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Block "ECONOMY"

"Entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but also society as a whole"

(S. Kanareikin)

A lot of people talked, wrote, spoke about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial activity in general. This topic is relevant at all times, since entrepreneurial activity has been one of the main sources of income for the population since ancient times. But there are very important things to know when doing business.

First of all, let's understand the concepts. Entrepreneurial activity or entrepreneurship (now most commonly referred to as a business) is an economic activity aimed at systematically making a profit (for example, by providing services or selling goods). By the word individual, the author means one person. It is compared with the whole society.

It is impossible not to agree with S. Kanareikin's statement that entrepreneurial activity serves not only the interests of the individual, but society as a whole. The author wants to say that entrepreneurship cannot exist without society, it is dependent on it, it exists at the expense of society. The more interest in the activities of the entrepreneur from the consumer, the more profit the company receives. This can be seen in the example of the Russian energy company Gazprom. There is, perhaps, no person who has never heard of her. The services of this company are used by millions of people around the world, that is, their activities are in high demand. You can also consider an ice cream stand outside. Ice cream is a seasonal product, it is popular only in the hot season. Naturally, Gazprom's profit will be higher. There are an infinite number of such examples. The dependence of the success of the enterprise on the number of consumers is obvious. That is why, before organizing his entrepreneurial activity, a person must be sure of the demand for the services provided, so that the profit is maximized.

Economic competition is not war, but rivalry in the interests of each other.

(Evin Cannan)

I agree with Alvin Cannan's statement that economic competition is not war, but rivalry in the interests of each other. The word competition means competition, rivalry for the right to be the best in something, to have something special. That is, competition is a competition, the achievement of a goal by two or more applicants. Healthy competition exists in any society, in each of its spheres. And people do not treat competition as a negative side of human relations. On the contrary, sometimes this kind of rivalry is encouraged. So why shouldn't competition be considered war?

First you need to understand what is the difference between the concepts of war and competition. War implies a struggle, military actions directed against each other, to destroy the opponent. War is always negative, destruction. Competition is the same struggle, but not with the aim of destroying your opponent (both morally and physically), but the struggle for some kind of benefit, moreover, by identifying the strongest of the rivals. Most often, competition occurs in the economic sphere. So, if two or more firms are competitors, then each of them tries to offer more favorable conditions for its customers, win their favor and get markets. If it were not competition, but war, firms would seek not to improve their products, but to destroy the rival.

Why is competition mutually beneficial? Because rivals strive to become better, increase their potential, thereby contributing to progress. Monopoly in any industry is destructive, because it does not stimulate growth, it allows you to stay in place and not move forward.

A clear example of the lack of competition in the economy is the policy of "War Communism" pursued by Lenin at the beginning of the 20th century. The absence of small and large private owners, and, consequently, of competition between them, led the Russian economy to decline.

Very often competition is used as a psychological factor. From the point of view of biology, competition - as a driving form of evolution - is inherent in every person, that is, everyone has an inherent desire to prove themselves better than a rival. Each of the competitors is trying to master the best qualities, skills, features. This has a positive effect both on the development of the personal qualities of one person, and on the improvement of production as a whole.

Summing up, I think it is safe to say that competition is not only not a war, but even an engine of development. It is largely due to this open type of rivalry that high labor rates are observed in every sphere of society, high quality production is achieved by organizations and individuals. That is, we can talk about the positive impact of competition on society.

“Each person should be given an equal right to pursue his own benefit, and the whole society benefits from this” (A. Smith)

I agree with this statement by A. Smith. It perfectly reflects the basic principle of a market economy. The main principle of a market economy is competition. And, as you know, competition is the engine of progress.

What do we mean by competition? Competition is rivalry between people for their own benefit. Competition helps to establish order in the market, which guarantees the production of a considerable number of quality goods. The higher the level of competition between sellers, the better and more profitable for us buyers.

For example, cell phones appeared on the market about fifteen years ago. Then it seemed an unthinkable luxury, and not everyone was able to afford it. But now almost everyone has a mobile phone. What is it connected with? First, with the development of new technologies. Secondly, of course, the phenomenon of competition makes itself felt clearly and, as a result, lower prices for telephones. In this case, the buyer remains the winner, and therefore the whole society wins.

Only in conditions of equal competition can we talk about the benefits of society. After all, only if all members of society receive the benefit they aspired to, then the wealth of society increases. The same point of view was held by the Italian economist Vilfred Pareto.

The desire to "grab" the best piece is at the head of the competition. Both sellers and buyers are trying to get the maximum benefit for themselves, and as a result of all these efforts, we benefit society. So Adam Smith was absolutely right in his statement and I fully support him.

“Economic freedom, social responsibility and environmental responsibility are absolutely essential to prosperity.” (Charter of Paris for a New Europe, 1990)

When I read this phrase for the first time, it was difficult for me to understand its essence. But as soon as I took it apart, I began to understand its meaning.

Let's start from the beginning: what is economic freedom? It can be described as a kind of human opportunity for the free right to choose certain conditions of life: the choice of a life path and their goals, where to direct their knowledge and skills, opportunities; free choice of the method of distribution of their expenses, place of residence, place of work. True, for all these actions he will bear personal responsibility. And all this, of course, is controlled by law.

What is social responsibility? Looking through the dictionary the meaning of the word "responsibility", we can see that the word is interpreted as a certain state, in which there is a feeling of anxiety for what has been done. That is, in general, social responsibility can be considered as the action of an object that takes into account the interests of society, and at the same time takes full responsibility for the impact of their activities on people and society.

And the final link is a responsible attitude to environmental protection. I believe that any self-respecting person, and indeed any part of society, should be attentive to what surrounds us. Especially when it is dependent on this surrounding world.

Based on the foregoing, it becomes clear that I fully agree with the author's statement. I also believe that these three points are small but sure steps towards a long and pleasant path to prosperity. After all, only when the understanding of the preservation of nature and all that majestic that we and nature have built reaches the mind of every person, only then can we boldly assert that we are on the right track, that we are moving towards meeting our goal. And until everyone understands the importance of the problem, we will not be able to start fighting it. After all, as they say: one in the field is not a warrior.

“Trading is great! Every kingdom is enriched by merchants, and without merchants no small state can exist ... ”(I. T. Pososhkov)

I think everyone will agree with this expression. After all, trade in the modern world is one of the most popular areas of business. And not only in the modern world. She was popular before.

Crafts and trade have always developed in cities first of all. Even in ancient times, the Russian lands established their relations with neighboring states through trade. Bargaining has always been a means of enrichment: states exchanged goods that they did not produce on their own land, which they could only get abroad. Such relationships are beneficial both for one party, which purchases the product, and for the other, which sells it.

Trade is one of the surest ways to determine the level of culture of the people. If it occupies one of the most important places in the life of the people, then the level of its culture is quite high. In any country, trade plays a very important role - bringing goods to the buyer. It links producers of goods from different countries, and shows that these countries are dependent on each other.

An example is the modern world. Not a single person can do without trade, even in everyday life. We go to grocery stores every day. Each of us buys new things in stores, whether it be clothes, electronics, or even simple household items. And it is even impossible to imagine what we would do if things could not be so easily purchased in stores. It is impossible to imagine our life without trade.

The thought of I. T. Pososhkov is certainly true. States would not be so closely interconnected if they did not maintain economic relations. Trade is a big deal. Without it, countries and cities would not have the opportunity to develop.

Undoubtedly, trade is of great importance in the life of every person, and in the life of every state.

"Economics is not just the science of the use of limited resources, but also the science of the rational use of limited resources" (G. Simon)

I agree with G. Simon's statement. Economics is a really important science about the rational use of limited resources, because it teaches us how to use our financial resources, which are limited by many factors, more correctly, more accurately and more profitably. Economics suggests how to overcome these factors, reduce them or exist with them and find compromises.

Economics, as a science, is very important. If not for her, we would not be able and would not know how to profitably use our financial capabilities: how to increase our capital, increase its volume, how and in what situation to save.

