000 fathoms” , ended up in St. Petersburg earlier, scientists did not believe its contents and accused Musin-Pushkin of forgery. I lost interest in the stone. So, it was Golovaty who gave the order not to get rid of the stone, but to carefully return it to its place. In Taman it was on display for many years. At the beginning of the 19th century, he was noticed by academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky appreciated the find.
Golovaty's trace in literature
It is interesting that the image of Anton Andreevich Golovaty is captured... in poetry. The Cossack was familiar with the family of the Ukrainian poet G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko. When biographical sketches about Golovaty appeared in print in the 19th century, Osnovyanenko also wrote his memoirs about him. The text came to the poet Taras Shevchenko, and he, in turn, composed the following lines:
Our inveterate Golovaty will not die,
don't die,
From where, people, our glory,
Glory to Ukraine!
They were included in the poem “To Osnovyanenko,” which appeared in Shevchenko’s first collection of poems, “Kobzar.” However, later the poet nevertheless replaced the line about the “inveterate Holovaty” with “Our thought, our writing.” So it seemed bigger to him.
Anton Andreevich Golovaty actually did not have time to be the Koshevo Ataman of the Black Sea Cossack Army and did not even know about his appointment, since on January 28, 1797 he suddenly died of a fever. But his role in the organization of the army, the resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban and the development of the region was exceptionally great: it was Golovaty, occupying the second position after the ataman - a military judge, who obtained from the queen a letter of grant dated June 30, 1792 for the Kuban lands; he conducted countless cases of rescuing former Cossacks from serfdom in Ukraine and delivering military property and archives to Kuban; he, like Chepega, was responsible for the cordon service, the construction of Yekaterinodar and Kuran villages.
Of course, Golovaty was a talented man. “Remarkably smart”, “very educated in his time” - this is how pre-revolutionary biographers characterized him.
Golovaty was born in 1732 in the family of a Little Russian Cossack foreman, studied at the Kiev Bursa, from which in 1757 he fled to the Zaporozhye Sich, where, thanks to his education, extraordinary abilities and personal courage, he soon took a prominent position. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, commanding a rowing flotilla, he proved himself to be an outstanding military leader. Apparently, he was strict and demanding. One curious document is indicative in this regard: on November 25, 1791, Golovaty signed a signature from the gunner Gorb, who was in charge of the artillery, that under pain of punishment he would not drink alcohol at all “from now on until the end of the Ottoman war with the Porte.” The humble tone of Gorb’s subsequent reports, which reported that “all the artillery is intact and the gunners are in good order,” suggests that the subscription had an effect. Apparently, the military judge did not like to joke...
Under the command of Holovaty, the Cossacks took the impregnable fortress of Berezan in boats, distinguished themselves during the siege of Bendery, and sank and burned 90 Turkish ships during the assault on Izmail. But let us omit here the description of Golovaty’s military merits, well known from historical literature, and turn to the evidence that will help the readers’ imagination better imagine this most colorful figure.
The original portrait of A. Holovaty has not survived. According to E.D. Felitsyn, he was “tall, obese, had a large head, constantly shaved, with a thick ass, and a red, pockmarked face with a huge mustache.” As for the last detail, it is certainly reliable, for the Cossacks, as General I. D. Popko noted, “considered the mustache the best adornment of the Cossack personality, but they did not wear beards at all and treated it with contempt, as a result of which they were not very on the same page with the Don people ..."
In general, according to historians of the last century, the appearance of a military judge was not entirely in harmony with the internal qualities of its owner, but played a certain role in his diplomatic successes. From E.D. Felitsyn we read: “Playing... a simple-minded, uneducated Cossack in the circle of Catherine’s nobles, who invited the Cossack to their evenings as a curiosity, Golovaty amazed some with his eccentricity, told others Cossack jokes, tried to touch others and evoke sympathy for the plight of the Cossacks singing and playing the bandura; still others simply asked for help. And when, thanks to all this, Golovaty finally managed to receive letters of grant... to the surprise of the proud nobles, the uncouth Cossack Cossack suddenly delivered a brilliant speech to the empress for that time! Even meager archival documents show that, along with economic acumen and other material aspirations, poetry was not alien to Golovaty’s soul: many of the songs he composed, in particular those related to the resettlement of the Cossacks to Kuban, became folk songs over time. And here are several excerpts from his letters to Chepege, sent from the Persian campaign and testifying to the undoubted curiosity of the author.
