Secret signs of pioneers. What was not kept silent about The red star with the image of Lenin was an attribute

You know, everything is known in comparison. When scientists conduct experiments on animals or plants, they always leave a control group that simply lives. In the "socialist experiment" (as we called these 70-year experiments in the school textbook), the control group was the civilized part of the capitalist world. And there, one way or another, in principle, the same changes took place that are considered achievements of socialist society. At a high level, healthcare, including, but not limited to, free education for all, work and unemployment benefits ...

As for tsarist Russia, health care was already in the form of zemstvo doctors, paramedics, as well as private free "charitable establishments" viciously ridiculed by Gogol in The Inspector General. Well then, at what level was science. By the way, such-and-such Nicholas II understood the problem much better than his officials. Its resolution of August 11, 1908 reads: “I draw the Minister of the Interior’s most serious attention to the desolate state of sanitary affairs in Russia. It is necessary at all costs not only to improve it, but also to properly organize it. We must be able to prevent epidemics, and not just fight them. so that the matter of streamlining the sanitary and medical organization in Russia be developed and submitted for legislative consideration without delay.

Free education also did not become an innovation of the CPSU: in 1903, the amount of funds for the maintenance of elementary schools was about 59 million rubles, of which: 30.1 million rubles. accounted for by zemstvos, rural and urban societies; 15.8 million rubles government appropriation; 13 million donations, funds from tuition fees and other sources. (Russia 1913 Statistical and documentary reference book of St. Petersburg 1995; XIV. EDUCATION. EDUCATION. SCIENCE. PRINT; 1. Primary, secondary general and special education). That is, the tuition fee accounted for a very small part.

Even the reform of the Russian language was prepared under Nicholas II, and was first announced by the Provisional Government (which no one listened to). The situation is similar with the transition to metric measures.

These are all common words. Here are the memories again. My grandfather's sister told me that under the tsar, carts periodically drove through the streets of Koisuga and collected all kinds of help for the poor. She also talked about a local merchant who always helped the poor. Unfortunately, I don't remember his name.
Literally today, I covered my desktop with the Batai newspaper “Forward” dated November 19, 2014 and saw an article “The fate of a veteran” there. An article about refugees from Ukraine, but I was interested in its beginning - the history of the family. “Great-great-grandfather Stepan went to the Don, settled in the village of Lysogorka, successfully married the daughter of a miller. His family was numerous - 10 sons! And for each, according to the royal decree, 10 acres of land were supposed to be. Together with the wife's dowry, more than a hundred acres turned out, but there were many workers. Partala lived with the whole big family in Lysogorka, worked and grew rich. By the beginning of the vague revolutionary century, there were already more than a hundred people in the family, a whole collective farm. The productive Don land brought rich fruits, enough for life and for the expansion of the economy. But another twist of fate prevented the Russian "farmers" from living and rejoicing. For hard work and prosperity, Partal was ranked among the kulaks and enemies of the people. It is good that the head of the family divided the land between his sons in time and thus saved them from exile. But separation could not be avoided - the brothers left Lusogorka, some for Rostov-on-Don, some for the Donbass. Only Vladimir's father and his family remained in the family. Further - about how the family survived "two famines": in 1936 and in 1947. Vladimir in 1947 served in the army on the territory of liberated Poland, when he received a letter: the family was almost dying of hunger. He took a leave, with his colleagues collected a bag of food - and went to help. When he arrived, his parents and sisters were already chubby from hunger and could hardly move. From food they had only a piece of "rusty" salty chebak (bream). Father immediately forbade everyone to eat what was brought, so as not to “twist” their bellies and gave them a small piece.

So another big, very big question is when life was better. Sorry for the long post, I couldn't make it shorter.

It was an indispensable attribute of the pioneer form, which meant that the student was accepted as a pioneer. The design of the pioneer badge changed, reflecting the history of the country.

Story

Information about the very first pioneer badge is very scarce; presumably, a pioneer bonfire was depicted on it. In April 1923, the workers of the Avtoprinadlezhnost plant in Zamoskvorechye made 1,000 pioneer badges of a new design for the May 1 holiday at their own expense according to the sketch of the pioneers and Komsomol members. This version of the badges included the image of a pioneer fire against the background of a banner, as well as symbols of the pioneers' devotion to the cause of workers and peasants - a hammer and a sickle with the motto "Be ready!" . The sickle entered the design of badges also because even then the pioneer movement from cities began to spread to villages and villages. Pioneer badges with the third design option, which was developed by the Central Committee of the Komsomol based on the sketch that won the competition, appeared on December 14, 1925. A red five-pointed star appeared on the flagpole of the banner; the flag is held by a pioneer giving a pioneer salute against the backdrop of the Lenin Mausoleum - a symbol of the pioneers' loyalty to the cause of the leader of the revolution: 18.