For example, if the financial resources of charitable foundations are spent on solving the problems of malaria, then in three years (according to scientists), 500,000 people can be saved and the problem closed. If you spend money on the prevention of AIDS, you can stop the epidemic and save later on expensive ineffective treatment of the sick. Or if we consider the rational use of financial resources from a household point of view: a mother buys herself a jacket on sale for an amount half as much as from a new collection, and buys a shirt for her son with the remaining money. In such a situation, as they say, both the wolves are fed and the sheep are safe.

Economics is a science that studies the use of various kinds of limited resources in order to meet the needs of people and the relationship between various parties that arise in the process of managing.

Economy - a set of production relations corresponding to a given stage of development of the productive forces of society, the dominant mode of production in society.

Economics is an art, and everyone is trying to use the economy correctly and for good, but not everyone can master it. Ownership of the economy is a talent that is given to man by nature. Not everyone can masterfully manipulate numbers, formulas, lay out and compose logical chains to improve their financial picture, environment and situation; only a smart and talented person can calculate actions several steps ahead in order to avoid mistakes and not lose everything that is available at this stage.

The purpose of the economy is the use of resources in such a way as to obtain a positive or useful result: either an increase in these very resources, or the satisfaction of human needs in a rational and profitable way.

“Money either dominates its owner or serves him.” Horace.

The famous poet Horace in this statement raises the question of the influence and role of money in the life of a person and society. The problem put forward by the author is relevant in the modern world. The meaning of Horace's statement is that money can both serve a person and dominate him. If a person skillfully manages them, then in the future he will be able to increase his capital. However, money can make a person greedy and covetous if it dominates him.

Money is a commodity of a special nature, playing the role of a universal equivalent. If a person wants money to serve him, then he must be well versed in economics, know the functions of money: it can be a measure of the value of goods, a means of circulation, a means of accumulation.

Many cases can be found in history when rich nobles brought their fortune to bankruptcy, and peasants became prosperous thanks to their work.

An example of the negative impact of money on a person is Chichikov from the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". All his life he earned money, this was the purpose of his life, he ruined himself because he could not properly dispose of them.

Summing up, I would like to note that it is not money that should influence a person, but on the contrary, a person must be able to influence money, be able to use it correctly.

“The well-being of the state is ensured not by the money that it annually releases to officials, but by the money that it annually leaves in the pockets of citizens.” (I. Eötvös)

I. Eötvös wanted to say that the well-being of the citizens of any country does not depend on how much it will allocate funds to officials, who, in turn, must monitor the appropriate distribution of these funds, but on how much of the allocated money will reach and remain in the pockets of citizens .

Having mentioned the expedient distribution, we would like to believe in the honesty of our officials, as the state apparatus of executive power. Recall that the state is an organization of sovereign power in society, which has a special apparatus of coercion and the right to legislate. And the state apparatus is a system of special bodies and institutions through which the state administration of society and the protection of its main interests are carried out. So, officials should monitor the rational distribution of funds allocated by the government. But very often, unfortunately, we are faced with what we see and hear in the media, how officials steal the very money whose task is to improve any of the spheres of society. And therefore the statement made by I. Eötvös is very relevant today. Let's not forget about the money itself, or money. Money is a specific commodity that is the universal equivalent of the value of other goods or services. Functions of money: 1.Measure of value, 2.Means of payment, 3.Means of circulation, 4.World money, 5.Means of accumulation.
I agree with this quote, I. Eötvös emphasized very subtly that the state will prosper if the people prosper, but this will not be achieved if such a phenomenon as corruption takes place in modern society. Corruption (in the modern concept) is a term that usually denotes the use by an official of his powers and rights entrusted to him for personal gain, contrary to the law and moral principles. What kind of welfare of the whole state can we talk about if each of us seeks to profit at the expense of another person? We will never be able to call such a full-fledged, well-founded.
Let's turn to history, remember, the most striking example is the well-known country of Singapore, which occupies one of the leading positions in the ranking of countries with a minimum level of corruption. From 1959 to 1990, Singapore, deprived of rich natural resources, was able to solve many internal problems and made the leap from a third world country to a highly developed country with a high standard of living.
In the modern world, this list is headed by England, then New Zealand, and so on.
We come to the conclusion that if the state wants to prosper, then it needs to take care of every citizen inhabiting this country, individually, it is necessary to fight corruption and all its manifestations. It is necessary to pursue a purposeful policy in the direction of the development of the country.

"Almost all taxes on production are ultimately borne by the consumer"

(David Ricardo)

I agree with the statement of David Ricardo, since I believe that taxes on producers of goods are those taxes that contribute to the high cost of goods produced.

The essence of taxes on production is that production pays taxes to finance the state budget. The mandatory payment of taxes consists of the calculation of the tax and its payment.

Article 52 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation establishes the procedure for calculating tax. How taxes are calculated depends on costs, expenses, losses, and economic rules that determine income, value, and taxation. The taxpayer bears full responsibility for the timely and correct calculation of the amount. When calculating the amount of tax, the following elements of taxation should be taken into account:

Taxable period

tax rate

tax base

tax incentives

The payment of taxes implies that the taxpayer must pay the tax at a certain time, which is established by the state. The declaration must contain information on income, expenses and all information on production for a given period. After that, a document confirming its payment is issued.

A tax is a payment that is mandatory and free of charge, with the help of which the financial budget of the state is provided.

Production is a type of activity of an individual or organization that provides material benefits that are needed for the development of society.

A consumer is a person who wants to purchase a type of service to satisfy his needs.

Cost is the price of a good or service.

Payment is the amount to be paid.

For example, VAT leads to an increase in prices for goods, and this leads to a decrease in the production program, profits, and because of this, the state of the enterprise in the market worsens.

Since ancient times, we have known that for many years in history that the peasants, artisans, merchants and inhabitants of the colony must pay taxes to the state.

Taxes take into account the characteristics of the country and the stage of economic development of the state.

"The surest profit is that which is the result of thrift." (Publius Sir. Economics.)

Publius Cyrus - Roman mimic poet under Caesar and Augustus, a younger contemporary and rival of Laberius, by this statement he wanted to say that only the person who carefully spends his wealth can make a good profit. After all, if a person scatters his wealth, he can sink very quickly and not even notice that he has become poor. Therefore, everyone should be able to use wealth wisely.

I agree with the opinion of the author. The validity of the point of view of Publius Syra is confirmed by numerous examples from public life, personal experience and economic theory. Firstly, in economic theory there is a definition that profit is the amount of income where revenue exceeds the costs of economic activity, for the production of goods. And if this proceeds are spent carefully, then there will be more profits, and as a result, an enterprising person, at least slowly, but gets richer.

Secondly, I want to note that in the history of Russia in the 19th century, there are cases when rich nobles brought their fortune to bankruptcy in feasts and revelry, and some peasants, thanks to their hard work, and of course thrift, could even redeem themselves from the nobles.

Thirdly, I want to give an example from Dostoevsky's work "Crime and Punishment", where the heroine Alena Ivanovna, thanks to her enterprise, received a good profit, took care of it and met her old age comfortably.

I also want to note that my mother is very careful about the budget of our family. Therefore, we do not have shortages and problems in financial matters.

In modern life, people who save on needs they can live without also make a profit. These people, who don't waste money, are rational consumers. If you are not a rational consumer, there may be a situation that expenses will exceed income.

I think that the statement of Publius Syrah is relevant. I think that a thrifty person will always have prosperity, that is, profit.

“Whoever buys the excess eventually sells the necessary” (B. Franklin)

I fully agree with the words of one of the founding fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin. Given that in the modern world as a whole there is no shortage of goods, and new ones are also appearing. Old goods of the same type become cheaper, and people have the opportunity to purchase not only what is necessary, but also additional goods.

But it often happens that people spending money on an optional product also spends the funds that were allocated for necessary goods. To explore this topic, you need to refer to the definition of rational behavior of buyers. So, the rational behavior of buyers is the behavior that involves first realizing the need to purchase, then searching for information about a product or service, after evaluating possible purchase options, and finally making a purchase decision. That is, if the consumer realizes that he needs to buy, for example, food, then he is looking for a store with cheaper prices, is interested in discounts, and eventually buys what he needs.

But if the consumer realizes that while he does not need a product, for example, a new TV, but he currently has extra money, and he buys this TV, then his behavior will be irrational. Moreover, soon after buying a TV, he may need money, for example, for medicines, but he will not have them, and a person may get into debt.

