Timiryazev Academy history of the estate. Timiryazev Academy: building, interiors, park

Timiryazevskaya Street has changed many names during its existence: Tsarskaya Path (1750–1780), Ivanovskaya Road (XVIII-XIX centuries), New Highway (1861–1865), Academicheskaya (1866–1894), Oak ( 1894–1932) and only in 1932 did the current name appear.

It is believed that the photo in the title of the post was taken in 1881 by Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev himself, after whom the street is named. On the right you can see the house where the scientist lived.

Officially, the street arose in the 1760s, it was called Ivanovskaya road. It was oriented towards the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Kremlin, started from the modern main building of the Timiryazev Academy and reached the modern intersection with Krasnostudenchesky passage and Vuchetich street (Staroe highway). Further along the Old Highway one could get to Moscow. Part of the highway has survived to this day - this is the pavement at the end of Vuchetich Street in the Timiryazevsky Park.

In the 1860s, when in a suburban estate Petrovsko-Razumovskoe Petrovskaya Agricultural and Forestry Academy was created, the street was extended to Bashilovskaya. For this purpose, a road was specially cut through the forest.

The old section of the road was named Akademicheskaya Street, and the section from Bashilovskaya Street to the modern intersection with Vuchetich Street and Krasnostudenchesky Proyezd was called New Petrovsky-Razumovsky highway, colloquially New Highway.

In 1894, oaks were planted on Akademicheskaya Street, and it became known as Oak Street. However, on many city maps and plans, it was called New Highway, Academic Street, and even Ivanovsky Highway.

In 1932, Dubovaya Street was renamed in memory of Timiryazev, and this section became known as Timiryazevskaya Street. With the advent of Soviet power, the street began to be actively rebuilt. Compare the photo above (1915) with the one below (1934-1935).

At the same time, sections of the street in the area of the intersection with Astradamsky passage looked like this back in 1955.

Most of the houses here were built in the late 50's - early 60's. last century.

The new highway was connected to Timiryazevskaya Street only in 1964, and it became exactly the way we know it now.

The street got its name on January 23, 1964 in memory of the Russian naturalist, physiologist - the founder of the Russian and British scientific schools of plant physiologists, Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev (May 22 (June 3), 1843, St. Petersburg - April 28, 1920, Moscow). Previously, at various times, the street was called the New Highway and, so named in contrast to the Old Highway (now -).

Officially, the street arose in the 1760s, it was called Ivanovskaya road. It was oriented towards the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in the Kremlin, started from the modern main building of the Timiryazev Academy and reached the modern intersection with Krasnostudenchesky passage and Vuchetich street (). Further along the Old Highway one could get to Moscow. Part of the highway has survived to this day - this is the pavement at the end of Vuchetich Street in the Timiryazevsky Park.

It is believed that the picture in the title of the post was taken in 1881 by Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev himself, after whom the street is named. On the right you can see the house where the scientist lived.

In the 1860s, when the Petrovskaya Forestry and Agricultural Academy (now the Russian State Agrarian University named after K. A. Timiryazev) was created in the suburban estate of Petrovsko-Razumovskoye, it was extended to Bashilovskaya Street. For this purpose, a road was specially cut through the forest.

The old section of the road was called Akademicheskaya Street (1866–1894), the section from Bashilovskaya Street to the modern intersection with Krasnostudenchesky Proyezd and Vuchetich Street was called New Petrovsky-Razumovsky Highway, colloquially New Highway (1861–1865).

In 1894, oaks were planted on Akademicheskaya Street, and it became known as Oak Street. However, on many city maps and plans, it was called New Highway, Academic Street, and even Ivanovsky Highway.

In 1932, Dubovaya was renamed in memory of the scientist K.A. Timiryazev to Timiryazevskaya street. And only in 1964 she was given a common name. The memory of the old name of Dubovaya Street was preserved in the planting of oaks, and in the fact that with the introduction of numbering in Moscow in 1908, all educational buildings of the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev, located along the street, are now called by old numbers: house number 45 - 6th building, No. 47 - 8th building, No. 49 - 10th building (according to archival materials of the Museum of the History of the Moscow Agricultural Academy). Also not far from the street is a small park "Dubki".

According to other sources, part of the New Highway, passing along the buildings of the Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev, was called Timiryazevskaya Street back in 1932.

In 1863-1865 the main building of the academy was built. Initially, the street was a suburban highway. In the 1880s, dachas appeared on both sides of it. In 1874, a railway line was laid along the highway, along which a small steam locomotive with several wagons ran. In 1917, the highway along its entire length entered the boundaries of Moscow. In 1922, the steam line was replaced by a tram line.

