Nestor the Chronicler. Named the father of the history of ancient Russia. Rev. Nestor the Chronicler
Slavic world celebrated the 900th anniversary of the memory of St. Nestor the Chronicler
“Who are we?” - this is the main question that concerns Russian thinkers today no less than Nestor the Chronicler nine centuries ago. His answer now does not suit those who want to finally embroil the Slavs and humiliate Russia. But the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, a talented 12th-century European historian who was the first to glorify Russia to the whole world, is hindering the evil intrigues.
EXPLOITATION OF ALL LIFE
By the years 1112-1113, Nestor created his masterpiece The Tale of Bygone Years (PVL): “This is the dwelling of the temporary years from which the Russian land came, who began to reign in Kiev, and from where the Russian land began to eat.” This is the first Russian historical and artistic work, which had no analogues in European medieval historiography. Proved for centuries: Russia has something to be proud of.
MAIN MERITS
AS A HISTORIAN
The chronicler provided the PVL with important evidence - the texts of the treaties of the ancient Russian princes Oleg, Igor and Svyatoslav with the Greeks, documents of the grand prince's archive, Byzantine and Western European monuments of writing.
From Nestor we know about the first mention of the Russian people - in the year 866; on the creation of a Slavic diploma by Cyril and Methodius; on the baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople; Prince Vladimir in Chersonese, and not in Kiev, as previously thought. And about the baptism of Russia in 988.
HOW A MONK
Nestor compiled the Life of Theodosius of Pechersk and stories about other Pechersk devotees, vividly describing monastic life, the characters of monks and laity. In “The Tale of the Life and the Ruinings of the Blessed Passioners of Boris and Gleb” - the peace-loving princes killed in 1015 by order of Svyatopolk Damned's brother - condemned the war between the brothers.
HOW A CITIZEN
Nestor was outraged by the egoism of the princes and boyars, their disregard for the all-Russian interests. And he defended the idea of Eastern Slavic unity, calling on the people of Russia to unite in the face of the threat of external danger and protect their land.
AS A PATRIOT
The chronicler showed the great role of the Russian people in the development of mankind and the idea of statehood in a multinational territory. In the most large-scale campaign against Tsargrad in 907, Prince Oleg “also took with him many Varyags and words (Novgorodians), Chud, Krivichy, and Mere, and Drevlyans, Radiches, and Polyans, and Northerners, and Vyatichi, and Croats, and dulebov, and Tivertsy ... ". And before that he said: "Let Kiev be the mother of Russian cities." But this dream of Oleg and Nestor did not come true - by the middle of the XII century. Kiev became a stepmother to many Russian cities and paid for it.
AS A PHILOLOGIST
Nestor showed the imagery of the Russian language, complementing the dry and brief information about the first Russian princes collected by his predecessors with pictorial details from folk tales and squad songs. It was in his treatment in Russia that people fell in love with stories about how Oleg besieged Tsargrad and died from his horse, how Olga avenged the death of her husband, how Svyatoslav went on hikes, how the Kozhemyak young man overcame the Pecheneg bogatyr and others.
HIGH MARK
* Nestor's Chronicle - the PVL in Europe is called so - in 1802 - 1808, it was published in Latin transcription and studied closely in the academic environment of all Slavic countries.
* In 1956, the 900th anniversary of the birth of the Orthodox and the Catholic Saint Nestor the Chronicler was widely celebrated in the atheistic USSR.
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Very little is known about Nestor the Chronicler (c. 1056 - 1114). He came to the Kiev-Pechersk monastery at the age of 17, lived there for 41 years, died at the age of 58, and was buried in the monastery.
The witness of the grand princely civil strife of 1078, 1096, 1097, because of which the Polovtsian hordes devastated the border lands, revolts led by the sorcerers raged around the country, Yaroslav the Wise's sons dying to “live in love” was almost forgotten and the state lost its former power.
PREPARATIONS OF OLD MAN
“Gifted with a curious mind,” historian Nikolai Karamzin wrote about Nestor, “he listened attentively to the oral traditions of antiquity, folk historical fairy tales; saw monuments, tombs of princes; talked with grandees, elders of Kiev, travelers, residents of other Russian regions; read the Byzantine chronicles, church notes and became the first chronicler of the Fatherland. "
OKOVSKIY FOREST
In the Tver and Novgorod regions was located the famous Okova Forest. From here, according to Nestor the Chronicler, and "there is Russian land." The conditional boundaries of the Okovsky Forest on the map of the Upper Volga pass through ancient cities: 1 - Valday; 2 - Vyshny Volochek; 3 - Torzhok; 4 - Staritsa; 5 - Teeth; 6 - Sychevka; 7 - White; 8 - Western Dvina; 9 - Toropets; 10 - Apolec; 11 - Demyansk.
