Analysis of the poem in Turgenev's prose Russian language. In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts

In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how can one not fall into despair at the sight of everything that is happening at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!

Analysis of the prose poem “Russian Language” by Turgenev

I. Turgenev was a truly Russian writer, deeply concerned about the fate of his Motherland. In his works, he boldly and truthfully expressed his sincere views and convictions. Turgenev did not embellish Russian reality and did not hide its pressing problems. For making too harsh statements, he was punished by exile, and was subsequently forced to go abroad. But even far from his homeland, he constantly turned to her in his work, shared her pain and despair. A striking example of Turgenev’s patriotism is the prose poem “Russian Language” (1882).

It is no coincidence that Turgenev chooses the Russian language as the theme of his work. Only being in a foreign land does he understand the importance and significance of this powerful element of national identity. The writer was cut off from the Russian environment, but thanks to language he continued to feel his inextricable connection with it. After all, with the help of language a person not only pronounces words. Much more important is that people think in their own language, that is, they put thoughts into specific lexical units. For example, an important condition for complete mastery of a foreign language is the moment when a person is able not only to speak, but also to think in it.

Turgenev claims that only the Russian language remained his only support and support abroad. The writer took all significant events in Russia very close to his heart. Some brought him to despair, but he believed that the Russian language remained the main means of saving the long-suffering people.

“Great and mighty” is a phrase that is often used to mock the fate of Russia. But behind her patheticness lies true pride in her language. Russian language is one of the richest and most complex on the planet. Residents of Russia and bordering states, having learned it from childhood, do not understand the significance of such an easy and accessible study. The Russian language has evolved over centuries. It has amazing flexibility and variety of word formation. The amazing ability of our language is to borrow and quickly process foreign words without harming itself. For a long time, Russian high society spoke exclusively French. Children studied foreign languages first, to the detriment of their native language. But this did not affect the Russian language in any way. The ability for self-preservation and self-purification helped the Russian language remain pure and not undergo significant changes.

Turgenev was absolutely sure that, despite poverty and squalor, a great future awaited Russia. Language is a direct expression of the national spirit. The Russian language is a well-deserved highest gift to a great people.

I have never studied the Russian language theoretically and I don’t know its history well - but I have some thoughts about it...

I. S. Turgenev. From a letter to S. T. Aksakov

14 (26). 11. 1853.

In the history of the Russian language and literature, I. S. Turgenev plays an extremely important role; his influence on the fate of Russian literature is enormous and undeniable. Turgenev's language, which received the highest praise from his contemporaries and descendants, is a source of our national pride. That is why the statements of the great writer about the Russian language, full of great educational significance, are so important and valuable for us.

When introducing students to the linguistic views of I. S. Turgenev, teachers usually use materials included in the well-known - unfortunately, out of print for a long time - anthology "Russian Writers on Language." This article offers material, most of which was not included in the named collection, drawn by us from the letters of I. S. Turgenev, See: Turgenev I. S. Complete. collection Op. and letters. In 28 volumes - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960 - 1968. - Letters. T. I - XIII. Next, the volume and number of the letter are indicated in parentheses. as well as from letters and memoirs of the writer’s contemporaries, articles and monographs, which have become a bibliographic rarity.

Pushkin’s faithful student, I. S. Turgenev, according to F. I. Buslaev, “inherited from him the same sensitivity, the same fiery love for his native word. His language was truly his native language; in him alone he saw the guarantee of reconciliation with everything that was bad in his homeland.” Bulletin of Europe. - 1899. - T. IV. - P. 730. I.S. himself Turgenev, speaking about Pushkin, admitted: “I have always considered myself his student, and my highest literary ambition is to be recognized over time as his good student.” See Brodsky N.I.S. Turgenev in the memoirs of his contemporaries and his letters. - M., 1924. - Part 2. - P. 148.

Deep respect and love for their native language were instilled in the Turgenev brothers from childhood. The writer’s father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, wrote to his sons on August 25, 1830: “You all write to me in French or German, why are you neglecting our natural language? If you are very weak in this, it surprises me very much. It's time! It's time! Be able to communicate well not only in words, but also in writing in Russian. It's necessary". Literary thought. - Pg.-L., 1922 - 1925. - T. II. - P. 224.