With the advent of Soviet power, the street began to be actively rebuilt. Compare the photo above (1915) with the one below (1934-1935).

Multi-storey construction on the street began in the mid-1950s. At the same time, sections of the street in the area of the intersection with Astradam passage in 1955 looked like this.

Most of the houses here were built in the late 50s - early 60s of the last century.

In the middle of the street, on the western side, the Park of the Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev adjoins it, and on the eastern side - experimental plantings, including greenhouses.

It was the village of Petrovsko-Razumovskoye. The history of this nearby village near Moscow, which later turned out to be within the boundaries of the city, is very interesting and is associated with many prominent people. Its first mention is contained in the cadastral book of 1584, where the wasteland of Semchin is recorded for Prince Alexander Ivanovich Shuisky, “which was previously attributed to the village of Toporkov”, the possession of his brother Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. In the literature, there is sometimes a version that the ancient village of Semchinskoye used to be here, mentioned in the wills of the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars of the XIV-XVI centuries, but the studies of historians have shown that, apart from the similarity of names, there is nothing in common between them, and Semchinskoye itself lay much to the south - in the area of Moscow streets and.

Information about the first known owner of Semchin has been preserved rather meagerly. In documents, his name begins to be mentioned in the last years of the reign of Ivan IV. Under the reign of the son of Grozny, Fyodor, in 1587 a struggle for power began between the parties of Godunov and Shuisky, in which the owner of Semchin took the side of his relatives, but lost and was exiled, according to the chronicler, to distant Buigorod together with his brother Vasily Ivanovich, subsequently king. In 1591, a truce was concluded between political opponents, and he was returned from exile. In 1596, Alexander Ivanovich was granted a boyar, two years later he participated in Godunov's campaign against Serpukhov to repel the alleged invasion of the Crimean Tatars, then he voivodship in Epifan, and in 1601 he died.

It is difficult to say when and how Semchino became his property, but judging by the fact that his brother's possessions are known here, it can be assumed that already in the middle of the 16th century. here was the patrimony of the princes Shuisky.

The next mention of Semchyna is found in the scribe's description of 1623, which says: there is a yard of estates, business people live, a peasant yard, and a bobyl yard, there are 3 people in them.

Ivan Ivanovich Shuisky, nicknamed Buttons, boyar and governor, the younger brother of Tsar Vasily, was the last representative of the famous family. He began his service in 1586 as a rynda under Tsar Fyodor, and ten years later he rose to the rank of boyar. With the accession of his brother, he took an active part in the struggle against the Poles and Tushinians. However, both near Kaluga and near the village of Rakhmanov, where the tsar sent him, he suffers military setbacks. This irritated his pride, which grew stronger against the backdrop of the success of his nephew, the famous governor M.V. Skopin-Shuisky, and, according to contemporaries, he slandered him to the king and even tried to poison him. Subsequently, popular rumor accused another brother of the tsar, Dmitry Ivanovich, of this poisoning, but even a shadow of suspicion was enough for the anger of the people to fall upon Ivan Ivanovich. This, to a certain extent, explains why, after the deposition of Tsar Vasily and the occupation of Moscow by the Poles, he was extradited by Muscovites to Hetman Zolkiewski. The latter sent him among the noble captives to Poland, where he remained in captivity for many years. Shuisky's life there was hard - he did not receive any honors, he worked for himself, went on foot, and sometimes he was "behind the guards at the haiduks." Only after the accession of Mikhail Romanov did he return, among other Moscow captives, to his homeland and, thanks to family ties with the new tsar, he occupied a rather prominent position, ruling in the 30s of the 17th century. Moscow court, and then Detective orders. Having lived to a ripe old age, he died without offspring in 1638, ending the family of the Shuisky princes.

In 1639, the patrimony went to his nephew, Prince Semyon Vasilyevich Prozorovsky. Near the village, he built a boyar court, the area around which became known as the village of Semchin, the village became known as Stary Semchin. According to the 1646 census, in total, he owned 13 peasant and 5 bobyl households, in which 35 people lived.

