General characteristics of flatworms. Human habitat: flatworms and other helminths Flatworm habitat in brief

"Features of the structure of the planaria" - The internal structure of the white planarian. White planaria or milky. White planaria. General characteristics of the type. The structure of the white planaria. Common signs. The excretory system of the planaria. Ciliary worms. Coelenterates. Variety of flatworms. Regeneration of the body of a planarian. White planaria. Various types of planaria. Bilateral and radial symmetry of the body. Planarian and Hydra body layers. The internal structure of the planaria.

"The structure of flatworms" - Movement. Digestive system of flukes. Nervous system. Sense organs. Ciliary worms. Turbellaria. Excretory system. The reproductive system. Life cycles of tapeworms. The reproductive system of flukes. Flukes are extremely fertile. Fluke class. Gas exchange and transport of substances. Ciliary digestive system. Type Flatworms. Tapeworms. Fluke development. The reproductive system is tape.

"Planarian structure" - Type Flatworms. Excretory system. The appearance of the third germ layer during development. The eggs are covered with dense shells. Milk planaria. Space between organs. Planarian movements. The reproductive system. Digestive system. Signs of flatworms. Planarian body. Type Ciliary worms. Flat worms. The internal structure of the planaria. Ring muscles. Unilamellar epithelium. Nervous system.

"The structure of the white planaria" - the integument of the body. Plathelminthes. Nephridia and kidney accumulation. A variety of flatworms. Composition of the group. Flatworms. The structure of the planaria. Structure. Grabbing food by white planaria. Muscle location. Nervous system and senses. Musculature. Pharynx and intestines. Food and movement. Complication of the body cavity. Turbellaria class. Ringed worms. The nervous system of the white planaria.

Worms are a fairly common species on earth. Roundworms differ from flat ones both in appearance and in the construction of internal vital systems. However, there are not only differences between these species. Worms of these classes do not have a circulatory and excretory system in the traditional sense, but their life cycle is the same. Adults become dangerous.

The differences between round worms and flat worms are not significant, but the harm to human health is significant.

General information on comparing flat and round worms

Flat individuals have a flattened body (often ribbon-like). They also differ in the presence of 3 muscle layers:

• annular;
• diagonal;
• longitudinal.

Round worms

• A cylindrical thin body, consisting of the so-called, outer cuticle, under which is the epithelial layer and muscles running along.
• The fluid fills the body (hydroskeleton).
• The structure of the digestive system is simple. It is a tube with mouth and excretory openings. It is conventionally divided into 3 parts - front, middle and back.
• The nervous system is represented by the periopharyngeal ganglion (a kind of brain). The nerve trunks branch off from the ganglion. Roundworms have a sense of touch and taste.

The main differences between roundworms within a species are their habitat. It should be noted that, unlike flat ones, round ones are bisexual. Both males and females are usually distinguishable. This type has more than 15 thousand species, living almost everywhere. Some can be seen under a microscope, but there are giants compared to them.

Flatworms

• ciliary;
• tape;
• flukes.

The structure of flatworms is somewhat different from round ones. Namely:

Flat representatives, with rare exceptions, are unisexual. Their breeding system is quite complex. In addition to the present symbiosis of male and female genital organs, this includes additional appendages and formations that fully ensure the process of fertilization and development of the embryo, by providing it with all the necessary substances.

What is the difference?

What common?

Any worms that have entered the human body pose a danger to him, especially if they are not noticed in time and adequate treatment is not applied. Helminths can cause many diseases, including: ulcers, colitis, intestinal obstruction, cysts, damage to the central nervous system, meningitis. Among the most dangerous species are flukes, paragonims and schistosomes, echinococcus, roundworms, hookworms, trichinella.

The causative agent of opisthorchiasis: what it looks like, structure, habitat

The first case of the appearance of opisthorchis was recorded in 1884, when a helminth, previously unknown to science, was found in a cat in the northern part of Italy. S. Rivolta called the helminth a feline fluke.

7 years after the first case, the feline fluke was found already in the human body in Russian Siberia. In 1891, professor - pathologist K. N. Vinogradov carried out studies of the liver and found in it a leaf worm, which he gave the name of the Siberian fluke. Further studies have shown that the Siberian fluke is nothing more than a cat fluke that came across earlier. Subsequently, the helminth was given the name opisthorchis, and the disease was referred to as opisthorchiasis.