I. S. Turgenev carried his love for the Russian people, the “great, powerful, truthful and free” Russian language in his heart all his life.

The writer's contemporaries more than once noted his surprisingly deep knowledge of the Russian language. For Russian contemporary writers, Turgenev was an indisputable authority in this regard. I. E. Repin in a letter to V. F. Seeler wrote: “He had his own original view on everything. I saw a lot in Europe and Russia; and knew it perfectly. Russian people and their language." Turgenev collection: Materials for the complete works and letters of I. S. Turgenev - L.: Nauka, 1967. - T. III. - P.403.

In Turgenev’s understanding, language and people are not just inseparable, but closely related and mutually dependent concepts. The brilliant artist saw the character of the Russian people, their past, present and the guarantee of a great future in the Russian language.

His immortal prose poem, written in June 1882, is about this:

Russian language

The founder and editor of the magazine “Bulletin of Europe” M. M. Stasyulevich, sharing his impressions of reading “Poems in Prose” from the manuscript, wrote to A. P. Pypin (August 13/25, 1882) that they are small in volume and that, for example, “The Russian Language” is “exactly five lines long, but,” he added, “these are golden lines that say more than any other treatise; Paganini could have spoken of his violin with such love” (“Literary Heritage.” - T. 73, book, 1, pp. 410-411.). Since “Russian Language” contained the entire series of “poems in prose” published in “Bulletin of Europe” in 1882, and for a long time was considered the last link of the cycle that constituted them, contemporaries considered these “words about our native language Turgenev’s swan song” ( "Links. Collection of materials and documents on the history of literature, art and social thought." - M.-L.: Academia T. I, p. 506).

The connection between the destinies of the Russian people and their language was noted more than once by Turgenev. Thus, in a letter to Countess V.E. Lambert dated December 12/24, 1859, he wrote about the Russian language: “... for expressing many and the best thoughts - it is surprisingly good in its honest simplicity and free power. Strange affair! These four qualities - honesty, simplicity, freedom and strength - are not among the people, but they are in the language... This means they will be among the people.” To those contemporaries who were skeptical about the future of Russia, Turgenev - according to the memoirs of N.V. Shcherban - said: “And I would, perhaps, doubt them... - but the language? Where will the skeptics take our flexible, charming, magical language? Believe me, gentlemen, the people who have such a language are a great people” (“Russian Bulletin”. - 1890. - No. 7. - P. 12 -13). According to S.I. Lavrentieva (“Experienced, From Memoirs.” - St. Petersburg - 1914. - P. 142), Turgenev spoke to her about “our beautiful, rich language,” “which before the time of Peter was so difficult and which with Pushkin has developed so richly, formed so poetically.” “For this very reason,” added Turgenev, “I believe that the people who have developed such a language should have a wonderful future.” N. A. Yushkova, in a letter to the writer V. Mikulich (L. I. Veselitskaya), recalling her meeting with Turgenev in St. Petersburg in 1880, also said: “His love for his homeland was clearly expressed in his love for his work of art of the Russian people, to the Russian language (“Links...” - T. I. - P. 506). See: Quote. by I. S. Turgenev. Complete collection of op. and letters in 28 vols. Essays. - T. XIII, p. 670-671.

Works of fiction, numerous articles and reviews, and letters from I. S. Turgenev to friends, acquaintances, and young writers contain many interesting remarks and observations concerning the most diverse aspects of the Russian language.

In an era of widespread enthusiasm for the French language, which filled the “nests of the nobility” and “noble literature,” I. S. Turgenev acts as a defender of the purity of Russian speech. “Take care of the purity of the language like a shrine,” he wrote to Princess E.V. Lvova. - Never use foreign words. The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us” (vol. XII, no. 4171).