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BURNING BESOV
In the chronicles Nestor often called himself a sinner. The only Russian saint who, under the name of Nestor, the Chronicler of Pechersk, is on the list of saints of the Roman Catholic Church. The fact speaks about the height of his spiritual life: the monk participated in exile of the most dangerous demon - heresy from Nikita the Recluse, the future archbishop of Veliky Novgorod, ranked in 1558 among the saints. The Orthodox Russian world annually on November 9 commemorates St. Nestor as God's saint with his high moral values, feats and holiness of life resembling Christ.
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OUR FIRST FANTAST
One of the most colorful places of the PVL is Oleg's campaign to Tsargrad (Constantinople), when the prince, as a sign of victory, hung a shield on the gates of the powerful city: “Oleg made his soldiers make wheels and put ships on wheels. And when the fair wind blew, they raised the sails in the field and went to the city. The Greeks, seeing this, were frightened and said to Oleg through ambassadors: “Do not ruin the city, we will give you the tribute you want.”
The chronicle states: there were 2,000 ships, “and there are 40 men in each ship”. Total - 80 thousand people. Foreign sources even named the exact date of the appearance of Russian ships - June 18, 860. It turns out, long before Peter I, Russia had a powerful navy. And on October 20, we should have celebrated its 1154th anniversary, not the 318th anniversary. However, Nestor indicates another date - 866 year. Why did the outlandish Russian sailing armada on wheels go unnoticed by the Arab, Byzantine and Western European chroniclers, and the mention of it was not thrown out during the "purging of the chronicles" during the rule of the "Norman theory" of the origin of the Russian people? The writer and documentary film maker Sergey Baimukhamedov is sure: Nestor the Chronicler in this episode of his great book revealed to us the first work of Russian science fiction and predicted the appearance of combat amphibious infantry and modern urban windsurfing or windsporting - road racing under sail on wheels-rollers.
Fragment of the Laurentian List page, starting with the Tale of Bygone Years
Nestor, a monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery (life years around 1056-1114), chronicler, historian, thinker, author of The Tale of Bygone Years. We know little about the life and work of this great writer and chronicler. We only know that he was born in 1056. At the age of seventeen he came to the Pechersk monastery, where he spent the main part of his life. A small biographical fact reached us in the “The Life of Theodosius of Pechersk” compiled by him, who not only introduced Nestor “to the herd of Theodosiev,” but also took his veil and subsequently elevated him to the rank of deacon. With such rapid growth at the monastery, he was obliged primarily to his scholarship. Who was Nestor? from which family? Unfortunately, we do not know this and almost certainly will never know. There is a version that Nestor is Metropolitan Hilarion, author of “The Word of Law and Grace,” who went to the monastery at the end of his life to write chronicles.
"Kiev-Pechersk Paterik" certifies great authority Nestor the Chronicler among the monastic brethren. In this source, his name appears next to the names of famous figures of ancient Russian culture: Nikon Litopistya, Agapit Vracha, Pimen Postnik, and others.
The chronicler Nestor’s works “Reading about the Life and the Destruction of Boris and Gleb”, “Life of Theodosius of Pechersk” and “The Tale of Bygone Years” that reached us with the “Czech Chronicle” by Kozma Prague and the “Chronicle and Acts of Princes or Rulers of Polish” Gala Anonym has reached us. fundamental to all slavic culture.
"Reading about the life and the destruction of the blessed passion-bearer of Boris and Gleb" - the story of the death of the two sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, where he condemns the war between the brothers and depicts a vivid picture of their martyrdom.
After “Reading,” Nestor writes “The Life of Our Monk Father Theodosius, Hegumen of Pechersk,” which tells about the life and deeds of one of the founders of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The Life of Theodosius is notable for the vividness of the literary characteristics of the characters. Nestor achieves the illusion of believability in miracles performed by Theodosius, skillfully depicting the life and dialogues of the main characters. The image of Mother Theodosius is particularly notable in the Life, Nestor depicts a pious Christian not devoid of any individual features, appearing in the conditional role of the Holy Mother, on the contrary, he portrays a powerful woman, stern, resolutely opposing the religious aspirations of her son, who does not stop before severely beating up or chaining a lad who dreams only of God good deeds and tonsure.