The structure and appearance of the helminth

Unlike other representatives of its class, opisthorchis is much smaller. This is what a helminth looks like: the body of a feline fluke is shaped like an oblong flat leaf or lancet, its length rarely exceeds 18 millimeters, and its width varies from 1.5 to 2 millimeters.

On the body of the helminth there are two suckers, one is abdominal and the other is oral, with the help of them the opisthorchis is attached to the mucous membranes of the damaging organs and sucks out nutrients. The mouth sucker of the helminth serves as the beginning of its digestive tract. At the rear end of the little body there is a special channel through which the processed waste products of the worm are released.

The reproductive system of the causative agent of opisthorchiasis is based on the hermaphroditic principle. Helminth has two pairs of genitals. Reproduction of opisthorchis occurs by the release of eggs. One individual of the worm in the body of its final host is capable of producing 900-1000 eggs daily.

Opisthorchis eggs are pale yellow in color, have a double-contoured delicate shell, at one pole of the eggs there is a special cap, and the other pole is slightly thickened. The sizes of helminth eggs vary from 0.011 to 0.019 in width and from 0.023 to 0.034 in length.

Habitat and endemic foci

The habitat of opisthorchis eggs are freshwater reservoirs, in such conditions they are able to maintain their vital activity for one year. It should be noted that opisthorchis develop with the participation of three carriers - one final host and two intermediate ones.

Considering that helminth develops in freshwater reservoirs, special endemic foci are distinguished, where the likelihood of infection with opisthorchiasis is high. These endemic foci include:

1. Yamalo-Nenets Auth. Okrug, Khanty-Mansi auth. district, regions of Siberia, Altai Republic. Endemic foci in Russia are also confined to the basins of the Irtysh, Ob, Volga, Northern Dvina, Kama, Don, Dnieper, Biryusa.
2. Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
3. Italy, France, Holland.
4. India, Thailand, other countries of Southeast Asia, where fishing predominates.
5. Canada and the Northern Regions of the United States.

Development of the causative agent of opisthorchiasis

The causative agent of opisthorchiasis belongs to biohelminths, which means that a change of owners is necessary for its successful life. In this case, as mentioned above, the trematode has one final and two intermediate hosts, in their organisms it goes through a full life cycle.

The cycle of opisthorchis begins in the body of the final host, which is a person, as well as some mammals (cats, dogs, pigs, foxes, and others). Sexually mature individuals lay eggs, together with the excrements of the host, they go out into the environment, in the presence of favorable conditions, they continue their development.

Once in water bodies, the eggs of the opisthorchis settle at the bottom, where freshwater mollusks eat them. In their organisms, the larvae of opisthorchis - miracidia - emerge from the eggs. Miracidia have special cilia, penetrating into the intestinal wall of the mollusk, they lose them and turn into the maternal sporocyst. The sporocyst gives rise to redia, and these, in turn, are transformed into cercariae. Tailed cercariae leave the body of mollusks through the cover or mouth opening and begin to hunt for a second intermediate host.

The second intermediate host of the causative agent of opisthorchiasis is the fish of the cyprinid family. The fish swallows them through the mouth opening, and cercariae can also enter its body through the lateral lines and integument. In the organisms of cyprinids, cercariae are localized in the muscles and subcutaneous tissue, turning into metacercariae. The larvae of the metacercariae have a slightly oval shape, their dimensions are 0.34 mm in length and 0.24 mm in width. Metacercariae develop in the body of a fish for one and a half months, during which time they become invasive to humans.

How does the final host become infected? The causative agent of opisthorchiasis enters the human (animal) body when eating raw or insufficiently thermally processed fish. In the human body, metacercariae reach their sexual maturity by 10-14 days. The main centers of impact are the liver, its ducts, gallbladder and pancreas. Typical symptoms appear two to three weeks after the onset of the invasion.

Opisthorchiasis proceeds in two stages, this is due to the peculiarities of the life cycle of the helminth. Hence, the difference in the clinical picture for the period of invasion and the later period follows. Getting into the human body at the stage of metacercaria, the helminth develops to the stage of puberty, and then for many years lives in its usual places of localization.

In the early stages, the causative agent of opisthorchiasis provokes the development of an allergic reaction, which is very pronounced. A similar reaction of the human body is due to the fact that the helminth secretes enzymes and metabolic products that have a toxic effect.