In 1962, the pioneer organization was awarded the Order of Lenin. Since then, and probably until 1991, Vladimir Lenin in the center and the motto "Always ready", above the star - three flames: 76. One of the latest modifications was the development of the senior pioneer badge, which did not receive mass circulation.

In 1972, in honor of its 50th anniversary, the All-Union Pioneer Organization was awarded the second Order of Lenin. Since then, and probably until 1991, the badge was a red five-pointed star with the image of Vladimir Lenin in the center, the motto "Always ready", framed by two gold stripes, which indicate the awarding of the USSR VPO with two Orders of Lenin, above the star - three flames.

There was also a premium form of the pioneer badge. Pioneer icon "Per active work". Icon has the form pioneer icon, in the lower part of which, in place of the inscription "Always ready" - a relief inscription: " For active work". Such a badge was awarded along with a certificate. They were awarded to pioneers who combined academic success with active social work.

Badges in the last years of the pioneer organization

In the mid-80s, schoolchildren of the pre-Komsomol age were selectively "awarded" with badges by whole classes senior pioneer, which is larger in size. A well-known defect of the pioneer, October and Komsomol badges was the fragile fastening of the pin. At first it loosened, then fell off so that it was no longer possible to attach it. The badge failure cycle typically took less than a year. Therefore, it was a teenage fashion to get soldier's Komsomol badges screwed on a screw through a hole in clothes. That allowed to solve the problem with the purchase of badges once and for all. In particular, the presentation of senior pioneer badges ended up with them massively out of order. It was almost impossible to buy or get them somehow else. With the mass enrollment in the Komsomol, no one remembered how the pioneer was - "ordinary" or "senior". Thus, it was a pre-perestroika, one-time propaganda campaign that happened a couple of years after Brezhnev's death, not thought out to the end and not widely disseminated.

Adjacent to the pioneer and Komsomol badges, badges issued to an asset participating in a particular conference, gathering, etc. For example, it could be an image of Lenin's profile on a black (square) background, etc. It looked as if a schoolboy, why - then he attached another badge in excess of the prescribed one, with which they sometimes fought in schools. And they differed accordingly in that it was possible to wear badges from conferences for an asset, it was impossible to prohibit them. Since they were produced in a limited edition, they were rare, they served as a kind of identification mark for activists, not quite clear to ordinary schoolchildren of that time.

There were other similar local entertainments in some schools, notably the fashion of wearing resistor-type radios, discreetly affixed like a badge on the inside lapel of the school tunic, which was compulsory at the time. In many respects, psychological reasons due to the obligatory wearing of pioneer and Komsomol insignia, tracking which was a common occupation of the teaching staff. In combination with the almost universal acceptance of teenage organizations, the planned obsolescence of badges and the most common model of the pioneer tie (which began to unravel at the edges after 2-3 years of wear), all this reduced the authority of such organizations among schoolchildren. On the whole, the school pioneer fashion of the late USSR developed approximately according to the same principles as in the soldier's collectives before demobilization. In particular, an incision was widespread, making the emblem on the school tunic look like a pocket suitable for storing tram tickets, etc.

In the Soviet Union, there were not only party organizations and official positions in them, but also youth organizations and associations. Some of them are Octobrists and Pioneers. Even yesterday's "first-graders", children of seven, nine years old, became Octoberists. A little older children were accepted into the pioneer movement.

The children perceived the ceremony of acceptance into the Octobrists with great joy, because quite recently they were just “preschoolers”, and now they are standing in front of the whole school at a memorable event! The schoolchildren were given October badges. They became a real source of pride.

The Octobrist badge was the first official insignia; wearing it did not require any special rules to be followed. The rules of the Octobrists said that one must study well, love school and respect elders. And the children, of course, tried to justify such a high trust given to them by adults.

A similar ceremony was held for the pioneers. They were solemnly accepted into the ranks, with the presentation of red pioneer ties and a pioneer badge. The image on the icons, at different times, changed:

• from 1923 to 1927 it was a red banner with a fire depicted on it;
• from 1927 to 1942, the clip was made in the form of a tie clip with a picture of a fire;
• from 1944 to 1962, badges were made in the form of a five-pointed star with a hammer and sickle;
• from 1962 until 1991, the badge was in the form of a red star with the profile of V.I. Lenin and flames behind the star.