The new owner was a rather prominent personality in the first half of the 17th century. Starting from 1608, he took part in various campaigns of the Time of Troubles, voivodship in a number of cities, and was actively involved in battles. In August 1632, an army was sent to Smolensk under the command of the boyar M.B. Shein, who laid siege to this fortress. The following year, other governors were sent to help him, including Prozorovsky. But the siege was unsuccessful, the Poles constantly disturbed the rear of the Russians, the death rate in the camp increased sharply, and after long hesitation Shein went to negotiate with the Poles and left with the army for Moscow. Here he was received as a traitor. After interrogation, he was executed. The same fate threatened Prozorovsky, but at the request of the queen he was pardoned. Nevertheless, it was ordered to exile him to Siberia, to send the children to the cities, and to confiscate all possessions. But a month later, in May 1634, the Siberian exile was replaced by an exile under supervision to Nizhny Novgorod, and estates and estates, except for Nizhny Novgorod, were left to him. Semyon Vasilyevich arrived in Nizhny on June 17, 1634, and at the end of September he was allowed to return with his family to Moscow. In the future, he voivodship, manages orders, and in 1646, already under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was granted a boyar. Later, he participated in the work on the Cathedral Code of 1649 - a set of laws, acts in the Smolensk campaign of 1654. In September 1660, he died, having accepted the schema with the name of Sergius, and was buried in Novgorod.

In 1660, the village of Semchino was divided among his heirs, from whom in 1676 it was bought in parts by the boyar Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin, the grandfather of Peter I. In honor of his grandson, he renamed the village into Petrovskoye. In the census books of 1678, it is listed as "Semchino, under the new name of Petrovsky." The village had a camp yard, where the clerk and 4 grooms lived, 5 peasant and 5 bobyl yards with 33 inhabitants. The same books also note the existence of the village of Staroe Semchino: "... and according to the tale of the boyar Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin, his man Mikitka Druganov, business people live in it." The source preserved not only the names, but also the surnames and nicknames of the local residents: Ovchar, Rybak, Rykunov, Shubnyak, Bogdanov, Arseniev, Boldyrev, Mazurin, Nekhaev, Zabelin, Starodubtsev.

During the famous Streltsy rebellion of 1682, Naryshkin's sons died, and he himself, at the request of the archers, was tonsured a monk under the name of Cyprian, exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, where he died in April 1691. In 1682, according to the royal By decree, Petrovsky was given to his wife Anna Leontievna, who in 1683 began the construction of the stone Peter and Paul Church, completed in 1692. The owner donated 10 quarters of the land for the needs of the clergy. The temple, with its elegant and at the same time original architecture, very closely resembled other churches built by the Naryshkins in Trinity-Lykovo and Fili.

The great Russian reformer tsar himself often visited Petrovsky in his younger years. For many years in the manor church the “Apostle”, presented here by Peter, with his own handwritten inscription on the title page, was preserved. According to legend, the king dug out one of the small ponds, which he called Amsterdam, and a group of lindens was planted near the forest lodge.

Anna Leontyevna, a few years before her death in July 1706, took the veil as a nun, and Petrovsky in 1698 went to her son, the boyar and the head of the Ambassadorial Department, Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin. A description of the village of 1704 has been preserved: “... in the village of Petrovsky, a stone church in the name of St. the apostles Peter and Paul, the yard of estates, there are five people in it, and the stables and cattle yards, there are 18 people in them, and to this the village of Semchina, there are 12 peasant yards, there are 37 people in them.

After the death of Lev Kirillovich in January 1705, the village went to his sons Alexander and Ivan, due to their infancy (the youngest, Ivan, born in 1700) was in the hands of guardians. A document of 1709 reports about the village: “… after the census of 704, five households died, there were 14 people in them, for what was taken from that estate as soldiers 4 people, but 10 people died.” The captain of the fleet, Ivan Lvovich, who inherited the village during the division with his brother, died a relatively young man in July 1734, leaving his three-year-old daughter Ekaterina Ivanovna and a huge number of estates with a population of 88 thousand souls, among which Petrovsky was listed.

She spent her childhood in the house of her uncle Alexander Lvovich Naryshkin. After the accession of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, she came to the court, where she became a maid of honor and here very soon attracted the attention of the courtiers, if not by beauty, then by a very significant condition. The Empress herself tried to choose a groom for her relative (Naryshkina was her great-sister), and her choice fell on the younger brother of her favorite, Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky. On June 29, 1746, the betrothal took place (somewhat against her wishes), and four months later, on October 27, in the presence of the court and the empress, a wedding, the day after which she was declared a lady of state. Judging by the description preserved in the Chamber Fourier journal, the wedding was played with extraordinary pomp. Although Ekaterina Ivanovna was a faithful wife, she did not have an exemplary agreement with her husband, especially in the last years of her life. She died, barely reaching the age of forty, in July 1771.

Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky was a curious figure of the 18th century. Called after his brother's elevation to St. Petersburg, the fifteen-year-old Razumovsky, accompanied by his mentor Teplov, was sent abroad to receive an education. He lived in Koenigsberg, Danzig, Berlin, where, among other things, the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler was his teacher, studied in Göttingen, Strasbourg, and visited Italy. In 1745 he returned to St. Petersburg. A handsome man, a rich man, a clever dancer, an idol of maids of honor and aristocratic ladies, Razumovsky became the soul of court balls, masquerades and high-society revels. Later rumor attributed it to him and his friend I.I. Shuvalov, the introduction of everything French into fashion. Soon the young nobleman was appointed president of the Academy of Sciences, and four years later - the Ukrainian hetman. With the beginning of a new reign, everything seemed to remain the same for him. In September 1762, Catherine II stopped in Petrovsky, from where she solemnly entered the capital for her coronation. But after a few years, Razumovsky loses his importance at court and lives in the magnificent palaces of St. Petersburg, Moscow and in his suburban area, which since 1766 has had a double name - Petrovsko-Razumovsky.

Village and countryside according to the sources of the second half of the 18th century. listed under one common name. However, on the dacha plan of the village of Petrovsky, made based on the materials of the surveys of 1766, it is clearly visible that the peasant households were located behind two small ponds, half a verst to the north of the estate, and the estate buildings are limited to the church, the master's house and the horse yard, which has survived to our days. days. The main construction work began in the 1770s, when Kirill Grigoryevich, after the death of his wife, remained the sole owner of the estate. The architect Philip Kokorinov built a huge magnificent house, connected by a stone gallery to the church. Greenhouses, greenhouses, grottoes and rich gazebos were arranged in the garden, stone statues were installed. In order to make a pond, Kirill Grigoryevich, according to legend, ordered 300 serfs from his Little Russian estates, and they dug a pond on the shallow river Zhabna, in the middle of which islands were arranged. There were also a barnyard, a stud farm, and lord services, so that under Razumovsky there were up to 80 stone and wooden buildings on a stone foundation. to the city than to the country. It consists of 40 or 50 houses of various sizes. Some houses are brick, others are wooden - some are painted, others are not. In the summer, for the holidays given by the hospitable owner, all the Moscow nobility gathered here, at whose service there was an open table. Unfortunately, little information has been preserved about the life of the peasants of Petrovsky at that time. Judging by the "Economic Notes" of 1800, in addition to arable farming, they were engaged in carting and such a rare trade as catching birds.

At the end of his life, Kirill Grigorievich moved to the Ukrainian Baturin, where he died, and Petrovsko-Razumovskoye went to his fifth son, Lev Kirillovich. Under him, the estate is experiencing the era of the second heyday.

In 1812, the village, where 102 male souls then lived, was plundered by the French (a cavalry brigade was stationed here). The occupation was accompanied by turbulent events: a householder was killed and one peasant was wounded, two peasants were "absent", one peasant's hut was burned, the temple was desecrated, and the sacristy was looted. The enemy seized most of the peasant property, bread, hay, straw. And after the departure of the French, the peasants themselves rebelled, completing the destruction of the estate. And although Lev Kirillovich very quickly managed to revive his suburban area, her days were already numbered. Razumovsky died in November 1818, and his widow sold the estate to Prince Yu.V. Dolgorukov. In 1828, he concedes the estate, as they said - for 200 thousand rubles in banknotes, to the Moscow pharmacist Pavel Alekseevich von Schultz (according to legend, because of Dolgorukov's loss at cards).

The whole old world of the XVIII century. with its magnificent holidays, performances and fireworks, it is a thing of the past. The new owner cut down part of the park, sold several houses for demolition, rented out the rest of the count's buildings, adapting them to summer cottages, and tried to equip a cloth factory on the farm. The poetess Karolina Pavlova, who visited Petrovsko-Razumovskoye at that time, wrote bitterly about her impressions: “The park was already disfigured, the alleys were destroyed, the century-old linden trees were exterminated” and then passed on the legend that, allegedly, in a deed of gift granted by K.G. . Razumovsky, “it was said that cutting down the trees decorating the dacha is forbidden forever to its owners, and that Petrovsky can pass into other hands only with this indispensable condition. It was not violated: they did not cut down a single tree on the estate: they were calmly sawed.

The manor house, crowned with a dome, on top of which a lightning rod with a gilded figure of Glory was approved, was divided into two halves, one of which was occupied by Schultz himself, and the other, closest to the church, was leased for the summer. Dachas were occupied from year to year by the same summer residents, mainly Moscow merchants - the families of Colli, Achenbach, Leve, Campioni, Dr. Redlich, Taal, Stavasser, Loewenstein, who constituted a special, closed little world. There were about twenty cottages in all. The extensive greenhouses that remained from the previous owners were also maintained, with the exception of the pineapple, turned into housing. Of fruit trees, peach trees were remarkable, and of flowering ones, oleanders, with which the balcony of a large house was usually cleaned. In the middle of the greenhouses was a large hall called the voxal, the walls of which were completely covered with ivy. In winter, this room was often given away for high-society picnics. Life in Petrovsko-Razumovsky during this period flowed calmly and measuredly, partly due to the fact that there was not a single tavern or restaurant nearby. And only once a year, on the temple holiday of Peter's Day, Petrovsky remotely resembled the times of the "golden age" of Catherine II. Music was playing in the garden, filled with walkers, and fireworks were burning on one of the islands across the pond. The holiday was organized with money collected from summer residents.