• In the lymphatic system, inflammatory processes occur, the same phenomena are observed in the spleen.
• Purulent-inflammatory reactions can be found in the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system.
• There is a violation of blood microcirculation in the internal organs, first of all, the part of the circulatory system located in the liver suffers.
• Hypoxic signs develop, gas exchange is disrupted.
• Dystrophic changes are observed in the liver, heart and other organs.

The rate of development of pathological changes in the human body directly depends on the degree of invasion intensity.

The chronic stage of opisthorchiasis is characterized by mechanical, allergic and neuro-reflex harmful effects of helminths. There is a secondary influence of the microbial flora, as well as the influence of the decay products of its own cells and tissues, most of all the cells of the gallbladder. Without timely diagnosis and treatment, the development of chronic cholangitis, pericholangitis, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis is likely.

Exposure to neuro-reflex is fraught with disturbances in the tone of the gallbladder and biliary tract, secretory dysfunction, impaired motor function of the stomach and intestines.

Symptoms of opisthorchiasis, as a rule, include the clinical picture of a disease such as chronic gastroduodenitis. The peculiarity is associated with pathological changes in the functions of the pancreas and adrenal glands, as well as with the development of inflammatory processes of the mucous membranes of organs. The causative agent of opisthorchiasis also provokes hormonal instability.

Treatment of opisthorchiasis should be immediate and mandatory, neglected cases of the disease lead to the development of liver cancer. Prevention of opisthorchiasis consists in the correct and sufficient processing of freshwater fish before eating it.

a source

Tapeworms (cestodes)

The oldest traces of cestodes are found in the remains of sharks living 270 million years ago.

Human infection

People can become infected with several types of tapeworms in different ways. When eating undercooked meat: pork (pork tapeworm), beef (bovine tapeworm) and fish (broad tapeworm). Or when living and eating in conditions of poor hygiene - dwarf and rat tapeworms, echinococcus.

Treatment

Now for the treatment of tapeworms, the main drugs are Praziquantel and Albendazole. Praziquantel is an effective drug that is preferred over the outdated Niclosamide. Cestodiasis can also be treated with some types of antibiotics. Doctors after a course of drugs can give enemas to patients in order to completely remove the worms from the intestines.

Structure

The main common elements of the body of the cestode. Others may be different (presence of a hook with hooks, types of suction cups may be slit-like, etc.)

Larvae, on the other hand, show a wide range of habitat preferences and can be found in almost any organ, both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Although most larval species prefer a specific organ.

The absence of a gastrointestinal tract markedly separates cestodes from nematodes and trematodes. The outer tegument (special epithelium) of the body serves not only as a protective covering, but also as a metabolically active layer through which nutrients are absorbed, along with secretions and waste transported from the body. To facilitate this process, the entire body surface is covered with microscopic wrinkles or ridges, which significantly increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption.

The worms do not need to move inside the host's body, so they do not have any organs of the musculoskeletal system and external bristles.

They also lack circulatory and respiratory systems.

The excretory and nervous systems of cestodes are similar to the systems of other representatives of flatworms.

Proglottid

The body of helminths of this class consists of a chain of segments (proglottids), which can be immature and mature, the last of which are at the end of the body and contain a fully formed uterus filled with eggs.

The collection of all proglottids (from two to several thousand) is called strobila. It is thin and resembles a strip of tape. Hence the common name "tape".

New segments grow from the neck, containing an independent digestive and reproductive system. By the time the segment reaches the end of the worm's tail, only the reproductive organs remain. In fact, such segments are already just bags of eggs. The segment is then detached from the body, carrying the tapeworm eggs out of the final host along with the feces.

Thus, each cestode consists of a series of segments with a full set of reproductive organs in a progressive degree of puberty, which bud off from the body on the side of the tail.

Scolex

Life cycle

The life cycle of cestodes includes an intermediate and final host (with the exception of the Dwarf tapeworm, which can develop in the same organism). It consists of several stages.

At the first stage, sexually mature tapeworms are in the body of the final host (vertebrates and humans), multiply and produce eggs, which are subsequently excreted into the environment along with feces.

At the second stage (depending on the type of cestodes), a larva (embryo) is formed in the eggs on land or in water.