I. S. Turgenev develops this idea in a letter to Countess E. E. Lambert: “You will see that although it (the Russian language - A. B.) does not have the boneless flexibility of the French language - for expressing many and the best thoughts - it is wonderfully good in its honest simplicity and free force” (Vol. III, No. 800). In another letter he continues: “Did you know that you write very well in Russian? Just don’t be timid and decide to hit grammar and syntax on the nose - it will work out very well. It's a different matter to tinker with this young, fresh, clumsy, but healthy tongue. And the French language, like an unpleasantly helpful lackey, runs to meet you halfway and sometimes makes you say something that is not quite what you think, which is much worse than if it forced you to say something completely different from what you think” (Vol. IV, No. 862).

It is known that I. S. Turgenev himself had an excellent command of several languages. L.N. Tolstoy recalled: “He spoke all languages not fluently (as they say), but amazingly. Extraordinarily gracefully, without exaggerating or copying the national accent, but pronouncing it correctly and firmly.” Ostrovsky A. Turgenev in the records of his contemporaries. - L., 1929. - P. 255

At the same time, Turgenev was convinced that a Russian writer could only succeed if he wrote in Russian.

When the critic A. S. Vengerov, wanting to emphasize how fluent the great writer was in foreign languages, noticed that Turgenev wrote stories in French, German and English just as fluently as in Russian, the usually reserved Turgenev became furious:

“Devil knows what nonsense! I have never written a single line for publication that is not in Russian. And how can you write this in a language that is not yours?!” (Vol. XI, No. 3658). In an open letter to the editor of the newspaper “Nash Vek” (1877. - No. 72), as well as in a response letter to Vengerov himself, he publicly repeats what was said:

“I have never printed a single line in my life that is not in Russian; otherwise I would not be an artist - but - just - rubbish. How is it possible to write in a foreign language - when even in your own language, in your native language, you can barely cope with images, thoughts, etc.!” (Vol. XI, No. 3657).

Even in letters, I. S. Turgenev always gave preference to his native language, and only in cases where the addressee did not speak Russian, did he write letters in the addressee’s language. “Dear Sofya Andreevna,” he wrote to S.A. Miller, “let me, first of all, write to you in Russian - in French it is much easier - but the friendly feeling that I have for you is somehow more free express themselves in their native language” (Vol. II No. 233).

Science has facts that many drafts of the “French” letters of I. S. Turgenev (for example, to Pauline Viardot) were “originally written in Russian.” Istomin KK. “Old manner” of Turgenev (1834-1855). Experience in the psychology of creativity. - St. Petersburg, 1913. - P. 60.

At the same time, he always had the opportunity to compare a Russian word or turn of phrase with a foreign language, he sometimes admitted that there was a lack of special expression to express certain shades of meaning in the Russian language; “I would very much like to know not only your intentions,” he wrote to Countess E. E. Lambert, “but also their number, i.e. lour date. (And the Russian language is still bad and awkward)” (Vol. IV, No. 1096).

For Turgenev, there was no false fear that borrowings could absorb, dissolve or belittle the nationally distinctive Russian culture, the great Russian language.

“Are we really so little original and so weak that we should be afraid of any outside influence and brush it off with childish horror, lest it spoil us? I do not believe this: I believe, on the contrary, that even in seven waters, our Russian essence cannot be taken out of us. And what kind of inferior people would we be otherwise? I will say from my own experience: my devotion to the principles developed by Western life did not prevent me from vividly feeling and jealously guarding the purity of Russian speech.” Quote according to the article: according to the article: Malakhovsky V. A. Turgenev-linguist. - Russian language at school. - 1941. - No. 1. It is interesting to note in this regard a similar point of view on borrowing expressed by Academician. L. V. Shcherba in the work “Modern Russian Literary Language” L. V. Shcherba. Selected works on the Russian language. - M., 1957. - P. 123).

I. S. Turgenev took a keen interest in everything that had to do with the Russian language and Russian literature. He often called himself an old wordsmith: “As an old wordsmith, I allow myself to make the following comments...”