A new era for the estate began in 1860. In 1857, among the members of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, the idea was put forward to create a higher agricultural educational institution. The idea was approved by the sovereign, and by order of the Minister of State Property, Count M.N. Muravyov, the estate of Petrovsko-Razumovskoye, which was being sold near Moscow, was examined, and in November 1860, after the consent of the tsar, it was bought from Schulz to the treasury for 250 thousand rubles in silver.

For five years, the estate was being prepared for the opening of a higher school - old buildings were rebuilt and new buildings were erected, roads were built, cattle were brought in, and an agricultural museum was set up. At the same time, Petrovsko-Razumovskoye suffered significant losses - the greenhouses, the pride of these places, were the first to suffer. In the very first winter after the transfer of the estate to the treasury, left unattended, they were not heated, and all the plants froze. In January 1861, the Ministry of State Property instructed the architect Nikolai Leontyevich Benois (father of a famous artist) to develop a project for the reconstruction of the estate. The condition of the buildings purchased from Schultz was in need of repair. The description, drawn up when buying the estate, said: “The whole essence of the building is stone, but rather dilapidated and requires significant corrections. The master's house is even fresher than the others: its interior is in fairly good condition, the rooms in it are spacious and lordly. The double-height central hall in the main building was especially good. Initially, the architect intended to adapt the house to the needs of the educational process, but during the design he abandoned this idea. The old house was completely demolished, and in its place was erected the main building of the Academy, solved by the means of architecture of the middle of the 19th century: a strictly symmetrical rectangular volume with three risalits * - a wide central and narrow side ones. The architect's favorite compositional techniques are visible in the planning system. The main components of the composition are a spacious lobby, corresponding to the position of the central risalit of the main facade, and a hall that occupies the volume of the opposite, park risalit. Auditoriums of various sizes are located on both sides of the corridor running along the central longitudinal axis of the building. The staircase connecting both floors is located to the left of the vestibule, outside its volume, there is no splendor in it, it is purely utilitarian. Benois abandoned the traditional solution of the front central staircase, which would have occupied the entire space of the lobby and would not have allowed students to move freely around the building. Creating its interior, he solved it in direct connection with the issues of structures, their reliability and durability. The laying of the house took place on June 23, 1863, and it was finally completed by the summer of 1865. Simultaneously with the construction of the central building, work was carried out on the side wings - a second floor was erected above them. The former greenhouse Razumovsky was converted into an agricultural museum. Several outbuildings were also built. After the transfer of the estate to the treasury, it was necessary to resolve the issue of transferring peasant huts. Local residents were given land behind a large pond, which previously belonged to the village of Nizhnie Likhobory, and at the intersection of modern and streets, a new settlement arose - Petrovsky settlements.

On November 21, 1865, the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy was solemnly opened. Classes began in January 1866. The total cost of organizing the Academy, including the purchase of the estate, amounted to over a million rubles.

The Academy has become one of the most important scientific centers of the country. K.A. taught here. Timiryazev, G. G. Gustavson, A. P. Ludogovsky, I. A. Strebut, M.K. Tursky, A.F. Fortunatov, R.I. Schroeder and other prominent scientists. The Charter of the Academy for its time was extremely democratic. At admission, neither high school graduation certificates nor exams were required: out of more than a thousand students who passed through the Academy in the first seven years of its existence, only 139 had a formal educational qualification. Quite quickly, the Petrovsky Academy stood out among other educational institutions for its democratic traditions and became a hotbed of revolutionary students. At the end of 1869, the famous populist S.G. Nechaev and his comrades, for political reasons, kill a student of the Academy I.I. Ivanov and his corpse are thrown into a pond. Several Academy students were involved in this sensational case. As a result, in 1872, the first charter of the Academy was canceled, and it was transformed into a higher educational institution of the usual type. Nevertheless, the democratic spirit of the Academy was not broken.