Theodosius’s life image is also complicated and, perhaps, close to its prototype (Nestor probably relied not so much on the literary tradition as on eyewitnesses ’stories on Theodosia): distinguished by extraordinary humility in the monastic life. Nestor fills the story with specific features of Kiev life and monastic life of the 11th century. In this regard, such an episode is interesting: the prince, who was somewhere outside the city, instructs the lad to take Theodosius on a cart to Kiev. Seeing the poorly dressed Theodosius, the young man takes him for a simple monk and, condescendingly reproaching him for constant idleness (“you are all days old”), suggests changing places: the young man will sleep in a cart, and let Theodosius rule the horse. True to his customs, Theodosius humbly agrees. But when the travelers approached Kiev, the young man notices the extraordinary respect shown to Theodosius by people, and with fear understands his mistake. In this episode, in addition to the moralizing idea of glorifying the simplicity and humility of Theodosius, there are many living details: the mention of the attitude to the monks in Kievan Rus, which is far from pious respect, and the princely way of life, and a really realistic image of the hegumen himself, who steps next to the horse when stick together eyes.
In 1113-18, Nestor compiled the oldest chronicle set, The Tale of Bygone Years, which was later included in almost all the chronicle sets and later supplemented by other chroniclers.
Nestor the Chronicler was the first church historian. The spiritual depth, historical fidelity and patriotism of the Tale of Bygone Years make it not only the most important source of historical facts of the Kievan Rus period, but also rank it among the highest creations of world literature.
Unfortunately, the Nestorov edition of the "Tale" was not preserved in its original form. After the death of the patron saint of the Pechersk monks Svyatopolk Izyaslavich (in 1113), Vladimir Monomakh became the prince of Kiev. He came into conflict with the tip of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery and handed over the chronicles to the monks of the Vydubetsky monastery. In 1116 Vidubitsky igumen Sylvester remade the final articles of the Tale of Bygone Years, positively assessing the activities of Vladimir Monomakh, showing him as a wise prince, protector of the Russian land. So there was a second edition of the work.
In 1118 a third edition was created, which has reached our time. The customer and, possibly, one of the authors of this edition was the son of Monomakh, Prince Mstislav. The Tale of Bygone Years has been preserved in many lists. The oldest of them are Lawrence (in 1377) and Ipatiev (beginning of the XV century).
The most ancient list that has come down to us and which includes The Tale of Bygone Years is the Laurentian Chronicle, written by monk Lawrence in 1377 and accidentally discovered by Prince Musin-Pushkin in the 18th century in St. Petersburg, where it is still in the city library.
In ancient times, monasteries were the centers of spiritual, cultural and scientific life. The monks living in them were taught to read and write, unlike the bulk of the people. Thanks to their manuscripts, we can now learn about the ancient monk Nestor made a huge contribution to the development of science. The chronicler kept a kind of diary, where he recorded everything, in his opinion, significant events in the life of society. For his work and good deeds, the monk was canonized by the Orthodox Church and revered as a saint. The story of his extraordinary life will be the subject of this article.
Nestor the Chronicler: tonsured monks
According to the monastic charter of those times, a person had to go through a three-year obedience at the temple, and only then did he receive the right to be a servant of the Lord. The hero of our narrative Nestor was preparing for monasticism, and in this he was helped first by Abbot Theodosius, and then by Stephen. These people had an extraordinary influence on the future fate of Nestor. At that time, many monks kept records, but at first our cherite did not think about this matter. He was the most ordinary brother, like all others.
Nestor the Chronicler: a thirst for knowledge
Gradually, the monk realizes that he is interested in book wisdom. He enthusiastically begins to read the gospel, and then the lives of the saints. The latter served as his role model. Reading the lives of the Greek righteous, Reverend Nestor the Chronicler decided to start writing about the exploits of the Russian saints so that they would not remain without a trace. The first work of the monk was the life of the blessed martyrs Boris and Gleb. After this work, life began to give Nestor many reasons for research. So, he was tasked to find the body of Abbot Theodosius. With the help of two monks, Nestor still managed to find the relics of the saint, which were transferred to the monastery. Impressed by this event, he began another work. He was nothing more than the life of St. Theodosius.