All badges also depicted the motto - "Always ready!".

The smallest students of the USSR wore five-pointed october stars with a portrait of Volodya Ulyanov. There was also a badge with the inscription: "Octobers are the grandchildren of Ilyich." Pioneers and Komsomol members wore other badges, with a profile picture of V.I. Lenin. And there are a lot of other badges on which there is a portrait or profile of Vladimir Ilyich or the inscription: “Lenin”, “Named after Lenin”, “Ilyich”, “Named after Ilyich”! According to some reports, about 4 thousand badges with the image of Lenin were produced in the USSR.

Pioneer badge - a symbol of the pioneer organization in the USSR.

Along with the pioneer tie, the pioneer badge was an indispensable attribute of the pioneer uniform, which meant that the student was accepted as a pioneer. The design of the pioneer badge changed, reflecting the history of the country.

Information about the very first pioneer badge is very scarce; presumably, a pioneer bonfire was depicted on it. In April 1923, the workers of the Avtoprinadlezhnost plant in Zamoskvorechye made 1,000 pioneer badges of a new design for the May 1 holiday at their own expense according to the sketch of the pioneers and Komsomol members. This version of the badges included the image of a pioneer fire against the background of the banner, as well as symbols of the pioneers' devotion to the cause of workers and peasants - a hammer and a sickle with the motto "Be ready!" The sickle entered the design of badges also because even then the pioneer movement from cities began to spread to villages and villages. Pioneer badges with the third design option, which was developed by the Central Committee of the Komsomol based on the sketch that won the competition, appeared on December 14, 1925. A red five-pointed star appeared on the flagpole of the banner; the flag is held by a pioneer giving a pioneer salute against the backdrop of the Lenin Mausoleum - a symbol of the pioneers' loyalty to the cause of the leader of the revolution.

From 1927 until probably 1942, instead of the pioneer badge, the pioneers wore a tie clip, which roughly corresponded to the second version of the badge design, dated 1923 - with the pioneer motto "Be ready!" After the First All-Union Pioneer Rally in 1929, the pioneer motto “Always Ready” was depicted on the clip, and subsequently on all badges.

On September 15, 1942, during the Great Patriotic War, the Badge Regulations were approved. Since all the metal went to the needs of the front, the position ordered the pioneers to make badges on their own from improvised red material. The badge was a large red five-pointed star with a pioneer bonfire in its center and the motto "Always Ready".

On September 21, 1944, the hammer and sickle reappeared on the badge, and instead of a fire, three flames above the star. With the introduction of three steps in the pioneer organization, in June 1958, the designation of the step with a Roman numeral appeared on the badge.

In 1962, the pioneer organization was awarded the Order of Lenin. Since then, and probably until 1991, the badge was a red five-pointed star with the image of Vladimir Lenin in the center and the motto "Always ready", above the star - three flames. The steps have been cancelled.

The regulation on the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was adopted in 1958.
At the same time, the Rules were developed on 3 levels of the pioneer, corresponding to the classes and each calculated for 2 years (3-4 school grades, 5-6 and 7-8). A pioneer who mastered certain skills and knowledge was transferred to the next step, about which an appropriate entry was made in his pioneer book.

Rules-requirements for the pioneers of 1958:

FIRST STAGE (for Pioneers III and IV classes)
- Find out why the Soviet people celebrate as great holidays: February 23, March 8, April 22, May 1-2, May 9, November 7-8, December 5.
- Know the Anthem of the Soviet Union and the Anthem of your Republic.
- Know what the Red Banner, pioneer tie, badge and salute of the young pioneer mean.
- Know about the remarkable deeds of the pioneer organization, about the exploits of pioneer heroes.
- Find out about the hero whose name is your squad, your team, school, street, about fellow countrymen.
- Know the song of the young pioneers of the Soviet Union.
- Find out what aids your class needs, and with the link do the necessary thing for educational work.
- Find out what is needed for the pioneer room, detachment corner, and together with the link do the necessary.
- Help the elders in homework: set the table, clean the room, wash the dishes; do one or two things that are useful for the home.
- Plant a tree, plant flowers, take care of them.
- Take care of useful birds, make a feeder or birdhouse for them.
- Know how to distinguish edible mushrooms and berries from poisonous ones.
- Serve yourself: sew on buttons, darn stockings, clean clothes, shoes, wash handkerchiefs, socks, stockings, make the bed.
- Do daily morning exercises, observe the daily routine.
- Know how to run fast, jump well, hit the ball on target. Know how to ski, swim, learn to cross a log across a ditch or stream.
- Know how to line up on the pioneer line, walk to the count, drum and song in the ranks, distinguish between pioneer signals: "attention", "gathering", "alarm".
- Know how to play at least three to five games (moving, board and games for observation and ingenuity).
- Take part in at least two one-day hikes. Know what you need to take with you on a hike, know how to properly pack a backpack; learn to navigate by a compass, light a fire, cook food on it.
- Tell your teammates about the most interesting thing you learned from the books.
- Know how to perform with your comrades two or three pioneer songs, two or three mass dances.