Therefore, you need to make smart purchases. And if today you buy something that is not necessary, then tomorrow it may be enough for something vital.

"Palaces cannot be safe where huts are unhappy." (B.Disraeli)

I agree with the statement of Benjamin Disraeli, because the well-being of the "palaces" depends on the well-being of the "huts".

In this quote, palaces act as rich people, and huts act as poor people. This implies that with the stratification of society into the rich and the poor, the rich cannot live in peace in a world where the poor from an unhappy life can either revolt, or simply cannot do their job efficiently. For example, if the working class revolts against the rich, then a lot of people, both workers and rich, can die. And if the rich pay little to their workers, then the workers, from exhaustion, will do their job poorly, as a result of which the rich will also receive little profit, which will affect their lives.

Benjamin Disraeli in this quote speaks of rich people as palaces, and compares poor people with huts. Rich people look just like palaces, they are as arrogant as palaces are high, they are dressed just like palaces are decorated. The poor people look like huts: they are modest, like small huts, dressed as inconspicuously as the huts are inconspicuous.

There are many cases in history when the poor could not withstand the onslaught of the rich, and a riot flared up. An example of this is the many revolutions that have taken place not only in Russia, but throughout the world. For example, the October Revolution of 1917, which began for reasons related to the worsening of the situation of the people in connection with the long-lasting world war, the unresolved labor, agrarian and national issues and general dissatisfaction with the activities (rather inactivity) of the provisional government.

Conclusion:

This quote is typical not only for the time when Benjamin Disraeli lived, but even now it is quite relevant. There are a lot of companies these days. Some of which go bankrupt quickly because the people who open them don't value the workers they hire and they leave. Others, on the contrary, flourish and prosper in the economic market, because employers do not allow the complete impoverishment of their people.

Block "PHILOSOPHY"

“A child at the time of birth is not a person, but only a candidate for a person” (A. Pieron).

It is necessary to understand what meaning A. Pieron put into the concept of man. At the time of birth, the child is already a person. He is a representative of a special biological species Homo Sapiens, possessing the inherent specific features of this biological species: a large brain, upright posture, tenacious hands, etc. At the moment of birth, a child can be called an individual - a specific representative of the human race. From birth, he is endowed with individual traits and properties inherent only to him: eye color, shape and structure of the body, the pattern of his palm. Now this can be defined as individuality. Why, then, does the author of the statement call the child only a candidate for a person? Apparently, the author had in mind the concept of "personality". After all, man is a biosocial being. If biological traits are given to a person from birth, then he acquires social traits only in a society of his own kind. And this happens in the process of socialization, when the child learns with the help of education and self-education the values ​​of a particular society. Gradually, he turns into a person, i.e. becomes the subject of conscious activity and has a set of socially significant features that are in demand and useful in society. It was then that he can be fully called a man.

How can this assumption be confirmed? For example, on March 20, 1809 in Sorochintsy in the family of the landowner Vasily Gogol - Yanovsky, a son was born, baptized with the name Nikolai. It was one of the sons of the landowners born on that day, named Nicholas, i.e. individual. If he had died on his birthday, he would have remained in the memory of his loved ones as an individual. The newborn was distinguished by signs characteristic only for him (height, hair color, eyes, body structure, etc.). According to people who knew Gogol from birth, he was thin and weak. Later, he had features associated with growing up, an individual lifestyle - he began to read early, from the age of 5 he wrote poetry, studied diligently at the gymnasium, became a writer, whose work was followed by all of Russia. A bright individuality appeared in him, i.e. those features and properties, signs that distinguished Gogol. Apparently, this is exactly the meaning that A. Pieron put into his statement, and I completely agree with him. Being born, a person must go through a long, thorny path in order to leave a mark on society, so that descendants proudly say: “Yes, this person can be called great: our people are proud of him.”

"The idea of ​​freedom is connected with the true essence of man" (K. Jaspers)

What is freedom? Independence from the powers that be, which money and fame can give? Absence of a lattice or whip of an overseer? Freedom to think, write, create without regard to the generally accepted canons and tastes of the public?

This question can only be answered by trying to figure out what a person is. But here's the problem! Each culture, each epoch, each philosophical school gives its own answer to this question. Behind each answer is not only the level of a scientist who has comprehended the laws of the universe, the wisdom of a thinker who has penetrated the secrets of life, the self-interest of a politician or the imagination of an artist, but also a certain life position, a completely practical attitude to the world. And yet. From all the diverse, contradictory ideas about a person, one general conclusion follows: a person is not free. It depends on anything: on the will of God or the gods, on the laws of the Cosmos, the arrangement of stars and luminaries, on nature, society, but not on oneself.

But the meaning of Jaspers' expression, in my opinion, lies in the fact that a person does not conceive of freedom and happiness without preserving his personality, his unique, inimitable "I". He does not want to "become everything", but "wants to be himself in defiance of the universe", as the author of the famous "Mowgli" R. Kipling wrote. A person cannot be happy and free at the cost of trampling on his personality, renouncing his individuality. Truly indestructible in a person is the desire to create the world and himself, to discover something new, unknown to anyone, even if this is achieved at the cost of his own life.

Becoming free is not an easy task. It requires from a person the maximum tension of all spiritual forces, deep reflections about the fate of the world, people, about his own life; a critical attitude to what is happening around and to oneself; search for the ideal. The search for the meaning of freedom sometimes continues throughout life and is accompanied by internal struggles and conflicts with others. This is precisely where the free will of a person manifests itself, since from a variety of life circumstances, options, he himself has to choose what to prefer and what to reject, how to act in this or that case. And the more complex the world around us, the more dramatic life is, the more effort is required from a person to determine his position, to make this or that choice.

So, K. Jaspers turned out to be right, considering the idea of ​​freedom to be the true essence of man. Freedom is a necessary condition for his activity. Freedom cannot be "gifted", because unsuffering freedom turns out to be a heavy burden or turns into arbitrariness. Freedom won in the fight against evil, vices and injustice in the name of the affirmation of goodness, light, truth and beauty can make every person free.

“Science is ruthless. She shamelessly refutes favorite and habitual delusions ”(N.V. Karlov)

It is quite possible to agree with this statement. After all, the main goal of scientific knowledge is the desire for objectivity, i.e. to the study of the world as it is outside and independently of man. The result obtained in this case should not depend on private opinions, predilections, authorities. On the way to the search for objective truth, a person goes through relative truths and delusions. There are many examples of this. Once people were absolutely sure that the Earth has the shape of a disk. But centuries passed, and the journey of Fernando Magellan disproved this delusion. People learned that the Earth is spherical. The geocentric system, which existed for millennia, was also a delusion. The discovery of Copernicus debunked this myth. The heliocentric system he created explained to people that all the planets of our system revolve around the Sun. The Catholic Church for more than two hundred years forbade the recognition of this truth, but in this case, science, indeed, turned out to be ruthless to the delusions of people.

Thus, on the way to absolute truth, which is final and will not change over time, science passes through the stage of relative truths. At first, these relative truths seem final to people, but time passes and with the advent of new opportunities for a person in the study of a particular area, absolute truth appears. It refutes previously treated knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their previous views and discoveries.

An example of an essay on the topic:
A political party is a union of people who have united in order to
to get the laws they want. (Ilyin).