“At the request of the khan,” Golovaty informed his friend, “we had dinner with him... Before dinner, his music was played about one balalaika and a horn and two small kettles making a sound similar to kettledrums, then the Persian danced on his head, holding two daggers to his eyes with his hands , exchanged words with very good and surprising turns... After dinner, our Cossack music played about two violinists, one bass and cymbals.” And further: “Baka is a city built of stone, its streets are so cramped that it is difficult for two people to walk. The inhabitants of Baku are extremely poor, especially since one hundred and twenty versts from the city the soil is stone, producing nothing more than wormwood, and that’s not enough.”
Describing even minor skirmishes with the enemy, Golovaty invariably emphasized the bravery of the Cossacks: “By the way, the Cossack’s glory did not perish if... eight people could let the Persians feel that the Black Sea region is strong...”
In general, Golovaty’s correspondence with Chepega is distinguished by some kind of human warmth, which does not really correspond to popular ideas about that harsh time.
For example, he congratulates the ataman on Easter and sends him an easter egg and a barrel of wine. Or he sends “native” Taman horseradish: “And we will use this with pike and pork, for I expect to be with you soon. Here, it is true, there is plenty of horseradish, but pike are occasionally found, and pork is very rare...” Or he reports: “Your words, spoken when the city of Ekaterinodar was appointed, against the Karasun rowing, under the oak tree standing near your yard, about I didn’t forget the establishment of various fish and crayfish, but fulfilled last year: I brought in fish from the Kuban, and crayfish brought from Temryuk...”
Taking care of his own estate and farms, generously, like other military elders, measuring out land for himself “in the steppe as much as needed,” owning two houses “with many things and supplies,” two windmills (built, of course, by the hands of ordinary Cossacks), fish factories, etc., Golovaty did a lot for the common good: he built a church in Taman; On his orders, bells were cast from old copper cannons “with wounds”; The military judge was in every possible way concerned with the development of trade with the mountain peoples and with ensuring that “not only try to protect the existing native garden tree from devastation, instilling in everyone that it can serve the common good, but also use all forces to divorce it... .” He has a lot of different administrative and economic orders aimed at making the remote and uninhabited region viable.
Golovaty did not get to see the fruits of his labors.
On February 26, 1796, on Oil Tuesday, after mass and the blessing of the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the patron saint of all seafarers, Golovaty with two five-hundred-strong regiments departed from Ekaterinodar, first to Astrakhan, and from there along the Volga to the Caspian Sea - on the Persian campaign. This enterprise turned out to be disastrous for the Cossacks; many “died their bellies” from the unusual climate, malnutrition and disease. The fever did not spare Holovaty either. His grave remained on the Kamyshevan peninsula, far from the Kuban land, on which the old Cossack was going to “... Hold the border, catch fish, drink vodka, and we will still be rich.”
But most Black Sea residents were far from rich. The hungry and ragged Cossacks who returned to Yekaterinodar (out of a thousand people, half survived), exhausted by the abuses of the tsarist officers and military elders committed during the campaign, demanded “satisfaction of grievances.” The so-called Persian revolt broke out, one of the main characters of which was the new chieftain of the Black Sea Cossack army.
Golovaty, Anton Andreevich
One of the founders of the former Black Sea (now Kuban) Cossack army. He was brought up in the Kyiv Bursa and from there fled to Zaporozhye, where under Koshevo Kalnishevsky he was a military clerk. In 1774, together with Sidor Bely, he vainly defended the rights of the Zaporozhye army to Novorossiysk lands, which Potemkin populated with various immigrants. In 1787, he was one of the members of the Zaporozhye deputation that presented Catherine II in Kremenchug with a loyal address expressing a desire to serve under the banner of Russia. Subsequently, it was organized army of loyal Cossacks, took part in the war with the Turks. In this war, G. repeatedly distinguished himself, being the head of first the foot squad, and then the Black Sea Cossack rowing flotilla. In 1790, G. was confirmed as a military judge and, under the illiterate Koshe chieftain Chepega, traveled to St. Petersburg in 1792, where he petitioned the army for a charter for land in the Kuban and Taman Peninsula. He was one of the main figures in the relocation of troops from across the Bug to Kuban and its organization in the new region. He died in 1797, during a campaign in Persia. G.'s personality clearly appears in the story by G. F. Kvitka: "Golovaty" ("Works", vol. III, Kharkov, 1889), based on the author's memories and family legends. Material for G.'s biography is in "Kiev Starina", 1890, No. 2. Two songs by G., composed by him about the historical events in which he participated, were published by P. Korolenko: "The first four atamans of the former Black Sea Cossack army" ( Ekaterinodar, 1892).
