Social science as a science social sciences. What sciences study society and man

Society (as well as a person) can be studied from different positions, and therefore a number of scientific disciplines are allocated to the category of "social sciences", "social sciences". Society is an object of study for philosophy, history, anthropology, ethnology, sociology, political science, cultural studies, jurisprudence and economics, which, from the standpoint of general scientific and special methods characteristic of them, are engaged in the study of certain of its aspects that form the subject of study of these scientific disciplines.

Philosophy. Philosophy studies society from the point of view of its essence: structure, ideological foundations, the ratio of spiritual and material factors in it. Since it is society that generates, develops and transmits meanings, the philosophy that explores meanings pays central attention to society and its problems. Any philosophical research necessarily touches on the topic of society, since human thought always unfolds in a social context that predetermines its structure.

The philosophical approach to society depends on the positions taken by this or that philosopher: in accordance with these positions, the definition of society, its typology, and methods of studying it change.

Philosophy provides the deepest knowledge about society, connected with the comprehension of its nature, patterns, foundations. These content aspects of society as phenomena are called "philosophical aspects of social science".

Story. History examines the progressive development of societies, giving a description of the phases of their development, structure, structure, features and characteristics. Different schools of historical knowledge emphasize different aspects of history. The focus of the classical historical school is religion, culture, worldview, the social and political structure of society, a description of the periods of its development and the most important events and actors in social history.

Anthropology. Anthropology - literally, "the science of man" - as a rule, explores archaic societies in which it seeks to find the key to understanding more advanced cultures.

The anthropological method of studying society consists in a thorough study of myths, legends, rituals, everyday behavior, habits, gestures and even prejudices of its members, as well as the most ancient social institutions.

In a broad sense, "anthropology" can be called any field of study that takes the person as such as the main object of study.

Ethnology. Closely adjacent to anthropology is ethnology, which examines the structure, history and development of ethnic groups. Here, the main object of study is not only "primitive societies", but also other social forms created by ethnic groups at different stages of development.
Ethnology describes value systems, origins, phases of historical formation, linguistic identity, economic structure and systems of religious and mythological beliefs of ethnic groups.

Sociology. Sociology is a discipline whose main object is society itself, studied as a holistic phenomenon.
Society in sociology is considered to be the instance where the type of rationality, the idea of ​​a person, and the worldview are formed.

In a broad sense, sociology seeks to study society as an independent object and merges in many ways with philosophy.

Political science. Political science studies society in its political dimension, exploring the development and change of power systems and institutions of society, the transformation of the political system of states, the change of political ideologies.

Culturology. Cultural studies considers society as a cultural phenomenon. In this perspective, social content manifests itself through the culture generated and developed by society. Society in cultural studies is the subject of culture and at the same time the field in which cultural creativity unfolds and in which cultural phenomena are interpreted. Culture, understood in a broad sense, embraces the totality of social values ​​that create a collective portrait of the identity of each particular society.

Jurisprudence. Jurisprudence mainly considers social relations in the legal aspect, which they acquire, being fixed in legislative acts. Legal systems and institutions reflect the prevailing trends in social development, combine the worldview, political, historical, cultural and value orientations of society. The study of legal norms and laws, as a rule, enshrined in documentary regulations, helps to better understand the structures of societies. It is legal documents that are often preserved from ancient societies, which led to the creation of a widespread practice of historical reconstruction of social systems and institutions on the basis of preserved legal and legislative acts.

Economy. Economics studies the economic structure of various societies, explores the impact of economic activity on social institutions, structures and relationships.

social science generalizes the approaches of all social disciplines. The discipline "Social Science" contains elements of all the above scientific disciplines that help to understand and correctly interpret the main social meanings, processes and institutions. Philosophy, history, political science, cultural studies, jurisprudence, economics, and ethnology participate in Social Science as a discipline. All of them consider society from different points of view, and the totality

Social science is a science that studies society and the processes taking place in it. In its arsenal, social science has many tools related to different branches of knowledge. Everything related to interaction in society, trends in the development of the human team, is the object of study of this academic discipline.

The place of social science in the system of sciences

“Social science is a science that studies society” - this is precisely the definition that was formed in the philistine consciousness, and it is partly true, but still does not fully reflect the essence of this scientific discipline. To understand what this branch of knowledge is, first let's talk about the sciences in general. So, science as a term denotes a system of studying the surrounding world.

Branches of knowledge in terms of the object under study can be divided into several groups:

1. Fundamental. Science, which is a help and tool, the basis for all the rest. This group includes not only directly the sciences, such as mathematics, but also those of their branches that are the base - for example, nuclear chemistry.
2. Technical. Disciplines that study the technosphere, as well as auxiliary ones for this. This group includes architecture, cybernetics, computer science, systems engineering, mechanics, and so on.
3. Humanities. The sciences that study human activity in certain areas. Literary criticism, art criticism, psychology.
4. Applied. Those of the disciplines that can have direct practical application in human life.
5. Public. The layer of sciences that are engaged in the study of social processes. This group includes sciences that study a person - social science, sociology, as well as disciplines that study the activities of a community of people: history, political science, economics, jurisprudence.