"Tale of Bygone Years"
The hegumen began to notice the talent and hard work of Nestor, who was tasked with bringing together many records of different years together and edit them. It was from that time until the end of his life the Nestor Chronicler wrote The Tale of Bygone Years. Currently, this creation is one of the highest values of Russian history, because it is based on numerous sources, as well as written with the help of unsurpassed literary skill. Until his death, Nestor the chronicler was engaged in his work. After him, other priests took up the manuscript.
Memory of the holy
Until now, the Russian people remember the exploits that the chronicler Nestor made. His biography was incompletely restored, because he lived a long time - in the XI century. Already in the XIII century, Nestor was remembered as a saint. Its value for the Russian Orthodox Church and for the entire Slavic people is difficult to overestimate. Monk buried in the caves of Anthony in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. The Orthodox Church commemorates Nestor on 9 November. In addition, I remember the monk and October 11 - the day of the Cathedral of the Rev. fathers of the laurels.
November 9, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Memorial Day rev. Nestor the Chronicler. He devoted tens of years of his life to the creation of the "Tale of Bygone Years" - the chronicle collection, which determined the place of the Russian people in the world and history.
Chronicle
Rev. Nestor was born and lived in Kiev in the second half of the XI century. He embarked on the spiritual path as a 17-year-old young man, becoming a novice of the Pechersk monastery - the future Holy Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Here he will be buried after 40 years.
He spent his days in prayers and monastic obedience - while in his own records Nestor called himself unworthy, sinful and cursed. At the same time, the life of the future chronicler reports: the young ascetic soon surpassed even the famous Pechersk elders with the purity of life and obedience.
The main passion of Nestor were the books - he called them "rivers flowing into the universe, from which wisdom comes." Seeing this book zeal of a young monk, he was given obedience to the chronicler.
The main work of Nestor was "The Tale of Bygone Years", compiled by 1112–1113 years. “Behold the story of the time years, from where the Russian land went, who in Kiev started the first prince and from where the Russian land began to eat,” the monk began his many years of work with these words.
In his work, he acted as a professional historian: he studied the previous chronicle and legends, monastic records, the stories of soldiers, merchants and travelers, compared and analyzed them. Nestor turned to the Byzantine chronicles.
The Tale is not just a listing of facts and dates in chronological order: it is a spiritual understanding of the history of Russia. And it is not by chance that the history of the people and the state are intertwined in the chronicles with the history of Christianity, even Nestor began the story itself from biblical times - all because the chronicler perceived the history of Russia as an integral part of world history and, ultimately, as the story of the salvation of all mankind.
Creation of the Slavic diploma, Olga's baptism in Constantinople, the construction of the first orthodox church... Describing historical events, Nestor mentions those he himself witnessed: 1096, the Polovtsi stepped up to Kiev, defeated and burned the Pechersk monastery.
Later, the monastery was rebuilt, and the historian and the observer Nestor continued his work.
Apostle Andrew. Photo: iconrussia.ru
Before his death, he bequeathed the monks to continue work on the annals. Subsequently, the text of the chronicle several times rewritten and supplemented. The original, written by Nestor, did not live up to our days - it was preserved as lists in the Laurentian Chronicle, compiled in 1377, and the Ipatiev Chronicle of the mid-15th century.
Historians are still arguing about the authorship of the annals. Alexey Shakhmatov, a Russian historian and philologist of the late XIX - early XX century, comparing the text of the "Tale" with other ancient texts, came to the conclusion that, apparently, Nestor was not its only compiler. The text is multi-layered, there are inconsistencies in it - so the chronicles written by predecessors formed the basis of Nestor's work. Researchers believe that the earlier texts, which formed the basis of the "Tale", were created in 1037-1044.
However, even if we take this fact into account, this does not detract from Nestor’s merits. He brought together a huge amount of information and compiled a whole historical work. It was this work that served as a model for the subsequent chroniclers - it was almost entirely included in all subsequent arches. Interestingly, Nestor himself never mentions himself as a compiler. His name is indicated only in later copies of the chronicle and other monastic records.
Historical riddles
Historians have many questions not only to authorship, but also to the contents of the chronicle. The initial pages of Russian history are still a mystery to researchers, and The Tale of Bygone Years, for all its monumentality, does not provide answers to many questions.