He was one of the first to speak approvingly of the works of V. I. Dahl, whom he was personally acquainted with. A review of “Tales, Tales and Stories of the Cossack Lugansky” was published without Turgenev’s signature in “Notes of the Fatherland” (1843. - No. 12). When V. I. Dal died, I. S. Turgenev wrote to his friend P. V. Annenkov: “So, my former boss at the Ministry of Internal Affairs V. I. Dal ordered me to live long! He left a trail behind him: “Explanatory Dictionary” and could say “Exegi monumentum” “I erected a monument” (Latin)” (Vol. IX, No. 2957). Russian writer Turgenev contemporary

I. S. Turgenev persistently defended the purity of Russian speech. His comments touched on a variety of aspects of the language: spelling errors, excessive use of dialect words, abuse of Gallicisms, etc. Here are some of the writer’s statements:

“I can’t help but notice that you are still quite weak in spelling; try to pay more attention to this subject” (Vol. VIII, No. 2326).

In general, Turgenev pays special attention to written speech, rightly believing that literacy can be used to judge a person’s culture and education. In a letter written in French to his daughter Polina, he writes: “Your affection for me makes me very happy, however, the emotional anxiety in which you were affected your spelling, and it became even more extraordinary. Listen, Polina, is this really such a difficult thing? Nowadays, a sixteen-year-old girl who writes with gross errors in agreement is an exceptional creature. ... It seems petty to insist so much on questions of spelling, but, besides the fact that we are perfectly justified in judging someone's education by the way he writes, we can rightly assume that if attention is lacking in detail, it must be even more lacking in big things. - In a word - making spelling mistakes is uncleanliness; the same as if you blew your nose with your fingers” (Vol. III, No. 613).

Usually gentle, forgiving of the shortcomings of beginning writers, constantly fussing over the next “young talent,” Turgenev was categorical, harsh, even sarcastic when it came to language and style. And it doesn’t matter whether he answered a beginner or a seasoned poet: “It’s better a hundred times not to write anything than to write mediocre and sluggishly” (A. V. Sornevoy, vol. X, no. 3324). “I hate these devils - not in Russian. “Hate” requires an accusative. After this you will say - I hate this woman...” (A. A. Fetu, vol. III, no. 811). “In Russian they say nedegah - and nidugi - it sounds like something very seminarian like: dubycha” (A. A. Fetu, vol. V, no. 1517). “The story itself (however, I think I already wrote to you about this) - I didn’t like it: it’s not thought out - it’s as if you’re in a hurry here too - and besides, its language is too careless and dotted with Little Russianisms” (M. A. Markovich, vol. IV , No. 892). “You constantly use the words: “I have the honor”, “I had the honor”... All this is unnecessary” (E.V.A., vol. XII, no. 4687).

In response to a letter from A. A. Fet, who reported that L. Tolstoy is studying Greek in order to be able to read ancient authors in the originals, I. S. Turgenev writes: “I am very glad that Tolstoy is better and that he is Greek language has overcome so much - this does him great honor and will bring him great benefit. But why is he talking about the need to create some kind of special Russian language? Create a language!! - create a sea. It spread all around in boundless and bottomless waves; It’s our job as writers to direct some of these waves into our channel, to our mill” (vol. IX, no. 2723).

I. S. Turgenev forever entered the history of Russia not only as a great master, whose creations raised the technique of the Russian artistic language “to the level of the brilliantly processed language of French, German and English literature of his time.” Malakhovsky V. A. Turgenev the linguist... - P. 10. Based on his novels, novellas, stories, plays, poems, it is possible and necessary to study the history of Russian social thought, Russian life, customs, folk culture, Russian character. “I would like to see a daredevil,” wrote the historian V. O. Klyuchevsky in a letter to A. F. Koni, “a historian that, that is, of our era, who would decide to do without Turgenev, Dostoevsky, etc., not in the chapter on literature, but in the section on social types...” Quote by Koni A.F. On the path of life. - M., 1916. - T. II. - P. 199. His literary works themselves became part of Russian social thought and had a significant and lasting influence on the formation of characters and on the education of many generations.

