Inflectional suffixes. Suffixes of nouns Writing consonants before suffixes -at-, -chat

He called the noun "bread of the tongue". Indeed, without the use of this part of speech it is impossible to construct sentences. Objects, things, events and states, people and animals, feelings and emotions - we convey all this in speech using nouns.

When writing the words of this part of speech, you should follow the rules. The greatest difficulties are caused by endings and suffixes. How to write noun suffixes correctly will be discussed in the article.

Suffixes with the same spelling

The correct spelling of many morphemes of the Russian language obeys the morphological principle, that is, they are written in the same way in all words and word forms. There are also suffixes for nouns. They just need to be learned.

These are such suffixes as ISN, OT, IN, OST, OTN, OVN and some others. Cheap, expensive, white; kindness, redness, simplicity; silence, depth; brevity, youth, pride; running, tight; chatter and so on. Such suffixes are mainly characteristic of words formed from adjectives and verbs.

It is recommended to memorize the spelling of words formed from verbs using the suffixes IV and EB, for example "fuel", "mesIVo", "varEVo", "lace" and others. No rule can be applied to them, they must be remembered or checked in a dictionary.

Suffixes IK and EK

The noun suffixes IK and EK serve to form a diminutive form and sound the same when pronounced. You need to write them in accordance with a very simple rule. If, when the word is declined, the vowel "runs away" - then this is the suffix EK, and if it is preserved - then this is the suffix IK. A classic example that schoolchildren love and easily remember is a lock and key. We bow the words and see:

• lock - lock (vowel "ran away");
• keyIK - key (vowel remained in place).

Applying this rule, you must first correctly find the suffix in the word. For example, in the word "ball" - the root is BALL and the suffix IK familiar to us, in the word "pilot" is the knee of YEARS and the suffix CHIK, and in the word "boy" there is no suffix at all, but there is only a root and a zero ending. It is important to remember: there are no nouns with the suffix CHEK in Russian!

• Conclusion. To select IK or EK, you need to see if the vowel drops out in the form of oblique cases.

Suffixes EC and IC

The spelling of the noun suffixes EC and IC is similar to the previous paragraph of the rule. Here, too, in declension, the vowel drops out of the EC morpheme, but is retained in the IC morpheme. But there is one more nuance. EC is written in masculine words: well done, handsome, foreigner. Accordingly, IC will belong only to feminine words: beauty, blizzard, sloth.

Everything seems to be simple here. But what about the words of the middle gender, attentive readers will ask? They also do not drop a vowel when declension. And here another principle works, and you need to pay attention to the stress. If the stress falls on the ending, we write EC: palETSO, letter. If the stem of the word is stressed, we write the suffix IC: dress, name, jam.

• Conclusion. The suffixes EC and IC depend on the gender of the word. We ate the word of the middle gender - we look at the stress.

Suffixes ICHK and ECHK

The suffixes of nouns ICHK and ECHK are also found in affectionate and diminutive names of both animate and inanimate objects. It is very easy to distinguish from. ICHK is written in those words that are formed from forms with the suffix ITs: ladder - ladder, sister - sister, mill - miller. ECK is used in all other words, including affectionately diminutive forms of proper names: baby - baby, cat - cat, Olya - Olechka.

• Note. The use of the names Tanichka, Manichka and other similar ones is found in works of fiction, but is not standardized.

It should also be borne in mind that in Russian there is no suffix YAChK.

• Conclusion. The spelling of the suffixes ECHK and ICHK depends on the presence of the suffix IC in the stem of the word from which this noun is derived.

Suffixes ONK and ENK

The spelling of noun suffixes with the endearing meaning of ONK and ENK is rarely difficult, because they are usually clearly audible when pronounced. But still, let's generalize: ONK should be written after a hard consonant, ENK - after a soft or hissing. A scythe is a braid, a birch is a birch, but the daughter is a daughter, the night is a night, Julia is a Yulenka. Exceptions can be considered diminutive versions of the words "mom" and "dad": only mommy and daddy are allowed, despite the fact that the stem of these words ends in solid consonants. It is also necessary to remember the spelling of words that do not obey the rule, "zaINKa", "PAINKa", "baINKi". They are written in a special way and are dictionary.

• Conclusion. The suffixes ONK and ENK depend on the softness/hardness of the preceding consonant.

IN-K and EN-K combinations and INK and ENK suffixes

The suffixes of nouns are also interesting because it can be difficult to correctly distinguish them. The words have the same meaning but are formed with different suffixes. For example, the words "pea" and "snowflake" denote a diminutive form of an object, but the former is formed from the word "snow" using the INK morpheme, and the gross one is derived from the word pea-in-a by adding the suffix K.