For example, the first appearance of the Slavs on the world stage Nestor was able to track only at the time of their appearance on the Danube. Describing the events of the past centuries, Nestor does not always give exact dates, and such important moments in Russian history, such as the founding of the city of Kiev, are given in the form of a retelling of a legend. The first concrete date mentioned in the chronicle is 852 years, and a “powerful Russian fleet” suddenly appears at the gates of Constantinople.
The Nestor Chronicle contains a large number of facts indicating that Ancient Russia was a developed state long before Rurik. Describing a journey through the lands Ancient Russia Apostle Andrew in the I century new era, the chronicler retells the words of Andrew, said about what he saw already after returning to Rome: “I saw the amazing in Slovenian land on my way. I saw wooden bathhouses, and they will ignite them strongly, and they will undress naked, and they will be poured with kvass, and young rods will be taken, and they will beat themselves, and they will come to life, and they will be poured with water, and so they will live. ” The historian of the church, Anton Kartashev, considers this passage to be a later inscription to the text - so, in his opinion, the Kiev census takers wanted to play a trick on the Novgorod.
Nestor also speaks about the origin of the word "Russia" and about who the Varangians were. The chronicler brought these concepts together: he often calls the Varyags himself "Rus". At the same time, he separates the Vikings from the Swedes, Scandinavians and other North European peoples, having contributed to the subsequent discussion of historians about the Norman origin of Russia.
The Tale of Bygone Years was not drawn up for the people, but for the subsequent Last Judgment, in which the Lord will judge whole nations, says Igor Danilevsky, a modern historian. Academician Dmitry Likhachev added: Nestor showed the place of the Russian people on the map of world history and convincingly proved that the Russians are not without family and tribe.
Monk of Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, Old Russian historian and publicist. The first chronicler of Russia.
The beginning of life in the monastery
Prep. Nestor Chronicler was born in the 50s of the XI century in Kiev. As a young man he came to prep. Theodosius and became a novice. Tonsure future chronicler successor prep. Theodosius, Hegumen Stefan. According to the Greek church rule, the three years that come to the monastery remain on the test, and the deacon should be at least 25 years old. And prep. Theodosius established: not to hasten the rushing to cut monks, and tell him to walk in his clothes, while familiarizing himself with the monastic rank. After that, put him in black clothes and experience obediences, and then put on a monk's robe. So for the blessed Nestor, the three-year temptation ended at the prep. Stephen, in which he was awarded the rank of deacon, not earlier than a year.
At that time, in the Pechersk monastery there were many high men from whom it was possible to learn spiritual perfection. Abode then flourished spiritual life. Blessed Nestor writes this himself:
“When Stephen ruled the monastery and the blessed herd that Theodosius had gathered, the Chernets shone like lights in Russia. Some were strong mentors, others were firm at a vigil or kneeling prayer; some fasted every other day and two days later, others ate only bread and water, others boiled potions, others only raw. All were in love: the younger ones submitted to their elders, not daring to speak before them and expressing complete obedience and obedience; and the elders showed love for the younger ones, instructed and comforted them, like the fathers of small children. If a brother fell into any sin, he consoled him and divided the penance of one into two and three with great love. Such was the love of mutual, with strict abstinence! If a brother left the monastery, then all the brethren grieved about that, they sent for him and called his brother to the monastery, then they went to the abbot, bowed and begged to accept his brother, and received him with great joy. ”
The statue of the chronicler of the work of M. Antokolsky
Blessed Nestor, under the influence of such examples, under the guidance of such mentors, with his jealousy for asceticism, hastily increased in spiritual life. How deeply his humility was - it shows every time he touches his personality in his writings. Otherwise, he does not call himself as a thin, unworthy, sinful Nestor, the lesser of all in the monastery of the Monk Father Theodosius; or damned, with a rude and unreasonable heart, sinner Nestor. If he reminds others of the need for repentance, of the need to remember their relationship to God, then he is in a hurry to turn to himself with reproach. So, having told about the victory of the Polovtsy, which followed on the eve of the memory of St. Boris and Gleb, he says: “There was weeping in the city, and not joy, our sin for the sake of ... In lepotu more than ineh executions of the esma. This is a sinful god and I sin a lot and often all the days. ”
By the purity of his life, prayer and zeal the young ascetic soon surpassed even the most famous Pechersk elders. And about his high spiritual life, says that he, among other Reverend Fathers, participated in expelling the demon from Nikita the Recluse (later the Novgorod saint).