This is largely why, in early 1894, the government closed the Academy, worried about the revolutionary mood of the students. It was planned to set up a women's institute or a cavalry military school here, but, in the end, in September of the same year, a reformed Moscow Agricultural Institute for the sons of landowners appeared in Petrovsko-Razumovsky, which very soon adopted the traditions of its predecessor. In July 1905, the first congress of the All-Russian Peasant Union took place in the shed of the local dairy farm. Illegal meetings of workers were organized in the park, combatants practiced shooting. Probably, the increased activity of students became one of the reasons why in 1905 Petrovsko-Razumovskoye and the adjacent territory were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Moscow city police, and thus it actually entered the capital.

In the second half of the XIX century. Petrovsko-Razumovskoye continues to be a summer cottage. The administration of the Academy, and then of the Agricultural Institute, quite widely practiced the lease and sale of land adjacent to the park for the construction of summer cottages. The huge park, where forest plantations were carried out and wide alleys were laid, is becoming a popular recreation spot. In 1886, a line was laid to the Academy, on which a small steam locomotive ran, and later a tram. The Petrovsko-Razumovskoye station was opened on the Nikolaevskaya railway. V.G. lived and visited here at different times. Korolenko, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov and other writers.

Since 1917, Petrovsko-Razumovskoye officially became part of Moscow, and since then its history has been closely connected with the fate of the capital.

Lower Lbkhobory

Another settlement on the territory of the district was Nizhniye Likhobory. Initially, the village of Toporkovo was located here, located near the current one. For the first time in surviving sources, it is mentioned in the boundary charter of 1560 as the property of Prince Ivan Andreevich Shuisky. However, judging by the name, the village arose much earlier and was associated with the Toporkov family, service people of the 15th century. Perhaps it was from them that Toporkovo passed to the Shuisky princes. Thinking so makes the mention in the documents of the XVI century. the local church of Michael the Archangel, which, in honor of his heavenly patron, could be erected by the one who appeared in the Moscow service in the second half of the 15th century. Prince Mikhail Vasilievich Shuisky, grandfather of the first documented owner of the village.

Judging by the scribe's description of 1584, Toporkovo was the patrimony of the eldest son of Prince Ivan Andreevich - Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. True, it is specified that the village "was previously in the patrimony" for Prince Boris Vasilyevich Serebryany-Obolensky. Now it is difficult to say why the family property of the princes Shuisky near Moscow temporarily ended up in the wrong hands. Perhaps this was due to the short-term disgrace of Vasily Shuisky in 1582-1583. at the end of the reign of Ivan IV. By this time, in Toporkovo, a dilapidated wooden church of Michael the Archangel was noted, which stood "without singing."

The life path of Vasily Shuisky, the future king, turned out to be very thorny. The chroniclers spoke of him as an intelligent and pious man, authoritative among the boyars. All this did not suit the tsar's brother-in-law Boris Godunov, who was paving the way for establishing his own power, especially since the Shuiskys took an active part in the conspiracy against him, demanding the divorce of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich from the childless Irina Godunova. In 1587, the exile of Vasily Shuisky and his brother Alexander followed, from which they managed to return only in 1591. Soon after that, he became the head of the commission investigating the mysterious death of Tsarevich Dmitry in Uglich. The main conclusion made by Vasily Shuisky was that the prince died by accident, as a result of an epileptic seizure. As time passed, it is difficult for us to say whether this conclusion corresponded to reality, however, there is no doubt that the fact that Boris Godunov tried to intermarry with the Shuiskys through the female line through Vasily's brother, Dmitry Ivanovich, played a certain role in this.

Obviously, it is precisely with this that the fact that at the end of the 16th century. Toporkovo is listed as the property not of Vasily Shuisky, but of his brother Dmitry. Without bothering to worry about the economic arrangement of his own patrimony near Moscow, the latter preferred to exchange it for a neighboring monastery property. In 1595 D.I. Shuisky signed a letter of exchange, but which he gave the village of Toporkovo with the wastelands of Koptevo and Ignatievskaya to the Moscow Epiphany Monastery in exchange for the village of Velyaminovo (later Vladykino) with the wastelands of Maryina.

The description of 1623 recorded Toporkovo behind the monastery. Then there was only one courtyard in which business people lived. The Time of Troubles dealt a serious blow to the monastic patrimony. In order to populate the devastated lands, the monks had to hand over some of them “for quitrent and building”. The scribe book of 1646 recorded Toporkovo in the possession of Prince Semyon Ivanovich Shakhovsky: “... and that village was set up on the patrimonial land of the Epiphany Monastery ... and that land was given to him, Prince Shakhovsky, from the building up to his stomach.”

Prince Semyon Ivanovich Shakhovskoy was a fairly well-known spiritual writer of the 17th century. At one time he was in the Tushino camp of False Dmitry II, but later atoned for his guilt by participating in many campaigns. In 1620, the Shakhovskys fell into disgrace. Semyon Shakhovskoy was exiled to Tobolsk and returned the same year, but his estates were confiscated. Apparently, after that he took the depopulated village of Toporkovo from the monastery. Shakhovskoy set up his estate here, next to which there was a barnyard, in which his serfs lived, and 2 peasant yards (5 male souls).