SECOND STAGE (for Pioneers of V-VI classes)
- Know the memorable places associated with the name of V.I. Lenin, with the names of prominent figures of the Communist Party or other historical and revolutionary places in the area where you live.
- Know about the State flag and emblem of the USSR, the flag and emblem of your union republic.
- Learn about the labor affairs of the region, city, the names of the leaders in production.
- Know how the pioneers help the Motherland, and tell your younger comrades about it.
- Know revolutionary songs, know and be able to sing with the Internationale detachment.
- Take care of the school, together with the link, do two or three things the school needs (teaching aids, games, decorations, bind several library books or more).
- Together with the link, make a gift for the Octobrists or the sponsored kindergarten: a working model, toys or something else.
- Together with the link, take part in equipping the game library, playground or sports ground, at school, in the courtyard of the house.
- Make for the house: a mailbox, a dress hanger, a bench, repair a fence, the simplest agricultural implements (optional).
- Make a complete cleaning of the room, mend and darn linen and clothes, help with cooking, clean the yard.
- Grow vegetables, corn, take care of indoor flowers (optional).
- Know how to distinguish a cultivated plant from a weed; take part in the fight against weeds and agricultural pests.
- Take part in the work of the detachment, squads for growing ducks, chickens, geese, turkeys, rabbits or take care of the inhabitants of the school living corner (optional).
- Together with your comrades, take care of trees and shrubs, take part in landscaping streets, yards, roads.
- Know how to distinguish the main for the area where you live, tree species, types of berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs, know the names of wild flowers.
- Know how to run: 60 m (for boys no more than 10.0 seconds, for girls - no more than 11.0 seconds); high jump (for boys not less than 105 cm, for girls - not less than 95 cm); long jump (for boys at least 3 m 10 cm, for girls - at least 2 m 60 cm); climb a rope; swim at least 25 meters in any style, ski at least 2 km, skate at least 500 meters.
- Learn to play one of the sports games: volleyball, basketball, small tennis, handball, football, hockey, checkers, chess.
- Play with the younger guys three to five games for observation and ingenuity.
- Know how to quickly assemble your link along the chain, build it, give a report.
- Take part in three or four trips with an overnight stay. Know how to walk in azimuth, navigate by the sun, moon, stars, local objects, know a few signs of weather prediction. Know how to break the bivouac. Learn Morse code and signal flags.
- Know how to provide first aid for bruises, cuts, burns and frostbite.
- Know and be able to perform with a link or detachment at least three songs of the peoples of the USSR and foreign countries.
- Learn to dance with a team or squad of at least five mass dances.
- Know about the work of one or two of the outstanding artists, get acquainted with some of his paintings, be able to tell what you like about them.
- Listen to several pieces of music together with the link, find out who wrote them.
- Participate in the discussion of fiction and popular science books, be able to give feedback on the book you have read.
- Be able to learn a game, a song, a dance with a group of octobers, tell a fairy tale, take a walk, teach them how to make simple toys (optional).