At the third stage, the larvae enter the organism of the intermediate host (vertebrates and invertebrates), where they form the Finns. Finna is a spherical bladder (less often a worm-shaped) filled with liquid, inside which there are one or more heads. Depending on the number of heads, as well as on the presence of daughter bubbles inside, 5 forms of Finn are distinguished:

• cysticercus;
• cysticercoid;
• tsenur;
• echinococcus;
• plerocercoid.

At the fourth stage, the Finns enter the body of the final owner, their shell falls off, and segments begin to grow from the heads attached to the intestinal walls. Thus, at this stage, the growth and development of adults occurs.

The most common representatives

Pork and bovine tapeworms (tapeworms)

Infections caused by the ingestion of larvae of representatives of the Tsepni genus, in humans or animals, are called teniidosis. The presence of an adult worm in the body (teniasis and teniarinchiasis) rarely causes symptoms other than minor intestinal disturbances (diarrhea, constipation, or indigestion).

Bovine tapeworm does not cause human cysticercosis.

Dwarf tapeworm

The dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana) is the smallest member of the Tsepni genus that infects humans. This cestode belongs to a large family known as the Hymenolepis. Diagnostic signs of this family: scolex contains 24-30 hooks; an adult has one to three large testes and a saccular uterus.

The dwarf tapeworm is a cosmopolitan, i.e. widely distributed throughout the world. The infection is more common in children, although adults can also be infected (with the development of the disease hymenolepiasis). The disease may not cause any symptoms even with significant infection. However, some cases of anxiety, irritability, lack of appetite, abdominal pain and diarrhea have been reported in hymenolepiasis.

The life cycle of Hymenolepis nana does not necessarily require an intermediate host; full development occurs within the intestine of a single host (“direct” life cycle). It can also use insects as an intermediate host.

Wide ribbon

As a rule, they have a scolex, which is characterized by two shallow elongated bothria (slits), one located dorsally (on the back) and the other ventrally (on the ventral side). Proglottids are smoothed dorsoventrally, i.e. from the dorsal to the ventral.

Let's start the description with a little grimace worms... What can you do if there are such trump cards in the thick "deck" of the natural diversity of life forms.

I write “trump cards” not only because “ worms". The evolution of multicellularity from two-layered ones led to much more perfect forms of organisms with a three-layered body structure. And here nature had to tinker for a long time, creating not one, but whole.

Somehow it even becomes insulting for all mammals, which are only a separate class of organisms in the type of chordate animals. And here, "some worms" - and whole three types: flatworms, roundworms and annelids.

Well, let's start everything in order, so:

……………… Type Flatworms (three-layer)

…………………………………. K l ... a. With. With. s

__________________________________________________________________________________

.. Ciliated worms ……………………… .. Flukes ……………………… .. Tapeworms

___________________________________________________________________________________

White planaria…. Liver fluke …… …………… Bovine tapeworm __________________________________________________________________________________

……………………………………………….. More than 15 thousand species

Habitat : sea ​​and fresh water bodies, moist soil, human and animal organisms.

……..
Structure: bilaterally symmetric ... For the first time in embryos, third germ layer – mesodermfrom which parenchymal cells and the muscular system develop. Body flattened.

………..
Body integuments and muscular system: musculocutaneous sac - from unilamellar epithelium (can be with cilia) and three layers smooth muscles (annular, longitudinal and oblique).

Motion: muscle contraction (flukes, tapeworms) or movement of cilia, andmuscles (ciliary worms).

Body cavity: missing , internal organs are located inparenchyma.

Digestive system:has two sections - anterior (mouth, pharynx) and middle (branches intestines). The gut is closed no anus and food debris is removed through the mouth... The tapedigestive system worms missing- absorption of food by all cells of the body. As you remember, this is one of the forms of biological progress -.

Excretory system: appears for the first time , formed by a system of tubules. One end begins in the parenchyma star cage with a bundle of cilia, and the other flows into excretory duct. Ducts are combined into one or two common channels ending in excretory pores. Elementary unit of the system areprotonephridia.

Nervous system:from supraopharyngeal ganglia(ganglia) and longitudinal nerve trunks, related cross bridges(ladder type).

Senses: touch and chemosensitive cells... Free living have organsvision and balance.…………..