Political party - a public organization that fights for power or for participation in the exercise of power, the goal of which, ultimately, is to take seats in parliament and pass laws,
determining the policy of the country.
In addition to the struggle for power, any political party also performs a number of other functions: expressing the interests of certain segments of the population, training and nominating political personnel, participating in election campaigns, educating loyal members, and shaping the political culture of citizens.
A characteristic feature of a democratic state is a multi-party system. There can be two parties, as in England or America, or many, as in Russia. This is determined by the traditions of the country. Parties can differ in organizational principle, in ideology, in relation to power, in the type of membership, in the mode of activity and in the scale of the political spectrum. The party is a union of like-minded people, which is the bearer of a certain ideology and which is aimed at gaining power. In order to express the interests of as many voters as possible, parties form factions. The backbone of the party is the electorate - voters who regularly cast their votes for this party in elections.
As a result of the elections, the party receives a certain number of seats in the country's parliament. The more seats in parliament, the more opportunity the party has to justify the trust of its voters and influence the adoption of laws in the country. An important role for voters is played by the personality of the party leader, because many voters, when voting, are guided not only by the party program, but also associate their expectations with the charisma of a certain leader. Representatives of political parties constitute the country's political elite - a group of people with influence, prestige, directly involved in decision-making related to political power.
With the collapse of the totalitarian regime in the USSR and the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution, a multi-party system began to take shape in the Russian Federation. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed ideological diversity.
The modern political parties in Russia are United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party, the Patriots of Russia, Just Russia, Just Cause, the RODP "Yabloko". The ruling party is United Russia, which for a number of years has been adopting laws in parliament that, in my opinion, contribute to the stabilization of the state and the consolidation of democratic social forces.
Extremist political parties are banned in our state.
I am not yet a member of any political party, but I like the program of the United Russia party, so I am going to support this organization in the elections.
A political party, having come to power, adopts the laws it needs, but ordinary voters help the party come to power, so everyone should take an active life position.

An example of an essay on the topic:
Progress is a movement in a circle, but faster and faster. L. Levinson.

Humanity is in constant motion. Science, technology, the human mind are developing, and if we compare the primitive and our days, it is clear that human society is progressing.
From the primitive herd we came to the state, from primitive tools to perfect technology, and if earlier a person could not explain such natural phenomena as a thunderstorm or a change of year, by now he has already mastered space. Based on these considerations, I cannot agree with L. Levinson's point of view on progress as a cyclical movement. In my opinion, such an understanding of history means marking time without moving forward, constant repetition.
Time will never turn back, no matter what factors contribute to the regression. Man will always solve any problem and will not allow his kind to die out.
Of course, there have always been ups and downs in history, and therefore I believe that the graph of human progress is an upward broken line, in which ups predominate in magnitude over downs, but not a straight line or a circle. This can be seen by recalling some historical or life facts.
In the first place, downturns in the progress graph create wars. For example, Russia began its history as a powerful state, able to outstrip any other in its development. But as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, it lagged behind for many years, there was a decline in culture, the development of the country's life. But, despite everything, Russia stood up and continued to move forward.
Secondly, the progress of society is hindered by such a form of organization of power as a dictatorship. In the absence of freedom, society cannot progress; a person turns from a thinking being into a tool in the hands of a dictator. This can be seen in the example of fascist Germany: Hitler's regime of power slowed down political progress, the development of freedom and human rights, and democratic institutions of power for decades.
Thirdly, oddly enough, but sometimes recessions in the development of society occur through the fault of the person himself, i.e. associated with scientific and technological progress. Many people now prefer communication with machines to human communication.
As a result, the level of humanity is falling. The invention of nuclear reactors is, of course, a great discovery that allows saving natural energy resources, but in addition to nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons were also created, which brought incalculable misfortunes to people and nature. An example of this is the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the explosion in Chernobyl. Nevertheless, humanity has come to its senses, realizing the real threat of such weapons: many countries now have a moratorium on the production of nuclear weapons.
Thus, the progress of the human mind and society as a whole and the predominance in history of the positive actions of people over their mistakes are obvious. It is also obvious that social progress is not an endless movement in a circle, which, in principle, cannot be considered progress,
but moving forward and only forward.

An example of an essay on the topic:
Religion is one, but in a hundred guises. B. Show.

Among the proposed statements, I drew attention to the words of B. Shaw that "Religion is one, but in a hundred guises." In understanding this issue, I agree with the author.
It is impossible to give a precise definition of religion. There are many such formulations in science.
They depend on the worldview (representation of the world) of the scientists who form them.
If you ask any person what religion is, then in most cases he will answer: "faith in God."
The word "religion" literally means binding, re-addressing (to something). Religion can be viewed from different angles: from the side of human psychology, historical, social, but the definition of this concept depends to a decisive extent on the recognition of the existence or non-existence of higher forces,
i.e. God and Gods.
Man is a spiritual being, therefore, era occupies a very important place in his life. Since ancient times, man has deified the forces of nature, the plants and animals around him, believing that through them the higher forces influence his life. The magical attitude to the word and movement forced a person to strive for the development of his aesthetic (sensual) perception.
Over time, human society developed, and paganism (heterogeneity) was replaced by more developed forms of beliefs. There are many religions in the world. The question arises: why are there so many of them? And in whom to believe?
The answer to this question is obvious: people are different, they live in different conditions and different parts of the planet, they perceive the environment differently. So different are their ideas about God or Gods, about what a cult (religious veneration of any objects) should be like; many provisions of different beliefs, moral standards and rules of worship among different peoples are somewhat similar. I think this is caused by borrowing the cultures of peoples from each other.
If we consider the historical path of mankind, then religions can be classified into: tribal ancient beliefs, national-state (they form the basis of the religious life of individual peoples and nations) and world (that have gone beyond nations and states, but having a huge number of followers in the world).
These are the three religions: Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Also, beliefs can be divided into monotheistic (belief in one God) and polytheistic (worship of many gods).
Drawing a conclusion from the foregoing, a person has always needed faith as that spiritual principle that allowed him to rise above the ordinary. The choice of faith should be free and conscious for each person, because, no matter how different religions are, they are all just different forms of one thing - the elevation of the human soul.

1. The impact of scientific and technological progress on people

2. Man and science. Scientific and technical progress.

3. To be or not to be?

4. Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)

5. The benefits of education (according to A.F. Losev)

6. Personal education in the process of learning (according to I. Botov)

7. The problem of educating true masters of art (according to L.P. Mozgovoy)

8. Moral values ​​(according to Kryukov)

9. Art (according to G.I. Uspensky)

10. The fate of the book (book or internet?) (according to S. Curius)

11. Can a computer and the Internet replace books (according to K. Zhurenkov)

12. Book (according to Etoev)

13. About the book (according to D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak)

14. About the book (according to A. Adamovich and D. Granin)

15. Books in a person's life

16. The importance of fiction in people's lives (according to Veresaev)

17. Fathers and children (according to M. Ageev)

19. About spirituality (according to Soloveichik)

20. The problem of spirituality (according to S. Soloveichik)

21. About language (according to Rasputin)

22. The problem of preserving the historical memory of the Russian language

23. Chancellery (according to N. Gal)

25. The problem of understanding beauty

26. Love for the Motherland (according to E. Vorobyov)

27. Motherland. Connection with the Motherland (according to V. Peskov)

28. The problem of love for the Motherland (according to K. Balmont)

29. Homeland (according to V. Konetsky)

30. The shape of the earth. Preservation (according to V. Peskov)

31. The problem of the relationship between man and nature (according to V. Soloukhin)

32. The problem of the beauty of nature (according to V.A. Soloukhin)

33. The problem of poaching (according to V.P. Astafiev)

34. Ecology (Protection of the environment)

35. Ecology (according to D.S. Likhachev)

36. Devotion to one's own (according to E. Matonina)

37. The problem of dedication to one's work (according to Sivokon)

38. Family. Values ​​(according to S. Kapitsa)

39. Responsibility of a person for the lives of others

40. War

41. The problem of war (according to L. Andreev)

42. WWII

43. WWII. Memory (according to E.Z. Vorobyov)

44. The problem of historical memory (according to I. Rudenko)

45. historical memory

46. The problem of courage (according to B. Zhitkov)

47. Feeling of patriotism (according to V. Nekrasov)

48. Honor and dishonor

49. The problem of honor in the modern world (according to D. Granin)

50. Honor (according to Shevarov)

51. The problem of honor and conscience (according to S. Kudryashov)

52. Personalities in history

53. Fascism (according to I. Rudenko)

54. The beauty of weapons (according to Bondarev)

55. Happiness. His achievement (according to V. Rozov)

56. Loneliness (according to I. Ilyin)

57. Love for humanity (according to K.I. Chukovsky)

58. Heredity and self-formation

59. Moral. Moral qualities

60. The harm of television (according to V. Soloukhin)

61. The problem of true and false values

62. The problem of true friendship (according to D.S. Likhachev)

63. The problem of inequality in society

64. The problem of the ratio of internal and external beauty (according to Saint Exupery)

65. The problem of compassion (according to D. Granin)

66. Compassion, sensitivity and mercy

67. Selfishness, lack of compassion (according to B. Vasiliev)

68. Callous and callous attitude towards a person

69. The problem of the ugly and the beautiful in life (according to V. Soloukhin)

70. The problem of gratitude (according to I. Ilyin)

1. The impact of scientific and technological progress on people

Man of the 21st century... What happened to him? How has scientific and technological progress affected people? And did they feel safer than those who lived a century ago? It is these questions that V. Soloukhin raises in his article.