Works in the cloister
In the monastery, the Monk Nestor carried the obedience of the chronicler. Prep. Nestor deeply appreciated true knowledge, combined with humility and repentance. In the 80s he wrote “Reading about the life and destruction of the blessed passion-bearers of Boris and Gleb” in connection with the transfer of their holy relics to Vyshgorod in the year. In the 80s, Rev. Nestor compiled the life of St. Theodosius of Pechersk, and in the year, on the eve of the feast day of the Caves of the Caves, the hegumen John instructed him to dig the relics of St. Theodosius into the church:
“I will truly and truly tell you, I have not heard from others about it, but I was the one who did the work. Hegumen John came to me and said: let us go to Theodosius’s cave, and I came with the hegumen, while no one knew; having examined where to throw the earth, and having appointed a place where to dig, except the hole, the igumen said to me: tell no one from the brethren so that no one knows; take anyone you want to help yourself. I have already prepared on the 7th day the spikes (rohals) with which to dig. On Tuesday evening, he took two brothers with him, and the others did not know; He came to the cave and, singing psalms, began to dig. Tired, he gave it to another brother, and we dug until midnight; tired, but could not get to the bottom. I began to grieve if we are not digging. Taking the spade (rogalia), I began higher; my friend rested in front of the cave and said to me: hit the beat; and at that very moment I dug to the relics of Theodosius. He said to me: they hit him in a beater, - and I say to him: he has already dug. When I got to the bottom, then fear fell on me, and I began to cry: "Lord, have mercy!" ... [Then] sent to the abbot: go, and bring out the relics. The hegumen came with two brothers. I dug extensively, and when we entered, we saw: the relics were lying, the trains did not fall apart, the hair on my head was dry; we put them on the mantle and carried them out in front of the cave. ”
The main achievement of the life of St. Nestor was the compilation of the Tale of Bygone Years to the years. An unusually wide range of sources (previous Russian chronicle vaults and legends, monastery records, Byzantine, various historical collections, stories of the old boyar Yana Vyshatich, merchants, soldiers, travelers), comprehended from a single, strictly church point of view, allowed the Monk Nestor to write the history of Russia as part of world history, the history of the salvation of the human race.
The monk-patriot describes the history of the Russian Church in the main moments of its historical formation. He speaks about the first mention of the Russian people in church sources - in the year) about the confessional feat of the holy Varyags-martyrs (under 1096 1200, finally, Abbot Laurentius, who wrote in the year the oldest of the extant lists that have preserved the Tale by St. Nestor ( The Laurentian Chronicle "). The heir to the hagiographic tradition of the Pechersk devotee was St. Simon, Bishop of Vladimir, the rescuer of the Kiev-Caves Paterik. Telling about events connected with the life of holy saints of God, St. Simon often is listed, among other sources, on the Annals of St. Nestor.
The Monk Nestor was buried in the Neighboring Caves of St. Anthony of Pechersk.
Memory in the Orthodox Church
Days of memory:
- October 27 (November 9)
- September 28 (October 11) - Cathedral of the Rev. Fathers of Kiev-Pechersk, in the Near Caves
Troparion, voice 4:
Grand Dukes of Russian acts and reverend father Pechersk Lives and Miracles, writing, his own, to the God of Wisdom Nestor, many of them for the sake of virtues, the name is written in the heavenly spirit, pray and write to us in the Book of Animals.
Kontak, voice 2:
Yakoi, God-bearing Theodosius, a disciple and true living of that imitator, the first person to be honest of his relics was a samovidets worthy of others, even with other svetolepolno prenes, inherited them with the same Kingdom of Heaven, he could receive us, too, for the Lord to pray.
Bibliography
- Minea October. Ed. Moscow Patriarchy, 1980. Pp. 683-687.
- Handbook of the priest, Volume 2. Ed. Moscow Patriarchy, 1978. Pp. 224-226.
- Lives of Saints. Dmitri Rostovsky, October. Moscow Synodal Printing House, 1908. Pp. 579-582.
- Filaret (Gumilevsky), Archbishop. Chernigovsky. Lives of the Saints Honored Orthodox ChurchOctober St. Petersburg, 1900. Pp. 264.
- Monthly Saints, October, no. 2. Kamenets-Podolsk, 1893. Pp. 183-193.