Reproductive system: To As a rule, hermaphrodites.Mensreproductive system: testes, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and copulatory organ... Womensreproductive system: ovary, oviduct, uterus, vitelline.

1. The appearance of the third germ layer -mesoderm.
2. The appearance of the excretory system - protonephridia.
3. The emergence of the nervous system ladder type.

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Who has questions about the article to biology tutor via Skype, comments, suggestions - please in the comments .

2. What is the lifestyle of representatives of different groups of flatworms? how are the features of the structure of worms related to the image life. And the habitat?

2) what kind of life do representatives of different groups of flatworms lead? How are the structural features of worms related to their lifestyle and habitat?

representatives of different classes? How are the structural features of worms related to their lifestyle and their habitat? 3. Using the example of the structural features of flat, round and annelid worms, list the signs of the complexity of the organization in comparison with coelenterates. 4. What diseases do flatworms cause? What is their prevention? 5. What features of the structure and lifestyle are typical for representatives of the Roundworm type? 6 why are annelids so named? What is characteristic of the structure of each segment? 7. On the basis of what characteristics annelids belong to more complex animals than previously studied

12 The body cavity of roundworm a) is filled with connective tissue b) is filled with liquid c) is filled with air d) is absent
13 In each segment of the earthworm's body, a) nerve nodes b) excretory tubes c) circular blood vessels d) all answers are correct
14 The earthworm has a sense of a) sense of smell b) taste c) hearing d) no special sense organs
15 The earthworm breathes a) in an oxygen-free environment b) atmospheric air c) both options are possible d) there is no respiration
16 The shell of an ordinary pond snail is covered with a layer of a) lime b) horn-like substance c) chitin d) silicon
17 In the circulatory system of the pond snail there are
a) a two-chambered heart and one circle of blood circulation b) a two-chambered heart and an open circulatory system c) an open circulatory system, the function of the heart is performed by two vessels in the front of the body d) a unicameral heart and an open circulatory system
18 Gastropods include a) naked slug b) live-bearer c) bitinia d) all answers are correct
19 The chitinous cover of arthropods performs the functions of a) protection b) thermoregulation c) gas exchange d) all answers are correct
20 Cancer heart has a) two sections: atrium and ventricle b) three sections: two atria and one ventricle c) one section d) heart is absent
21 The nervous system in cancer consists of a) the supraopharyngeal ganglion b) the subpharyngeal ganglion c) the abdominal nerve chain d) all the answers are correct
22 The abdomen of the spider-spider has a) three segments b) five segments c) an unsegmented structure d) none of the answers is correct
23 The digestive process of the spider-spider:
a) intracavitary b) partially extracavitary c) completely extracavitary d) liquid components are digested outside the digestive system, and solid in the stomach of a spider
24 The body of an arthropod consists of:
a) head, chest and abdomen b) head and torso c) cephalothorax and trunk d) head, chest and abdomen; cephalothorax and abdomen.
25 In insects, the number of pairs of motor limbs can be equal to
a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) all answers are correct
26 Oxygen enters the tissues of insects due to diffusion through
a) the walls of the capillaries b) the walls of the trachea c) the walls of the pulmonary sacs d) enters first into the trachea, then into the capillaries
27 Pisces are of the type:
a) chordless b) semi-chordal c) chordless
28 The body is covered with bony scales: a) only in cartilaginous fish b) only in bony fish c) in all fish, with rare exceptions
29 The eyes of fish are always open, because they have:
a) the eyelids have grown together and turned into a transparent shell b) the eyelids are absent c) the eyelids are motionless
30 The spinal cord in fish is located
a) under the spine b) in the spinal canal, which forms the upper arches of the vertebrae c) above the spine
31 Circulatory system in fish
a) closed b) open c) open in cartilaginous and closed in bone
32 Body temperature of fish
a) constant, and does not depend on the temperature of the environment b) unstable, but does not depend on the temperature of the environment c) unstable and depends on the temperature of the environment
33 reptile skin
a) has sebaceous glands b) dry (without glands) c) has a small number of glands secreting mucus
34 Reptile heart
a) three-chambered b) three-chambered, except for crocodtles c) four-chambered
35 Fertilization in reptiles
a) external b) internal c) both external and internal
36 Snake
a) legless lizards b) snakes c) a special group of reptiles
37 In all mammals, the thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal septum.
a) brazheley b) ganglion c) diaphragm d) cuticle
38 The following element does not apply to the skeleton of the lower limb
a) tarsus b) thigh c) lower leg d) radius
39 Animals are characterized by radial symmetry of the body
a) molluscs b) flatworms c) coelenterates d) fish
40 Eliminate the unnecessary
a) scapula b) clavicle c) crow bones d) humerus
41 Bird science is
a) poultry b) ornithology c) cynology d) zoology
42 Keel on the sternum of birds
a) promotes air dissection during flight b) increases the area of ​​attachment of the pectoral muscles c) does not matter as an adaptation to flight
43 What organs of digestion have arisen in birds due to the absence of jaws and teeth
a) goiter b) glandular stomach c) muscular stomach d) small intestine
44 Mammals have spread across the Earth due to the fact that
a) were small b) fed the young with milk c) were warm-blooded d) all answers are correct
45 Fabrics first appeared in
a) protozoa b) coelenterates c) flat worms d) annelids
46 Darwin's theory states that all organisms
a) unchanging and created by higher powers b) were first created, and then evolved naturally c) arose and