Throughout his long creative life, the writer acted as a constant defender of the purity of the Russian language, demanding careful treatment of it. And today - perhaps more than ever before - the behest of the great master remains full of deep meaning: “And my request is the following: take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property passed on to us by our predecessors... Address us respectfully with this powerful weapon; in skillful hands it is capable of performing miracles!” Turgenev I.S. Regarding “Fathers and Sons.”

Subject: Prose poem by I. S. Turgenev “Russian language”

Class: 7

Teacher : Naidanova Lyubov Valentinovna

Goals:

educational: developing students’ ideas about the features of prose poems;

developing skills in linguistic text analysis.

developing: development of students' communicative competence;

development of analytical skills;

development of students' creative abilities.

raising: nurturing interest in literature and the works of Turgenev;

nurturing moral qualities of students.

Interdisciplinary connections: Russian language – literature – history

Equipment : notes on the board, stand, literature textbook

During the classes:

Org moment.

Teacher's word.

Turgenev the writer was always characterized by lyrical emotion. At the end of the 70s, it resulted in small lyrical miniatures, as a result of reflections on life, death, love, and beauty. Prose poems were written by Turgenev abroad in the last years of his life; they reflected the writer himself, his amazing mind, worldview and the inescapable sorrow of a lonely and homeless person.

Turgenev did not expect that his poems would be accepted by the public and called them “materials, sketches.” But his contemporaries appreciated his creations, calling them “a kaleidoscope made up of diamonds of varying sizes and quality.”

Our lesson will be devoted to these diamonds. And we will work with one of the most famous miniatures, which is called “Russian Language”.

Reading a poem by heart.

Working with an epigraph.

“Turgenev sang such a hymn to the Russian language that it will live as long as the Russian language lives, which means always.”

K. Balmont

- Guys, do you agree that this poem can be considered a hymn to the Russian language?

5. Definition of genre.

Turgenev searched for quite a long time for a name for his artistic miniatures. At first he titled them “Posthumous”, having no intention of publishing them during his lifetime. Then the name “Starikovskoye” arose. And only in September 1882 Turgenev finally settled on the title “Poems in Prose.”

Poems in prose... An extraordinary, amazing, beautiful phenomenon.

- What is unusual about this name?

Introduction of the concept of OXYMORON.

- Guys, let's determine how a lyric poem differs from prose?

What brings them together?

There are no rhymes, the poetic meter is not maintained, but we feel the musicality of the speech, conveying the author’s moods, feelings, and state of mind.

Note the musicality of Turgenev himself.

Turgenev himself did not know pleasure higher than music. He had an extraordinary ear for music.

Conclusion: Before us is a farewell song of love for our dear, dear and at the same time distant Motherland.

Guys, lyrics can be landscape, love, philosophical, civil.

- What type of lyricism do you think this poem belongs to? Why?

6. Analysis of means of expression.

Let's see with what linguistic means the author expresses his main idea, the idea of the unity of language and people.

Phonetics.

We noted that one of the characteristics of a lyric poem is its musicality. And music is sounds. Let's define their role.

(Oh, A, U) - sadness, pain, longing (doubts, thoughts, despair )

(Oh!) - solemnity, delight (support, support, homeland)

(R, L, M, N, Y) - hope, joy, life.

Conclusion: The meaning is conveyed using phonetics, through the use of vowels and voiced consonants.

Paths.

- What are trails? Their role in the text?

Epithets. Painful thoughts - the mental state of the lyrical hero.Great, mighty... language- assessment, characteristics of language.

To sing a hymn, to say a reverent word, to express his feelings, the author uses epithets.

There is also a METAPHOR in this text -support and support with its help the author expresses his attitude towards language. It was the language that became support and support for several years of living abroad. It was he who warmed me in difficult moments, gave me strength to live, create, and not lose heart.

- Guys, why do you think the author uses the epithet “great” twice in such a small text?

It is no coincidence that in order to show the greatness of the language and people - one of the main ideas of the work.

7. Vocabulary.

Fill in with a blue pencil the words that express the negative emotions of the lyrical hero, and with a green pencil - words with a positive emotional connotation.