(Brockhaus)
Golovaty, Anton Andreevich
Brig-r, second ataman of Chernomor. Cossack troops; genus. in 1744 and in 1757, having appeared in the Sich, he signed up as a Cossack; Being an educated man for that time, G. quickly advanced and was elected to the kuren. ataman; in 1764 he took up the post of troops. clerk and was among the deputies from the Cossacks at the coronation of Imp. Catherine II; in 1774 he again joined the deputation from Zaporozhye. troops to the Imperial with a request to restore the rights and privileges of the army. This petition was not successful, but G.’s stay in St. Petersburg. saved him from the exile to which the military sergeant was subjected after the destruction of the Sich in 1775. His acquaintance with Potemkin, who showed G. great respect and trust during the 2nd tour, probably also helped him. The Cossacks entrusted the formation of the war together with S. Bely. troops, which later received the name of the Black Sea; G. was assigned to the troops. judge and received command of the comb. Cossack flotilla, with which he crossed the Bug Estuary at night in 1787 and ruined the tour. villages of Adzhichan and Yaselki. In 1788, Potemkin, who was besieging Ochakov, ordered G. to take the fortification. Berezan Island, tour base. fleet that supported the fortress. Taking 800 Cossacks on their “oaks” (boats) it was easy. guns, G. approached the rocky rock during the day. ber. Berezan and, without responding to the fire of the batteries on the island, launched the Cossacks from the boats, who, taking their cannons on their shoulders, walked across the water to the shore and quickly attacked the fortifications. After despair. resistance, the island was occupied by the Cossacks, who received 11 banners, 21 cannons. and a lot of fights. and food. stocks. For this feat Georg received G. cross. From near Ochakov, after its capture, G. and the flotilla moved along the Dniester to the Bendery fortress, which he guarded from the sea until its surrender (1789). In the camp. 1790 G. with his f-lia contributed to the capture of Kiliya, diverting the attention of the tour. fleet stationed in the Sulina arm, and then took part in the assault on Izmail by Suvorov from the Danube. “Don’t shoot your guns unless absolutely necessary,” G. admonished his Cossacks, “the saber and pike are the victorious weapons of the brave Russian army and the perfect death of the barbarians.” Awarded for Ishmael horde. St. Vladimir, G. in 1791 participated with the family in failures. attempt book. Golitsyn to take Brailov, and, moreover, attacking with a strong landing party. redoubt, took possession of it, capturing a battery and 4 banners from the Turks. At the end of the war in 1792, G. went to St. Petersburg for the 3rd time to petition for the award of Chernomor. to the army of the land in the Kuban; the request was respected, and G. himself received large porcelain from the Imperial “for the road.” a mug with her portrait filled with ducats. In 1796, G. took part in the Val campaign. Zubov to Persia, and the entire Caspian region was subordinate to him. f-liya and landing. troops; G. was captured by Persians. islands and conquered the adjacent areas to the river. Kura and Araks. In the same year, G. was promoted to brigade, and in January. 1797, when Ataman Chepega died, he was unanimously chosen in his place; this election was approved by the Emperor. Paul after the death of G., who died on January 29. 1797 ( P.P.Korolenko. Ancestors of the Kuban. Cossacks on the Dnieper and Dniester. Ekaterinodar, 1900).
(Military enc.)
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See what “Golovaty, Anton Andreevich” is in other dictionaries:
- (1732, village of New Sanzhary, near Poltava (see POLTAVA) January 28 (February 8), 1797, Kamyshevan Peninsula, Azerbaijan) Russian military leader, brigadier (1796), Koshevoy ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army (1797). A native of the Ukrainian Cossack... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Golovaty, Anton Andreevich one of the founders of the former Black Sea (now Kuban) Cossack army. He was brought up in the Kyiv bursa and from there fled to Zaporozhye, where under Koshevoy Kalnishevsky he was a military clerk. In 1787 he was one of the members... ... Biographical Dictionary
Wikipedia has articles about other people with this surname, see Golovaty. Anton Andreevich Golovaty Portrait of the military judge of the Black Sea Cossack army A. A. Golovaty ... Wikipedia
Golovaty, Anton Andreevich- HEAD/TYY Anton Andreevich (1744 1797) Ukrainian and Russian military leader, brigadier (1796). Ukrainian. He studied at the Kyiv Academy, from where he went to the Zaporozhye Sich, where he was a military clerk (chief of staff) of the Zaporozhye army. In 1787 according to... Marine Biographical Dictionary
Anton Andreevich Golovaty(Russian doref. Anton Andreevich Golovaty, (1732 ) (according to other sources) - 28 January) - Cossack ataman, military judge, brigadier of the Russian army, one of the founders and talented administrator of the Black Sea Cossack army, initiator of the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to Kuban. Also Ukrainian [ ] poet, author of the first poem, printed in civilian font according to the Ukrainian cultural and educational organization “Prosvita” in pure folk Ukrainian language.