Rishta subcutaneous worm

There are worms that live in human blood. These include schistosomes. Their main habitat is blood vessels. However, they are able to penetrate into various organs, causing symptoms of damage to the genitourinary system, liver, and kidneys.

Some helminth larvae may be in the blood. For example, in tapeworms, this is how they spread through the body of the intermediate host. With the blood flow, the larvae migrate to various organs, where they fix and form cysts containing the heads of adult worms. The latter, when they enter the digestive tract of the final host, attach to the intestinal wall, giving rise to a sexually mature individual.

Flatworms: general characteristics

The body of flatworms is capable of performing complex and varied movements.

All flatworms have common structural features:

• The outer cover is represented by the cuticle. In free-living individuals, it is covered with cilia, the surface of the body of the worms is usually smooth.
• Several layers of muscle fibers are located under the outer cover.
• There is no body cavity.
• The digestive system has only one opening - the mouth. The intestine ends blindly. Some worms are generally devoid of digestive organs. So, tapeworms, which absorb nutrients throughout the body from the lumen of the host's intestine, do not need them.
• There is no circulatory system and no blood, as well as respiratory organs.
• The excretory system is represented by a network of tubes that permeate the entire body.
• The nervous system is primitive. There are several ganglia near the pharynx, from which nerve trunks connected by jumpers extend. The sense organs are formed only in free-living individuals and some worms at the larval stages of development.

The system that is really well developed is the reproductive system. Flatworms are hermaphrodites. Reproduction is possible with the participation of 2 individuals or by self-fertilization.

Suckers

The developmental cycle of trematodes is one of the most difficult. Miracidia emerge from eggs that enter the external environment. The latter feel comfortable in water and exist for some time as free-living organisms. The next stage is the introduction of miracidia into the first intermediate host. The larva does this using a special cutting device on the head. The mollusk usually becomes the host.

Their life cycle can take place in several hosts and is accompanied by a regular alternation

Here miracidium turns into a sporocyst, which gives rise to the next stage of the development cycle - redia. Those, in turn, are the predecessors of cercariae, which leave the intermediate host and re-enter the aquatic environment. Further, the development cycle follows one of two options. Cercariae are transformed into cysts directly in the external environment (attached to algae) or in the body of a second intermediate host (mollusk, fish, amphibian).

These are the longest worms with a transparent shell.

Infection of the final host occurs when it eats the infected organs of the intermediate. The developmental cycle ends with the attachment of the cyst head to the intestinal wall and the development of an adult worm. The latter can reach significant sizes (for example, a wide ribbon grows up to 10 m long).

Human is the ultimate host for flukes, but for tapeworms it may be intermediate.

What symptoms occur when a person is infected with a helminth? The clinic of the disease is primarily due to which organ is affected. Sexually mature worms usually live in the intestines, therefore, in the general picture of the disease, symptoms characteristic of digestive disorders prevail: nausea, gas formation, stool disturbances, and abdominal pain.

Helminths secrete waste products, which, getting into the bloodstream, cause poisoning and symptoms of intoxication (fever, fatigue, and others). In addition, they are perceived by the immune system as an allergen. Therefore, helminthiases are often accompanied by symptoms of an allergic reaction (skin rash, itching).