According to the author, "technology has made powerful each state and humanity as a whole," but has one person become stronger because of this? Soloukhin makes us think about the fact that many changes are taking place in the world that can help people feel more secure and comfortable. And if you look from the other side, what can one person do? He remained the same as he was without planes and cell phones, because if he has nowhere to call and fly, then why do these phones need

and aircraft? In addition, we, the people of the 21st century, have begun to forget what we have acquired earlier, for example, what it means to write letters, to walk long distances.

I I agree with the opinion of the author. Technological progress has not made one man stronger than he was before. I recall the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri", where the main character, being alone in the forest, meets a wild beast - a leopard. Mtsyri begins a fight with the beast and, thanks to the knife, kills him. But a modern person, having met an animal in the forest, would also not be able to use any other device to kill the beast, even despite the fact that in the 21st century technology has become many times more developed than in the time of M.Yu. Lomonosov.

What do we mean in this world now? Can people now live without a mobile phone or a computer? Will we, like our grandparents, be able to walk 10 km to school every day? I think it's worth thinking about it. After all, it seems that the stronger the technique becomes, the less powerful

and a person becomes adapted to life ...

2. Man and science. Scientific and technical progress.

Scientific and technological progress has long rushed across the earth like a hurricane, and every day more and more new inventions appear in the world that can make life easier for mankind. But is it so good? Let's try to look at it from several angles...

In many of the problems posed by the author of the article, I agree with him. But, as it seems to me, scientific progress is not always good. Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading?

Let's imagine an inexperienced driver who is driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How nice it is to feel the speed, to realize that the mighty motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop the car. Mankind is like a young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

An example of this is the work of M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But progress comes with dire consequences. The uncontrolled development of science and technology worries people more and more.

Let's imagine a toddler dressed in his father's costume. He is wearing a huge jacket, long trousers, a hat that slides down over his eyes... Doesn't this picture remind of a modern person? Not having time to grow morally, mature, mature, he became the owner of a powerful technique that is capable of destroying all life on earth. Examples of this can be found even in ancient mythology. There is a legend about Pandora's box. It talks about how one thoughtless action, human curiosity can lead to a disastrous ending.

3. To be or not to be?

Is life worth those humiliations, misfortunes that a person experiences on his way? Isn't it easier to stop mental turmoil with one movement than to fight for truth and happiness for a whole century?

In an excerpt from "Hamlet" W. Shakespeare talks about the meaning of life. On behalf of Hamlet, the author reflects: "... Is it worthy to submit to the blows of fate, or is it necessary to resist?", thereby raising one of the eternal questions: "For what does a person live?" William Shakespeare says: "What dreams will be dreamed in that mortal dream when the cover of earthly feelings is removed? This is the key. This is what prolongs our misfortunes for so many years.", implying that the meaning of life is in the ability to feel: to rejoice and love, be sad and hate ... Thus, the author raises a very

important, in my opinion, the problem of finding the meaning of life.

I completely agree with the author: there is nothing more beautiful in the world than human feelings, so diverse and vivid in their manifestations. A person who understands the essence of life will never say: "I want to die." On the contrary, he will hold on to life to the last, overcoming pain.

The problem raised by the author is relevant at all times and therefore cannot leave us indifferent. Many writers and poets addressed her. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" fully reveals the theme of the search for the meaning of life. The main characters, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, are looking for spiritual refuge. Through mistakes and suffering, the heroes gain peace and confidence.

Life is not always favorable to a person, most often it does not spare anyone. I recall the work of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man". The main character, Alexey Meresyev, deprived of both legs during an air battle, has not lost his will to live. Not only did his existence not lose its meaning, on the contrary, the hero felt the need for happiness, love, and understanding more acutely.

I would like to end the essay with a phrase from the movie "Forrest Gump": "Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what filling you will get." Indeed, sometimes the most delicious candy is hidden behind a nondescript wrapper.

4. Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)

Everyone has their own opinion about what is good and what is bad. But there are such phenomena that have had the same significance for mankind at all times. One of these phenomena is nobility. But real nobility, the main manifestations of which are honesty and fortitude, nobility that is not put on display, just the same as the author of this text writes about.

Yu. Tsetlin is concerned about the problem of true human nobility, he talks about what kind of person can be called noble, what features are inherent in this type of people.

Y. Tsetlin believes that "one must be able to remain an honest, unshakable, proud person under all circumstances", for which, however, both humanity and generosity are characteristic.

I fully agree with the opinion of the author of the text: a noble person is distinguished by sincere love for people, a desire to help them, the ability to sympathize, empathize, and for this it is necessary to have self-esteem and a sense of duty, honor and pride.

I find confirmation of my point of view in the novel by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The main character of this work, Tatyana Larina, was a truly noble person. The heroine of the novel had to marry not for love, but even when her lover, Eugene Onegin, told her about the feeling that suddenly flared up for her, Tatyana Larina did not change her principles and coldly answered him with a phrase that had already become an aphorism: “But I am given to another and will be the century is faithful to him.

Another ideal of a noble person was splendidly described by L. N. Tolstoy in the epic novel War and Peace. The writer gave one of the main characters of his work, Andrei Bolkonsky, not only external nobility, but also internal, which the latter did not immediately discover in himself. Andrei Bolkonsky had to go through a lot, rethink a lot before he could forgive his enemy, the dying Anatoly Kuragin, an intriguer and traitor, for whom he had only hated before.

Despite the fact that there are fewer and fewer noble people, I think that nobility will always be appreciated by people, because it is mutual assistance, mutual assistance and mutual respect that unite society into one indestructible whole.

5. The benefits of education (according to A.F. Losev)

We often think about the benefits that our actions bring to us. Depending on personal needs, character traits, life principles, we give priority to either spiritual satisfaction or material gain. But there are activities that benefit us both morally and materially.

In the article by A.F. Losev, just this type of activity is discussed. The author extols science and education, talks about the benefits education gives to a person.

AT modern society is very important to be educated. Without education, it becomes a difficult task not only to find a job, but also to analyze the events taking place around a person that concern him.

AT In this text, A.F. Losev focuses the reader's attention not on the need for education, but on the spiritual aspect of the benefits that we receive from education. In his opinion, education, as motivated by the desire for education

in self-identity, and due to material needs, in any case brings a person "sweet fruits" - moral satisfaction.

My point of view is confirmed in the story of A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper". One of the main characters of this work, Dymov, a doctor by vocation, was truly devoted to his profession. He saved people, risking his life, and sacrificed himself for the sake of society. And throughout the entire period of his scientific activity, Dymov formed his personality, developed spiritually.

Another good example is the image of Bazarov in the work “Fathers and Sons” by another Russian classic, I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov's life principles were formed as a result of his passion for science. He became a personality, doing medicine, conducting various experiments.

Education plays a huge role in the life of every person. It brings us "sweet fruits" of spiritual satisfaction and material benefits. But the most important advantage that education gives a person is, of course, the foundation for the formation of personality, the formation of life goals.

6. Personal education in the process of learning (according to I. Botov)

Often, by the word "education" we mean knowledge that will help us get a highly paid and prestigious profession. Less and less often we think about what else it provides besides material benefits ...

That is why Igor Pavlovich Botov in his article touches upon the problem of the need for moral education, emphasizing precisely the importance of the correct upbringing of the individual in the learning process.

The author draws our attention to the fact that an educated but immoral person will have a corrupting effect on society. A child who has not learned the basics of morality in his school years will grow up spiritually stingy. That is why it is so important for a teacher to put all the best into the soul of a student, and then in the future we will encounter less soulless officials, unscrupulous politicians and criminals.

Igor Botov is not indifferent to the problem posed by him, he believes that the term "education" should be completely replaced by another one - "education".