The new revival of the village of Toporkov is associated with the name of Patriarch Nikon. He was the son of a Mordovian peasant. Having learned to read and write, Nikita Minov (such was his secular name) served as a village priest for several years, and then, having taken the monastic vows, he received a new name. After a stay in remote monastic “deserts”, Nikon ended up in Moscow, met prominent preachers, was noticed by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1646 and soon became Archbishop of Novgorod, where he showed personal courage in suppressing the outbreak of a rebellion. In 1652, Nikon was elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. An energetic and imperious man, he did not miss an opportunity to increase the patriarchal possessions. In 1652, Toporkovo, located just a verst from Vladykin, was included in this village, which became the property of the patriarch. This year, 25 rubles were allocated from the patriarchal treasury for the construction of houses in Toporkovo. According to the description of 1678, Toporkovo was listed as a suburb of the village of Vladykina. The census book recorded here 6 yards of business people (22 people) and 5 peasant and bobyl yards (16 people). A significant part of them were "Belarusians from different Polish cities, called after the pestilence and settled in business, work any business work from a salary." In 1704, there were 18 peasant households in the village of Toporkovo. This is the last mention of Toporkov, whose name does not appear in later documents. From the beginning of the XVIII century. this name was changed to Likhobory. This was obviously due to the fact that the peasant households were moved to a new place - on the big Dmitrovskaya road.

This migration apparently took place between 1704 and 1711. It is to the last date that the first mention of Likhobor, located on a busy trade route, dates back. According to the revision of 1719, they already had 21 courtyards with 77 male souls.

After the abolition of the patriarchate under Peter I, the peasants of the estates belonging to the patriarch were transferred to the Monastic order, and from 1721 to the Synodal Office. The archive contains interesting data on the duties of the peasants of the village of Vladykina and the village of Likhoborka at that time. They had to plow "domestic arable land" (that is, the master's), from 26 yards to hand over "cow's butter, 600 eggs, osmin with semi-quaternary nuts", pay "the income of the butler, clerks and lifting in 8 rubles 9 altyn 2 money", paid cash dues from wastelands and for a mill near the village of Vladykino, and in total “for quitrents and table supplies” 92 rubles, 6 altyns and 5 money were collected and sent to the treasury. In August 1722, by personal decree of Peter I and the Synod, the entire estate of Vladyka "with dues and all kinds of income" was granted to the Archbishop of Pskov and Narva Feofan Prokopovich. After his death, Likhobory again passed into the Synodal Office, and from 1738 under the jurisdiction of the State College of Economy.

(function(w, d, n, s, t) ( w[n] = w[n] || ; w[n].push(function() ( Ya.Context.AdvManager.render(( blockId: "R-A -143470-6", renderTo: "yandex_rtb_R-A-143470-6", async: true )); )); t = d.getElementsByTagName("script"); s = d.createElement("script"); s .type = "text/javascript"; s.src = "//an.yandex.ru/system/context.js"; s.async = true; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); ))(this , this.document, "yandexContextAsyncCallbacks");

The main administrative building, the rector's office of the RGAU-MSHA them. Timiryazev

In the 16th century there was a wasteland and a small village of Semchino. This area belonged to the boyar Alexander Ivanovich Shuisky. In 1639, she passed to the nephew of Ivan Ivanovich Shuisky, the boyar Semyon Vasilyevich Prozorovsky (d. 1660). In 1676, the Semchino estate was acquired by boyar Kirill Poluektovich Naryshkin (1623-1691). Built in 1692 Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul(dismantled in 1938). According to one version, it was from this church that the new name of the village came - Petrovsky. According to another version, the village owes its name to Tsar Peter the Great, who was the nephew of Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin (1664-1705).

Church of Peter and Paul in Petrovsko-Razumovsky, photo by N.A. Naydenov, 1888

In 1746, the village, as a dowry of Ekaterina Ivanovna Naryshkina (1729-1771), passed into the possession of Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky (1728-1803), brother of Alexei Razumovsky (1709-1771), favorite and secret husband of Empress Elizabeth. Under Kirill Razumovsky, the dispensation of the estate begins. At the same time, the second part of the name of the estate appears - Razumovsky. On the site where Timiryazevskaya Street now runs, according to the project of the architect A.F. Kokorinov, the main manor house was built in the form of a closed square with a vast courtyard. A dam was erected on the Zhabna River (as Zhabenka was then called), thanks to which a cascade of ponds appeared - Bolshiye Sadovye. A regular park in the French style was laid out, terraces were created that have come down to our time. Another attraction of the park has been preserved - the grotto, which used to decorate the pavilion, from where the owner of the estate and guests admired the surroundings. The economic complex consisted of almost 50 buildings.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, Petrovsko-Razumovskoye was occupied by the French cavalry army of Marshal Ney. Napoleon was there too. The French plundered the village, cut down the park, desecrated the temple. Then the estate changed several owners, and in 1829 it was acquired by the Moscow pharmacist P.A. von Schulz.