• The combination IN-K is written in words formed from feminine nouns with the suffix IN: ballerIN-Ka - from ballerIN, busIN-Ka - from busIN.
• The combination EN-K is found in words formed from nouns ending in -НЯ: cherry-Ka - from cherry, cherry-Ka - from cherry, and so on.

The suffixes of the nouns INK and ENK are difficult to explain with any clear rule. ENK is found in words denoting females: a beggar, a nun, a Frenchwoman and others. Accordingly, in words that do not have such a meaning, the suffix INK is written: GorlINka, smesINka, ZadorINka. If the suffix in question is in an unstressed position, it is best to consult a dictionary.

• Conclusion. The spelling of suffixes and combinations ENK (EN-K) and INK (IN-K) depends on the morphemic composition of the word or is regulated by the dictionary.

The letters O-E in the suffixes of nouns in the position after hissing sound the same, which is why it is this spelling that causes the most difficulties, and it is with it that the most errors are associated. Actually the rule is very simple.

In the suffixes of nouns OK-EK, ONK-ENK, ONOK-ENOK and similar, O is written under stress, E is written without stress. Examples of stress positions: river, mezhvezhONOK, circle. Unstressed suffixes: daughter, river and others.

As you can see, O-E after nouns hissing in suffixes is very easy to distinguish!

But there is one caveat (after all, the Russian language does not recognize rules without exceptions). This rule does not apply to words formed from verbs. In them, regardless of the place of stress, you should always write E (most often such suffixes are in the stressed position, which is misleading). Overnight - we write E, because from the verb "to spend the night", condensed - we write E, because from the verb "thick", stew - is explained similarly.

• Conclusion. The suffixes of nouns after sibilants depend on the place of stress (with the exception of verbal words).

Suffixes CHIK and SHIK

Noun suffixes cause difficulty in writing not only vowels, but also consonants. A vivid example is the hissing nouns CHIK and SHIK in suffixes, which often sound the same in oral speech. Most often, these suffixes form words with the meaning of a profession or occupation: "roofer", "scout", "stacker", etc. How to distinguish them?

The CHIK suffix is ​​written only after the letters D, T, Z, S, F: getter, clerk, defector. The SHIK morpheme is written after all the other sounds: Bricklayer, recruiter, etc.

It is noteworthy that the soft sign is never written before the suffix CHIK, and before the SHCHIK it is preserved only in one case - after L: sawer, roofer, layout designer.

• Conclusion. The choice of the suffix CHIK or SHIK depends on the preceding consonant sound.

Н and НН in noun suffixes

Double vowels are found in words of any part of speech, including nouns. How to determine how many H to write in the suffixes of this part of speech?

• One H is written if the noun is formed without adding the suffix H from a word whose stem ended in one H: youth - from young, gingerbread - from spicy, and so on.
• Two Нs are written at the junction of morphemes, that is, if the noun is formed from a word with a stem on Н by adding another Н: izmennnik - from izmena with the addition of NICK, tseNNik - from prina with the addition of NICK.
• NN is also written if the noun is formed from an adjective or participle that already had a double H in its composition. Confidence - from confident, restraint - restrained.
• Conclusion. The spelling of one or two H in a noun depends on the morphemic composition of the word, as well as on the number of H in the word from which it is formed.

Summing up

The suffix method is the main way of word formation of nouns. This probably explains the richness and variety of suffixes in this part of speech. Here are such common morphemes as OST, EK, ONK, but there are also rare or obsolete suffixes, for example, YAD in the word "mokryad", ЫШ in the word "foundling" or UN in the word "runner".

The difficulty is that all suffixes that form nouns require the application of a special rule, as well as knowledge of the morphemic composition of the word and the method of word formation. Therefore, when studying the spelling of nouns, you will have to refer to dictionaries very often.

Suffixes that serve to form non-syntactic forms of a word;

are usually found in the forms of the verb and degrees of comparison of adjectives. It is usually considered that they can be represented by a closed list:

1) suf. past temp. -l-: blur hat- ;

2) suf. -and- in the form of verbs. command. inc.: image- ;

3) suf. participle real and past. time of action and suffer. pledge: -usch-/-yusch-; -asch-/box-; -vsh-/-sh-; -em-/-om-/-im-; -nn-, -enn-, -t-;

4) suf. dep. perfect/incomplete type: -a- / z-; -in-, -lice-, -shi-;

5) suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives: -ee-, -e-, -she-. When forming possessive adjectives, difficulties arise in qualifying suffixes: bear - bearish, man - human (-s - suf.), but hanging (-s - ending). Similarly, when changing the noun. in the genus pad. pl. numbers: pigeons (-s - ending), families (-s - suf.).

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