I see life examples confirming my position every day at school: the growing indifference to moral values ​​among my peers from year to year, their lack of spirituality really causes alarm. Less and less often you will meet a teacher who is not indifferent, entering the classroom with a desire to teach something to children, and not just to conduct another lesson and go home as soon as possible. This state of affairs causes sadness, because it is the teacher who can lay the first basics of “humanity” in the child.

For example, it is worth remembering the work of Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin "French Lessons". Lidia Mikhailovna, in order to somehow help the boy, who did not want to take money and food from her, began to play with him in the wall for money. When the director became aware of this, she lost her job, but the act of the teacher became a lesson in kindness and understanding for the boy for the rest of his life.

Once upon a time, Aristotle said: "He who advances in the sciences, but lags behind in morality, goes more backward than forward." The words of the philosopher perfectly reflect the situation of the present education, which is in such need of morality.

7. The problem of educating true masters of art (according to L.P. Mozgovoy)

Why is it necessary to take the education of artists seriously? This question cannot be answered unambiguously. Perhaps that is why Mozgovoy addresses the problem of educating true masters of art.

This problem is very acute in modern society. After all, art has always played one of the most important roles in our world. Many people, after graduating from school, aspire to devote their lives to art. More and more educational institutions that train actors, musicians, singers, artists appear every year. However, some believe that half a year is enough to become the best in a profession related to the performing arts. Others are sure that true talent comes after a while, and in order for a talented singer, musician or actor to appear, it is necessary to expend a lot of effort. It is to them that the author of the text belongs.

Leonid Pavlovich Mozgovoy, considering the problem of educating true masters of the performing arts, comes to the conclusion that only truly talented actors, singers and musicians who reach the heights of the performing arts at the cost of incredible work and patience, polishing their skills for years, are able to convey to the mind and heart of the viewer precious words and music of great masters.

I fully share the author's point of view. Indeed, how can you learn to be the best in your business in just six months? Especially when it comes to artists. After all, this is hard work, which is achieved with great effort. And in six months it is impossible to learn to sing, play a musical instrument or compose music. After all, the main purpose of art is to sow "good, reasonable and eternal." And you can't learn it in a short period of time. And the one who tries to convince otherwise is simply unworthy of being called a true master of the performing arts.

Many Russian and foreign writers addressed the problem of the importance of a serious education of artists. I am reminded of Gogol and his "Portrait". One of the main characters was so eager to learn the essence of art that he devoted almost his entire life to this. At the end of his life, he wrote a true masterpiece, although his path was not distinguished by true glory. And the famous artist Rafael studied art all his life, even when he became already famous. And now we can't stop admiring his work!

Thus, it is necessary to take seriously the education of artists. It is necessary to make a lot of efforts to become a true servant of art and to delight others with your masterpieces. Otherwise, nothing good will come of it.

8. Moral values ​​(according to Kryukov)

Does a person correctly assess their abilities? What can a misunderstood, inflated self-esteem lead to? What is the true value of a person?

According to the author, each person should occupy a place corresponding to his abilities, otherwise his activity will only bring harm. Kryukov believes that one must be able to assert one’s “I” so as not to cause condemnation of others. Using the example of a proud pharaoh, the author focuses our attention on the fact that everything secret always becomes clear - the true price of a person is revealed sooner or later anyway.

Every person is looking for their place in life. The way Nikolka does it from Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard" - his actions, the moral values ​​that he adheres to - all this is an example of the path to the intended goal of a noble person. “A word of honor should not be violated by any person, because it will be impossible to live in the world,” Nikolka believed. It doesn’t matter what exactly this person achieved in life, the main thing is that he went forward, remaining a man of honor.

But, unfortunately, not all people go to the intended goal by the righteous way. An example of a life path built solely on lies, cruelty and atrocities is the path to power of Lavrenty Beria. This man considered all people below him, tried to belittle them in any opportunity. For Beria in life, it was important to win at all costs, by any means, at any cost, even dishonestly.

If we want to achieve something in life and at the same time not lose the respect of the people around us, we must correctly assess our abilities, be honest and conscientious ...

9. Art (according to G.I. Uspensky)

What effect does true art have on a person? Is it capable of transforming him morally? The author of the text makes us think about these questions.

G.I. Ouspensky in this text reflects on the role of art. He talks about how he accidentally went to the Louvre, saw the statue of Venus de Milo. He looked at her for a long time, as if spellbound, feeling genuine joy in himself. Something unusual happened to him at that moment. After this meeting, G. Uspensky changed a lot.

In the story of A.I. Kuprin "Taper", the main character Yura Azagarov, with his brilliant piano playing, interested A.G. Rubinstein. At the end of this story, the reader understands that everything in Yura's life is going well thanks to his love for art.

One of Anna Akhmatova's poems "Solitude" is devoted to the theme of art. According to the poetess, love for beauty can heal a person, lead him out of the circle of interests and passions, depression and despondency. And lead to a beautiful wise life.

... So many stones have been thrown at me, - That none of them is scary anymore, And the trap has become a slender tower, High, among the high towers ...

After reading the article, I realized how great the role of art is, which can make our world kinder and better. After all, as the great F. Dostoevsky said, "Beauty will save the world."

10. The fate of the book (book or internet?) (according to S. Curius)

Book or Internet? What does modern society choose? What is the advantage of library information over computer information? What is the fate of the book? S. Curius reflects on this in his article.

S. Curius in this text raises the problem of the future of the book. This problem, posed by S. Curius, is very relevant in modern society. Television, computer, Internet, of course, greatly facilitate the work, they have their own advantages. But only a book can awaken real feelings in the reader.

The facts that we encounter every day speak in favor of the author's position. Let's remember how in childhood my mother read a fairy tale at night. At this time, we begin to get acquainted with the book. Thanks to her, we can be transported to unknown places, meet amazing characters, accomplish a feat. What feelings visited us? Only bright, joyful, carefree. Only a book can do this.

Mankind has achieved tremendous success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But it's a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver who is driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How nice it is to feel the speed, how nice it is to realize that a mighty motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.

Thus, in our time, the computer makes a person's life more comfortable and convenient, but the book will always remain a "disinterested and faithful friend."

11. Can a computer and the Internet replace books (according to K. Zhurenkov)

"Computer" and "Internet" are two concepts that have firmly entered our lives, they have become its integral part, without which it is now almost impossible to imagine human existence.

It is the problem of the displacement of the book by the computer and the Internet that the author of the source text touches upon. K. Zhurenkov discusses the pros and cons of the Internet, arguing that it is necessary as a reference tool. The author considers e-mail as its undoubted advantage, which actively revives the epistolary genre. In addition, Zhurenkov is sure that the Internet can be used to teach improvisation and writing, but nothing more.

The author, not without reason, believes that the book, in spite of everything, will continue to exist, as it has undoubted advantages: firstly, paper is more durable, secondly, it does not require a power source, and thirdly, viruses will not “eat” it and will not be erased by an inattentive user; fourthly, the book cannot hang in the most interesting place.

Continuing to reflect on the problem raised, I would like to give other arguments in favor of books. In addition to the opportunity discussed above to get in touch with the characters and the author of the work through the pages, there is another aspect that advocates for paper media: turning over the pages and looking at them, we capture in memory not only the text, but also the images that are born in our imagination in connection with each new sheet. The monitor does not allow you to manually turn the page, and, consequently, the tangible imagery, so important for remembering and understanding a work of art, also disappears.

It is absolutely impossible not to mention the greater eye fatigue caused by even the most modern screen, which, in addition to harm to health, also reduces the level of perception of information from a computer and the Internet.

In conclusion, I would like to quote the author of the original text, who, in my opinion, uses a truly brilliant comparison that expresses both the essence of the real problem and its solution: improvisation not driven into the framework.

12. Book (according to Etoev)

The book…What is it for you? A good adviser or plain paper bound? For some, this is the world. And even life.

What is the significance of the book in the fate of man? How can the first books influence the further life path? Etoev reflects on these topical issues in his text.

There are many examples in world and Russian literature in which there is a reflection of the problem given in the text - Paustovsky's "Golden Rose", Gorky's "Childhood", Bronte's "Jane Eyre", articles by Arakcheev, Astafiev, Genis ... This series can be continued for a long time. But it is worth paying special attention to one of Likhachev’s “Letters about the Good and Beautiful”: the publicist tells how he and his family loved to read Leskov and Mamin-Sibiryak, and that the books of these authors influenced his future work.