Name words with “-” emotional connotation. How do you understand their meaning?

doubt - uncertainty, lack of faith

painful - difficult, burdensome

despair- hopelessness, hopelessness

- What feelings does the lyrical hero experience at the beginning of the poem? What causes them?

There is not only gratitude here, but also reflection on the future of one’s country, on the fate of one’s Fatherland. This is indicated by the use of the word DESTINY.“In days of doubt, in days of painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, oh great, mighty, truthful and free Russian language!”

The fate of people, the fate of the homeland, the fate of the state. The lyrical hero reflects on what was happening in Russia, and this reflection is painful.

Historical reference (student message).

-What qualities of the Russian language evoke the admiration of the lyrical hero? How do you understand the meaning of these epithets?

great – outstanding

mighty - powerful, strong

truthful - truth teller

free - enjoying freedom

8. Syntax.

-Guys, look, the text consists of three sentences, each of which is intonationally designed. What does this mean? When do we use these signs?

1 offer – exclamatory, which means what is said does not leave the author indifferent, evoking strong feelings.

- What punctuation marks does Turgenev use in this sentence? Their function?

A dash divides a sentence into two parts: with “-” and “+” emotional connotation. But one dash was not enough for Turgenev; he also added a comma.

Conclusion: The use of a dash and a comma is necessary to enhance emotionality, and a long pause indicates the strength of feelings.

2 sentence – interrogative. Makes you think about your attitude towards your homeland, towards the Russian language. The feeling of hopelessness and hopelessness that the lyrical hero experiences is conveyed here, painted in blue.

3 sentence - exclamation point. The last sentence is more emotionally rich, because it contains the idea and the conclusion.

- Let's see how the last sentence compares with the previous ones.

9. Working with the circuit.

The author observes what is happening in his homeland - The author reflects on the future fate of the Fatherland - These reflections are difficult, accompanied by doubts - the author is ready to fall into despair - But the Russian language serves as support and support for him - The Russian language is great, powerful, free - ....

Teacher's word.

The connection between the destinies of the Russian language and the people was noted more than once by Turgenev. So, in one letter he wrote about the Russian language: “... for expressing many and the best thoughts - it is amazingly good in its honest simplicity and free power. Strange affair! These four qualities - honesty, simplicity, freedom and strength - are not among the people, but they are in the language... This means they will be among the people. For this very reason, I believe that the people who have developed such a language should have a wonderful future.”

- What connection does Turgenev see between the fate of the people and the Russian language?

The people who developed such a language should have a wonderful future(write on the board and in a notebook ).

10. Results. Homework.

Write your word about the Russian language.

Theme-praise (hymn) of the Russian language
The main thought (idea) - in Russian language - is salvation for a desperate person and the people, its bearer, are great.
The author’s position is expressed very clearly and unambiguously. Language is salvation for him and Turgenev believes, “That such a language is given to a great people.”
Turgenev has a whole cycle of Poems in prose. They are easy to read and melodious. They have a certain rhyme organization. If the poem is written line by line, then each line will have 8 or 9 (alternating) stressed syllables. This creates the effect of recitative (melodic pronunciation) In addition, the work contains stylistic figures and artistic means
A free language is a language without shackles and prohibitions, in which there are words for all phenomena and concepts, and not even just one word. This is an excellent metaphor.
Epithets: painful (thoughts) -We know that Turgenev wrote prose poems while in France in the family of P. Viardot (as he himself said, “basking on the edge of someone else’s nest”). He wrote shortly before his death. Of course, he remembered his homeland. friends. And his thoughts were PAINFUL.
GREAT, POWERFUL, TRUTHFUL AND FREE Russian language - the epithets speak for themselves. These are words that have become popular. This is a hymn to the native language..
TO THE GREAT people - Turgenev believed in the great destiny of the Russian people.
I think that this is a HYMN. The prayer presupposes some kind of humiliation. I don’t see it here. On the contrary, there are bravura notes (great, believe, great, powerful, truthful and free!) There are exclamations. optimistic faith.. Think for yourself. There will be no mistakes. You just have to justify another point of view.