Biography
Birth, childhood and youth
Born into the family of a Little Russian foreman in the village of Novye Sanzhary in the Poltava region. He received a good education at home, which he continued at the Kyiv Bursa, where his extraordinary abilities in science, languages, literary and musical gifts were revealed - Anton composed poems and songs, sang well and played the bandura.
In Zaporozhye Sich
Service in the “Troop of Loyal Cossacks” (Black Sea)
Grigory Potemkin, who favored the Cossacks, decided to organize the former Cossacks into military units. On his advice, during Catherine the Great’s Journey to Crimea, a deputation of former Cossacks, which included Anton Golovaty, petitioned the Empress in Kremenchug to organize the “Troop of Loyal Cossacks” from former Cossacks. Consent was given. The army recruited “hunters” into two detachments - mounted and on foot (for service on Cossack boats). Golovaty was appointed head of the foot detachment. On January 22, 1788, he was elected military judge of the entire newly created army - the second figure in the Cossack hierarchy, after the military chieftain. At the same time, Grigory Potemkin allocated new lands for the army - Kerch Kut and Taman.
After the success of this enterprise, the name of Golovaty became extremely popular among the army, and the trip to St. Petersburg and stay at court itself became surrounded by colorful legends.
The untimely death of his only daughter Maria at the very beginning of 1792 delayed Holovaty’s resettlement to Kuban - upon returning to the Black Sea region, Holovaty began to settle his personal affairs - he sold his estate, house and built a church over his daughter’s grave. In the spring of 1793, he led a land detachment of family Cossacks to Kuban, arriving in his new homeland in the middle of summer of that year.
After the death of Grigory Potemkin, the new patron of the Cossacks became Platon Zubov, the last favorite of Catherine the Great, who was granted that year by the governor-general of Kharkov, Ekaterinoslav and Tauride, that is, he became the immediate commander of the Black Sea army.
Service in Kuban
Even during the campaign, Golovaty used his gift of diplomacy for the benefit of the settlers - during the transition, he stopped for several days in Simferopol with the Tauride governor Zhegulin, to whom the newly formed region of the Black Sea Army was entrusted. Favorable relations were established, which was subsequently reinforced by the regular sending of Kuban caviar and balyks to the governor’s table. However, St. Petersburg was not deprived of Cossacks either - shipments of these Kuban delicacies were regularly sent to the capital.
Upon arrival in Kuban, until the fall, Golovaty was engaged in demarcating military land and building his own house. In the fall, together with the military clerk Timofey Kotyarevsky, he compiled a civil code for the Black Sea residents - “The Order of Common Benefit,” according to which the region was divided into 40 kurens. In January 1794, the first military council met in their new homeland. At it, the “Order ...” was approved, the name of the regional capital was approved - Yekaterinodar, and the atamans of the kurens by casting lots - Lyasov- received smoking plots. On that moment “on this land there are 12,826 male and 8,967 female military inhabitants, and 21,793 in total”.
At the end of May 1794, Golovaty’s wife died, having not recovered from a difficult pregnancy and childbirth. Anton Golovaty, in memory of his beloved wife, with his own money, begins to build a church in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Mother of God on his wife’s grave in Taman. Obtaining permission to build churches for the entire region, releasing priests, building military buildings and barracks in the capital and on the cordon line were the main occupations of the military judge in that period of time.
In 1794, military ataman Zakhary Chepega was sent with a regiment of Cossacks to suppress the Polish uprising. Golovaty remained the first person in the army. He was involved in the construction of a military harbor for the Cossack flotilla in the Kiziltash estuary (however, the harbor was later declared unsuitable), and helped the regular Russian army in the construction of the Phanagoria fortress. The year 1795 was spent mainly in examining all military lands and in efforts to improve them. After receiving permission from the synod to build Orthodox churches and a monastery and the need to build military buildings in the capital and a school for “Cossacks,” Golovaty became concerned about attracting professional builders, artisans, icon painters, teachers, doctors and pharmacists from Little Russia.
Dreaming of returning his southern neighbors - the native mountain peoples - to the Christian faith, he built good neighborly relations with them and stopped the Cossacks’ attempts to engage in theft and robbery on the right bank of the Kuban.