In addition, it can be said that one book can influence the course of history. For example, Adolf Hitler grew up in a religious, believing family, but after reading the book “As Zarathustra Spoke” by Nietzsche, he changed his attitude towards the world towards Nazism and fascism.

Thus, the book is our teacher, mentor, our guiding star with which we go through life. Our principles and beliefs depend on which book we choose as a desktop book. That is why it plays an important role in our life.

13. About the book (according to D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak)

The book is the "companion" of our life. Since childhood, she answered the most important questions: "What is "good" and what is "bad"? D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak raises the problem of the significance and necessity of a book in the life of every person.

This problem is certainly relevant and has a place to be. Mamin-Siberian proves this by telling us how a book is a ray of sunshine in a cloudy sky when it answers the most tricky questions.

D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak is a publicist and philosopher. He says with trepidation that "... every Danish book is something alive, because it awakens a child's soul ..." The author draws the reader's attention to the unknown forces of the book that make millions of children's hearts beat.

It is difficult to disagree with the author of the text. The book is an intermediary between those people who know everything and those who want to know something. Smart people trust their knowledge to paper, write books. A person can die, but his skills and abilities will live forever on the pages of books.

For example, Evgeny Bazarov (the protagonist of the story "Fathers and Sons") constantly turned to foreign textbooks in order to become a master of his craft, to become a skilled doctor. The nihilist was sure that he would underline for himself the useful information he needed to achieve his main goal.

Today, alas, "paper in binding" is not as relevant as it used to be. The book was one of the methods of spending leisure time. Now it has been replaced by a computer, the Internet.

14. About the book (according to A. Adamovich and D. Granin)

The book helps us in difficult situations, teaches us to think and express our thoughts correctly, and is a means of entertainment and leisure. But is it as relevant today as it was in the past, as in those wonderful times when reading books was considered the most desirable pleasure?

In their narrative, the authors A. Adamovich and D. Granin are trying to convey to readers the fact that the book at all times, even the most difficult and terrible, found its justified application. For a person, it is useful in any case: whether it is leisure, study, life. This is especially confirmed by the fact stated by the authors that in moments of despair and difficulties people used the book as a source of warmth, in more favorable times they were very passionate about reading. That is, the book was always needed.

However, time goes by. Everything is changing at a crazy pace. Something new, more interesting and easy to use, comes to replace the old. So the book was replaced by television, a little later the Internet. I think everyone will agree with me that, having come home, it is much easier and more convenient to turn on the TV and relax properly than to strain your already tired eyesight by reading. That's how we do it. We are accustomed to the means of "luxury", civilization, modern technology.

I was very struck by the story I recently read by V. Nekrasov “Dedicated to Hemingway”. Namely, that boy, Leshka, who, even during the war, read almost always and everywhere, struck me: “Upstairs everything was buzzing, shooting, tearing, and he sat with his legs crossed and read.” The book was his best friend, and for that he was known and respected. Such as Leshka are called well-read, respected at all times. They are admired to this day. And most of us only read labels and newspaper gossip.

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So, let's take a look at the very last pages of the document that you have uploaded and take a look at points K1-K3, trying to extract from this the formula for a good essay that will be judged by experts

First, you need to directly understand the statement: highlight the problem, reveal its meaning and highlight aspects of the problem. A number of cliches will help you here, because the exam is traditionally built on templates and this helps in preparing

What are the problems in the exam? From my own experience, I can identify 6 main “flanks” on which you need to try on your aphorism:

• Essence problem...
• The problem of inconsistency...
• Role problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Unity problem...

What does it mean to reveal meaning? In general, I tell my students that essays should be translated “from Russian into Russian”, in fact, from literary to scientific language, based on the block in which you write your work. You can end everything with a “reason for increasing the score”: look at the problem from different angles. This will be the structure of the first part of the essay.

Theoretical reasoning

Now let's move on to the second criterion, which involves argumentation based on theory. What does this mean and what parts should your essay include?
Naturally, these are terms. Hence, if you are an applicant who is preparing on his own, ALWAYS study this or that topic in the context of any concepts from the field that you are studying

Also, you must clearly, clearly and consistently formulate your statements and conclusions from what you stated in the thesis of your essay - this is a very important element, pay attention to it. In addition, it is necessary to cite various principles and approaches as an example, prove your position and reveal the causes and consequences of the events referred to in the formulation of the assignment.

Factual Argumentation

As a fact, you must prove the theoretical material mentioned above with the help of media reports, materials of educational subjects (usually humanities), facts from social experience and your own reasoning. The most interesting thing is that you need to give 2 ARGUMENTS of a factual nature, and both of them cannot be from media reports, or history, political life ... It is important to understand this, otherwise the expert will lower your score

Well, in the end, you make a qualitative conclusion based on the thesis, simply writing it down in other words, with a “tinge” of completeness. That's all you need to know from theory on how to write social studies task 29

Speech by T. Liskova - Features of the solution of the second part at the Unified State Exam-2017

The video of her performance is attached below.

Finished essays

Now let's look at the structure. Below I attach 4 very first works of my students on politics. I suggest you review them, highlight the constituent elements, find errors, if any, and unsubscribe about them in the comments.

First essay

“Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton)

In his statement, the American historian and politician J. Acton raises the question of the influence of power on the behavior of a person who possesses it. This statement can be interpreted as follows: the more a person is given power, the more often he begins to go beyond the boundaries of what is permitted and act only in his own interests. This problem has not lost its relevance for many centuries and history knows many cases when the unlimited power of the ruler led the country to ruin.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

So what is power and why does it exist? Power is the ability and ability to influence the behavior of people regardless of their desire to do so. In any state, power is primarily aimed at maintaining order and monitoring compliance with laws, but often the more unlimited power becomes, the more it corrupts a person and ceases to be a guarantor of justice, which is why I fully support the opinion of J. Acton.

Examples for disclosure K3

The ruler, endowed with great power, ceases to care about the welfare of the entire people and tries even more to strengthen his position. Let's take, for example, the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible: striving for unlimited autocracy, he introduced the oprichnina in the camp, which consisted in mass terror, violence, and the elimination of not only the discontented boyars, but also any opposition. So, on suspicion of treason, many innocent people were executed, which ultimately led the country to a crisis, the ruin of cities and the death of a huge number of people.

My family also faced the consequences of unlimited power during the reign of I.V. Stalin. During dispossession, my grandmother's family was repressed, her father was sent to the Gulag, and six children were forced to live in a barracks with the same repressed families. Stalin's policy was aimed at equalizing the strata of the population, but the number of dispossessed kulaks during the years of his rule significantly exceeded the number of real kulaks, which is a clear violation of human rights and freedoms.

Thus, one can come to the conclusion that unlimited power corrupts people and brings not so much good as ruin and a fall in the standard of living of the population. In modern society, absolute power no longer dominates in most countries, which makes their inhabitants more free and independent.

Second essay

“When a tyrant rules, the people are silent and the laws do not work” (Saadi)

I see the meaning of Saadi's statement in the fact that the rule of law is the basis for building a democratic state, while tyranny opposes the public good and is aimed only at achieving one's own interests. This statement expresses two aspects: the participation of citizens in the life of the state under different political regimes and the attitude of the government to generally accepted laws.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

Tyranny is often inherent in states with the unlimited power of one ruler; for the most part, these are countries with a totalitarian regime. Its main difference from democracy - a political regime, which is characterized by the equality of all people before the law and the belonging of power to the people, is the concentration of all power in the hands of one ruler (party) and control over all spheres of society. With unlimited power, the ruler can interpret the laws in his own favor, or even rewrite them, and the people do not have the right to express their own opinion, which absolutely does not meet the principle of legality. It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of Saadi, and history knows many confirmations of this.

Examples for disclosure K3

Italy during the reign of B. Mussolini can serve as an example of tyranny. Having suppressed rights and freedoms in the country, Mussolini established a totalitarian regime and applied political repressions. As head of seven ministries and as prime minister at the same time, he eliminated virtually all restrictions on his power, thus building a police state.