THIRD STAGE (for Pioneers of VII-VIII classes)
- Know the precepts of the great Lenin youth. Read the speech of V.I. Lenin at the III Congress of the Komsomol.
- Know what a Komsomol member should be, get acquainted with the Charter of the Komsomol.
- Know about the country's major construction projects, examples of the selfless labor of Soviet people.
- Get acquainted with the achievements of industry and agriculture, science and technology of our Motherland.
- Be able to tell the younger pioneers, Octoberists about the holidays of the October Revolution, May 1, as well as the Day of Soviet Youth, the birthday of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin.
- Know and be able to sing several Komsomol songs with the detachment.
- Know how to tell your teammates or juniors about the news in the life of our country and abroad.
- Prepare one or more junior students to join the pioneers.
- Together with the link and the detachment, take "participation in the repair of the school, school furniture, radio, electrification of the school, village or town. Make three or four useful things for the classroom, school workshop, agricultural plot or sports ground: a teaching aid, a tool, an agricultural or sports equipment (optional).
- Make with your comrades for the pioneer room a banner stand, a bookshelf, a homemade epidiascope, an exhibition stand or another (of your choice).
- Know how to find and fix faults in electric heaters.
- Learn the engine and, if possible, learn how to drive any machine: a tractor, a motorcycle, a car, etc.
- Know how to take pictures, use a projection lamp, a movie camera, an epidiascope (optional).
- Together with the detachment, participate in the laying of gardens, berry fields, take patronage over the trees and shrubs of your street. Fight green plant pests.
- Together with your squad, help adults in harvesting, at a construction site or in other types of social work.
- Pass the norms for the BGTO badge, participate in sports competitions of the team, school.
- Know how to referee one of the sports games, hold a competition in a link, squad, athletics, sports games (optional).
- Learn to ride a bike, learn to row, sail (optional).
- Know how to spend morning exercises with Octobrists or junior pioneers.
- Take part in at least three to five campaigns, lasting at least three to five days. Be able to navigate on the map, determine the distance to the object, its height by eye. Learn to overcome obstacles encountered on the way: cross a river or a wide ditch, climb a mountain, go down a steep slope.
- Know how to provide first aid for snake and insect bites, sun and heat stroke, fainting, fractures; be able to stop the bleeding, help a drowning man, make artificial respiration.
- Learn to use the catalog of books, be able to have a conversation with the younger pioneers about the book you have read, organize a literary game, a quiz (optional).
- Collect and write down folk proverbs, sayings, ditties, folk songs, fairy tales.
- Know about the life of several prominent artists, composers, writers, get acquainted with some of their works; tell your friends about them.
- Know the art monuments of the area or city where you live; visit the local museum and find out what is exhibited in it, tell your comrades about it.
- Strive for the title of Pioneer Instructor.

Now pioneer badges have already become history, but the older generation is well acquainted with both this item itself and its history and traditions. The icon has been refined and modified over time. Losing him was considered a terrible and unforgivable thing.

The appearance of the first pioneer badges

The first pioneer badges appeared in 1923. On them was the inscription "Be ready!". It was with it that the pioneers were equipped in those days. In its original form, a flame, a fire, a sickle, a hammer and, of course, the unchanging motto of the pioneers were depicted. However, in this form, the symbol lasted only five years, then it began to be modified.

The next step was that pioneer badges began to be produced in the form of clips that were attached to a tie. Has undergone changes and the motto. Now it sounded like "Always ready!". In this form, the badge existed until the start of World War II, when their production was discontinued. The pioneers themselves made their symbol from improvised available materials.

Post-war changes to the pioneer badge

By the end of the war, the production of pioneer paraphernalia was resumed again. Pioneer badges have undergone changes again. The place of the fire in the center was occupied by a sickle and a hammer, and three tongues of flame were reddened above the star. Also, now the badges were divided into three degrees depending on the age group.

The final modifications affected the symbolism in 1962. It was during this period that in the central part of the pioneer badge one could see the profile of the leader V.I. Lenin, and under it was placed the motto "Always ready!" Invariably, three tongues of fire fluttered in the upper part of the star. According to user reviews, it was the latest design that people liked the most.

In addition to the well-known form, pioneer badges were also award-winning. They were distinguished from the usual ones by the fact that instead they flaunted the inscription "For active work."

Pioneer badge before the end of the existence of the pioneer organization

By the mid-80s, another kind of pioneer badges appeared - for senior pioneers. From simple they differed only in large size. However, along with this, a significant defect appeared in this attribute: a very unreliable fastening. The pin broke and failed every now and then, and it was not possible to replace or purchase a new badge. As a result, these "accessories" were not doomed to widespread distribution and soon ceased to exist.

The icons, as they were, were not practical and inconvenient for everyday use. There were significant flaws in their design. No one was going to deal with this issue, so the authority of pioneer symbols among schoolchildren was significantly reduced.

Historical Significance of Pioneer Badges

To date, the history of the pioneer badge has been around for almost a century. Now no one uses this attribute, but at one time, without it, the life of a schoolboy turned into a real test. A child who was not accepted as a pioneer and did not have pioneer attributes was considered almost inferior. They didn’t want to communicate with him, he always got everything last, and ridicule and mockery were heard from his peers all the time. If the pioneer badge was lost, then this was considered the greatest shame.

Although the traditions associated with the pioneer badge are not entirely fair, and sometimes even go beyond the bounds of democracy, they instilled in the younger generation discipline and deep respect for their symbols, their country. It was not just a distinctive schoolboy badge, it was an honorary title of a pioneer, which everyone strove to wear with pride and honor and in no way tarnish or discredit.