Campaign against Persia. Death
Family
Anton Golovaty married Ulyana Grigorievna Porokhna in 1771. Children were born from this marriage: daughter Maria (1774), sons Alexander (1779), Afanasy (1781), Yuri (1780), Matvey (1791), Andrey (1792). Ulyana Grigorievna had a hard time with her last pregnancy, and in 1794, having given birth to a boy named Konstantin, she died a week after giving birth.
He gave his daughter Maria a good education at home. Maria died unexpectedly in early 1792, giving rise to rumors that she was poisoned. The death of his beloved and only daughter plunged Golovaty into despondency.
The Golovaty family also had adopted children - “baptized” Turkish boys - Ivan, Peter, Pavel and girls - Maria, Sofia, Anna. They all received a good education at home.
The eldest sons received their primary education at the Kharkov Collegium, which was headed by Golovaty’s friend Fyodor Kvitka (father of the writer G.F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko), then studied in St. Petersburg in the gentry corps - a prestigious educational institution of that time, but they did not show any effort in studying They left their studies for various reasons.
Patron of arts and cultural figure of his era
Golovaty was a devout man and donated a lot for the church - both in his native village of Novye Sanzhary, and in Novorossiya, and in Moldova, and in the Kuban. The Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, which later became one of the most revered for the Kuban Cossacks, was built on the initiative and largely at the expense of Golovaty.
His culture and education were constantly evident. Thus, during his stay in St. Petersburg in 1792, Golovaty received permission from the Empress to visit the Hermitage and examine its collections.
Then, in St. Petersburg, he wrote his two most famous songs - which literally became folk songs: “When we were born in our retinue, we were unhappy!”- during a difficult period of agonizing waiting, when the stay in St. Petersburg was prolonged, and the results of the request for lands were not obvious, and joyful - “Oh, come on, let’s make fun of us,”- after receiving a letter of honor for the Kuban lands.
He was friends (as confirmed by mutual correspondence) with many outstanding figures of his era: the poet Derzhavin, admirals De Ribas and Mordvinov, Field Marshal Repnin.
During the resettlement to Kuban, he made sure that the entire military archive was transported (having previously ordered the collection of all the smoking archives in Slobodzeya), thanks to which he preserved it for future researchers. He was interested in breeding new, exotic crops (grapes and Egyptian wheat).
Descendants owe the preservation of the Phanagorian stone to Anton Golovaty. The history of this case is as follows: having learned about this find, the passionate collector of antiquities Musin-Pushkin, advertised the find in St. Petersburg and Empress Catherine ordered the stone to be brought to the capital, first copying its inscriptions, which ended up in St. Petersburg quite quickly. There, in 1793, Musin-Pushkin was accused of forgery, the contents of the inscription seemed so incredible. At that moment, interest in the stone disappeared, and it was ordered to be left in Taman. But at that moment the stone was already sailing on the merchant ship Evtei Klenov to Kherson, for further transportation to the capital. Golovaty instructed the merchant to return the stone, and he, having made a long journey across the Black Sea through many ports, including Constantinople, returned to Taman. Golovaty gave instructions to place the stone for viewing at the “fountain”, and then moved it to the “beautiful garden”, near the church. The stone lay there until 1803, when Academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky, who visited Taman, drew attention to it... in general, now the stone is in the Hermitage, and its research marked the beginning of Russian epigraphy and paleography.
Golovaty first subscribed to the capital’s newspapers in Kuban - in 1795 he subscribed to the “Rossiyskie Vedomosti” with the “Pleasant Pastime of Time” appendix and to the “Ardinarsky”, “Court”, “Address” calendars.
Negative reviews from biographers about Golovaty
Some historians note his greed and indiscriminateness in the methods of personal enrichment. After the death of Golovaty, a huge inheritance was left - about 200 thousand rubles - not counting real estate and estates, despite the fact that the annual salary of an ordinary Cossack on the cordon line did not exceed several rubles. Biographers accuse Golovaty of the fact that he did not disdain any means to enrich himself personally - he used the military treasury for his own purposes, gave government money at interest rates even to his relatives, and robbed ordinary Cossacks.
Memory of Golovaty
In the Russian imperial army
In literature
The first literary work in which Anton Golovaty was mentioned was the work “Essays on Russia” by the Russian writer and historian V.V. Passek. The famous Ukrainian writer G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (who personally remembered the military judge’s visits to their home both on the way to St. Petersburg in 1792 and on the way back, after receiving the Kuban lands) decided to complement the image of Holovaty in these “Essays...” and in 1839 year wrote his essay “Holovaty. Materials for the history of Little Russia,” after reading which, the outstanding Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko wrote the poem “To Osnovyanenko.” When the collection of his poems, “Kobzar,” was first published in 1840, this poem contained the following lines.