A. Solzhenitsyn speaks about the lawlessness of the totalitarian regime in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. The work shows the life of a former soldier who, like many others, ended up in prison after the front. Solzhenitsyn described the situation of people during the reign of I.V. Stalin, when soldiers who managed to escape from German captivity were declared enemies of the people and, instead of getting to their relatives, were forced to work in a colony for decades.

Having considered these examples, we can conclude that under the rule of a tyrant, human rights do not have any weight, and the people do not have the right to openly express their opinion, as they are constantly in fear for their lives.

Third essay

In his statement, P. Sir expressed his attitude to the problem of the characteristic features and peculiarities of power. The author argues that any decisions that a person in power will ever have to make must be carefully thought out and analyzed from all sides. These words can be considered from two points of view: the positive and negative influence of power on society.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

P. Syr's statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because all the time rash actions led to bad consequences both for the leaders themselves and for those who obey them. That is why I fully share the author's point of view regarding this problem. In order to confirm the relevance of this, it is first worth considering it from the point of view of theory.

It’s worth starting with the simplest: what is power? As we know, power is the ability to influence the actions and decisions of people against their will. Usually this happens both through persuasion and propaganda, and through the use of violence. Power is an essential attribute of any organization and human group, because without it, order and organization simply cannot form. As the main sources of power, one can single out both the personal attitude of each subordinate to the leader, and the level of his authority, material condition, level of education and strength.

Examples for disclosure K3

To confirm the relevance of P. Syr's statement, we can give an example from history. As ill-conceived actions, the monetary reform carried out by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which replaced silver money with copper, can act. Due to the lack of coins from the latter material in the treasury, it was the silversmiths who collected taxes, which soon led to the almost complete depreciation of the coppers. The reform, which did not suggest such a scenario, did not allow to correct the situation, which led to the Copper Riot of 1662. The result of the uprising was the withdrawal of copper coins from circulation. This example clearly illustrates the lack of thoughtfulness and logic in the actions of a politician who had to cancel the transformation he had carried out in order to calm the angry people.

As a second example, this time of successful and planned transformations, one can cite events from recent history. We are talking about the policy of the Russian Federation, pursued from the beginning of its existence. Thoughtful, systematic reforms were able to strengthen the disintegrated country. Also, the effect of these transformations was the strengthening of the state and its positions in the international economic and political arena. This example shows us that a policy that involves not sudden and thoughtless changes, but structured and consistent reforms can lead to an improvement in the situation in the state.

Summing up, we can say that the problem of the peculiarities of power and its characteristic features will never cease to be one of the most important issues, on the solution of which the destinies of states depend and will continue to depend. Especially now, in the post-industrial age, which is characterized by globalization, incorrectly implemented reforms can affect not individual countries, but all powers together.

Fourth essay

“The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order, or justice, or external security.” (M. Debre)

In his statement, M. Debre expressed his attitude to the main functions of the state and their importance. According to the author, it is the state apparatus that plays a decisive role in the life of society, controlling the norms and rules of its behavior, regulating the basic laws, and also being responsible for protecting the country's borders and maintaining the safety of its population. This issue can be considered from two sides: the importance of the role of the state in the life of society and the ways in which the first influences the second.

The words of M. Debre do not lose their relevance to this day, because regardless of the chronological period, the state has always played a key role in people's lives. That is why I fully share the author's point of view. In order to confirm these words, it is first worth considering them from the point of view of theory.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

What is the state itself? As we know from the course of political science, the state can be called any organization of political power, which has a mechanism for managing society, ensuring the normal activity of the latter. The functions of the state are not limited to any one sphere of life, but affect their entirety. In addition to internal functions, there are also external ones, the most important of which is the process of ensuring the defense of the territory of the state and the establishment of international cooperation.

Examples for disclosure K3

In order to give the first example, let us turn to ancient history. The states of all peoples began to form for similar reasons, but in this case, we will consider this process and its consequences using the example of the East Slavic tribes. One of the main prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state was the need for protection from an external enemy - the Khazar Khaganate. The scattered and warring tribes could not cope with the enemy alone, but after the formation of the state, victory over the nomads became only a matter of time. This clearly illustrates the operation of one of the most important functions of the state - defensive.

The following example, illustrating the impact of the state on society, can be taken from New History. As you know, in 1861 Alexander II carried out a peasant reform, the result of which was the abolition of serfdom. This phenomenon had a great impact on the life of the Russian people, because most of the population of the Russian Empire at that time were none other than serfs. By granting them freedom, the state greatly expanded the rights and obligations of the liberated peasants. The abolition of serfdom resulted in the formation of a new social stratum, a change in the foundations and customs that had developed over several centuries. This example shows us the consequences of the reform carried out by the state, which affected the entire population of the country.

Summing up, we can say that the importance of the role of the state and the need for the functions it performs have been tested by time. Without an impact, exerting any influence on the citizens of the country, the state apparatus simply cannot exist, and the changes it carries out can be perceived differently by citizens

I hope the article helped you deal with a rather problematic exam question. Help spread the word about this article: click on the social media buttons and subscribe to blog updates to receive new articles in your email in a timely manner. Bye everyone

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Indeed, not every applicant has literary talents and can fully demonstrate their creative abilities in a limited time in the right place - here and now! See our social studies essay example.

Recall that the USE exam in social science, according to, is given almost four hours. We take at least 0.5 hours to work with a clean copy of part 1, at least 1 hour to work with a draft, at least 1 hour to work with part 2. What remains? Only 1.5 hours for CREATIVITY. Therefore, having received a quote, you need to work accurately and clearly, fulfilling the CRITERIA of verification!

Only 1 hour to create!
Knowing the pattern and real examples is the key to success!Get ready today!

Those who know different approaches to essays win!

Criterion 1 (K1) - The meaning of the statement is revealed. The expert sees your understanding of the thought expressed by the author. If this criterion is not met, your essay is not checked!

Criterion 2 (K2) - The chosen topic is revealed based on the relevant concepts, theoretical provisions and conclusions. In your essay, you use

Criterion 3 (K3) - The quality of the argumentation of one's point of view. You have a point of view on the problem raised by the author, and justify it with the help of examples from your life, social facts, media information, knowledge from

We have already covered one of the essay writing templates in . Let's bring another one today. The more templates you have in stock, the greater your chances of successfully completing this USE task! Consider another example of an essay on social studies.

Here is the problematic statement being discussed today:

If a person has a “why” to live, he can withstand any “how” (F. Nietzsche)

We fulfill the criteria right away!

Criterion 1 (K1) - The meaning of the statement is revealed:

The great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in his statement expresses his attitude to the value of human life. He believes that the conditions of life are secondary, the main thing is the desire for the goal.

We show our INTELLIGENCE. This is one of those thinkers whose phrases are most often provided for discussion (along with Churchill, Aristotle, Voltaire, Franklin, Pushkin). It seems that you need to know some information about this figure.

The great German philosopher, composer of the 19th century, author of the works "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", "Human, Too Human", the theory of SUPERMAN.
One of the most controversial thinkers in history.

In the light of Nietzsche's living conditions, his influence on the philosophical and political thought of our time, as well as the historical events of the 19th century, this phrase seems to me very relevant.

We demonstrate our attention to history, the interest shown in the quote. Then, we go through the knowledge of the identity of the author:

Nietzsche entered the history of philosophy as the great Blind Man. All his life he suffered from a gradual loss of vision. He ended his life in terrible pain, completely blind. This did not prevent him from writing a number of outstanding philosophical works, for example, Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

From the course of social science it is known that a person is a biosocial creature that has thinking and speech. Life is a form of activity of any being, manifested in man in activity. Human activity, unlike other animals, is purposeful, not instinctive. Therefore, asking the question of “why” a person should live, he means the purpose of his life.

We reveal the meaning of the quote using a historical example - the living conditions are terrible (pain, blindness), but the goal has been achieved! We show the knowledge of the basic social science terms necessary for reasoning on this quote - (go to criterion 2).

The key idea of ​​Nietzsche's writings is the idea of ​​the "superman". This is a political giant, a leader who challenges the base interests of the crowd. He puts high spiritual ideals before her, subjugates her, leads her after him. Many see the works of Nietzsche as a philosophical justification for the formation of totalitarian ideologies and states.XX century, fascism.