The village of Petrovskoye and the future Timiryazevsky Park, 1823 according to the survey of 1818, the Military Topographic Depot at the main headquarters of His Imperial Majesty

Petrovsky Academy

In 1861, Petrovsko-Razumovskoye was redeemed to the treasury by "highest order" for 250 thousand rubles, "in order to establish an agronomic institute, a farm and other agricultural institutions." The dilapidated palace of the Razumovsky estate was dismantled, and in its place, according to the project of the architect Nikolai Leontievich Benois (1813-1898), the architect PS Campioni built the main educational building in the Baroque style. It is decorated with a clock tower and unique convex glass from Finland, which have survived to this day. At the same time, office premises of the second half of the 18th century were rebuilt - outbuildings, a greenhouse (which housed the Agricultural Museum), an arena, a farm, etc.

Rectorate of the RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev, view from the side of the regular park, photo from the Internet

December 3, 1865 was opened Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy- the highest agrarian institution of the Russian Empire. Among the first professors of the academy were chemist P.A. Ilyenkov (1821-1877), agricultural practitioner I.A. Strebut (1833-1923), naturalist K.A. 1832-1908), economist A.V. Chayanov (1888-1937), soil scientist V.R. Williams (1863-1939) and others. has not been preserved to date.

In terms of its status, the Petrovsky Academy was higher than the one that existed at that time. Gory-Goretsk Agricultural Institute(now the Belarusian Agricultural Academy). Initially, the Academy was an all-class educational institution open to all classes, where students freely chose subjects; There were no entrance or transfer exams. Academic studies were combined with agricultural practice and experimental work.

In 1869, a murder took place in the grotto of the Academy Park, which shocked the whole country and served as the basis for Dostoevsky's novel "Demons". Student Ivanov was killed by members of the secret revolutionary organization "People's Punishment" (Nechayevtsy) for the sake of its rallying.

On January 1, 1879, regular meteorological observations began at the Meteoobservatory at the Petrovsky Academy, thus marking the beginning of weather observations in Moscow. In 1889, the forest department was abolished, and the academy became known as the agricultural academy. In 1895-1898, Professor S.I. Rostovtsev (1861-1916) founded the botanical garden. At the end of the 19th century, a breeding station appeared, where many varieties of winter wheat, oats, peas, potatoes, etc. were bred.

Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev

In 1917, Petrovsko-Razumovskoye became part of Moscow. In 1923, the Petrovsky Academy was renamed into the Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. In the 1930s, the construction of residential buildings began. In 1991, the Petrovsko-Razumovskaya metro station was opened.

On June 20, 2005, the academy received the name of the Federal State Educational Institution "Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev".

Currently, the Moscow Agricultural Academy has the following faculties:

Agronomic,
Soil science, agrochemistry and ecology,
Horticulture and landscape architecture,
zooengineering,
Economic,
Accounting and financial,
Humanitarian and pedagogical,
Technological,
Part-time, part-time and distance education,
Pre-university training.

Interdisciplinary centers and research and production associations have been created.

Photos of buildings of the Timiryazev Academy

Unfortunately, it is not possible to enter the territory of the estate - it is surrounded by a high fence. Sometimes, if you're lucky, you can find a hole or climb over a fence. We only have to admire the appearance of the Timiryazev Academy from Timiryazevskaya Street.

Department of Forestry of the Moscow Agricultural Academy, Museum "Forest Cabinet", XVIII century

Bust of K.A. Timiryazev, sculptor M.M. Strakhovskaya, architect S.E. Chernyshev, 1924

View of Listvennichnaya Alley, once the main entrance to the Petrovsko-Razumovskoye estate from the side of Dmitrovskaya road

The address of the Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev: 127550 Moscow, st. Timiryazevskaya, 49

My great-grandfather Gavriil Ivanovich Goretsky and my great-grandmother Larisa Iosifovna Parfenovich graduated from the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy. It was thanks to the comprehensive education that the Academy gave that my great-grandfather, an economist by education, was able to become a geologist, an academician. Perhaps this is what saved his life in the terrible years of repression.