Related sciences

So, having studied the classification of sciences in general, we have come to the question of which sciences study social science. To begin with, it should be noted that the humanities, which are often identified with the public, are not necessarily such. Thus, they explore the creativity or activities of individuals without their direct connection with society.

The group of social sciences is focused specifically on human activity in the context of its interaction with other people. The following are the sciences that study social science. The table contains a list of disciplines and a description of the objects of study.

Thus, having studied the table, one can understand which sciences study social science. In addition to the above, some experts also include psychology, anthropology, philosophy and pedagogy in this group.

Stopping at each aspect of human activity and analyzing the overall picture, we can conclude that this scientific discipline is fundamental and necessary.

Economics as a science adjacent to social science

Describing the sciences that help to study social science, the first thing to do is to dwell on the discipline, which is of great practical importance, and in the modern world is one of the fundamental ones. This is the economy. How it collaborates with other social sciences, we will consider further.

As already mentioned, social science is a science that studies society. A fundamental component of the life of society is economic activity, without which it would simply not be necessary to think about other types of activities. Production, distribution, exchange - all these stages imply both a directly economic component and a human factor. And it is at the junction of these two interrelated components of relationships in society that the need arises for their comprehensive study. In such cases, we are talking about the emergence of economics in the arsenal of social sciences, and the discipline acts as a research tool.

Sociology is a central element of social science

Sociology occupies almost a central place in the totality of the sciences of the human collective. The discipline examines in detail the structure of society, the characteristics of relationships between people, the trends of society.

Combining the qualities of fundamental and applied science, sociology, on the one hand, studies social phenomena, and on the other hand, can predict them and thus influence them.

The scientific discipline has several complex dilemmas associated with the heterogeneity of scientists' approaches to certain issues. So, for example, the attitude of scientists from different schools of sociology to the question of the initial environment of society is not the same: whether it is initially conflicting or favorable. It is in addressing this issue that other social disciplines help. Social science is a science that studies the possibility of applying applied knowledge from one branch of knowledge to another.

Culturology

From the time when the first people began to unite in tribes and live in a community, they began to engage in the first creativity. Surprisingly, the rock art found today in some places on the planet can say a lot about the people of that time. Visual arts, oral folk art, vocals - all this was developed even thousands of years ago.

What is it - the spiritual heritage of mankind, what does it carry in itself and what can it give to the generations that will come after - this is what cultural studies studies.

Social science is a science that studies society with all its facets, and in Western systematics, cultural studies is not an independent discipline, but only a section of social science. In the domestic classification, it is customary to single out this science as an independent one, with its own subject and method of study.

Political science in the system of social sciences

Political science is a science about the relationship between power and a person, about the functioning of a state institution, about a person's place in this structure. Since the formation of the first administrative apparatus, the need for this discipline has become clear. Its connection with social science is obvious: the state exists only where society exists, and at the same time there is no civilized society in which there would be no state.

Story

The most important role in the system of sciences that study society is assigned to such a discipline as history. Covering thousands of years, leading the biography of all previous generations, it is able to provide answers to many questions of our time. How individual civilizations developed, what was the apogee of their evolution and why they fell - all this gives modern man the opportunity to avoid the same mistakes in the future.

History shows how at one time or another the person and the state, the state and the state interacted with each other.

Social science as an academic discipline uses various tools and methods to study society. Being combined with other social sciences, this branch of knowledge allows a person to become one step closer to understanding the secrets of society.

Society is such a complex object that science alone cannot study it. Only by combining the efforts of many sciences, it is possible to fully and consistently describe and study the most complex formation that exists in this world, human society. The totality of all sciences that study society as a whole is called social science. These include philosophy, history, sociology, economics, political science, psychology and social psychology, anthropology and cultural studies. These are fundamental sciences, consisting of many subdisciplines, sections, directions, scientific schools.

Social science, having arisen later than many other sciences, incorporates their concepts and specific results, statistics, tabular data, graphs and conceptual schemes, theoretical categories.

The whole set of sciences related to social science is divided into two varieties - social and humanitarian.

If the social sciences are the sciences of human behavior, then the humanities are the sciences of the spirit. In other words, the subject of the social sciences is society, the subject of the humanities is culture. The main subject of the social sciences is study of human behavior.

Sociology, psychology, social psychology, economics, political science, as well as anthropology and ethnography (the science of peoples) belong to social sciences . They have a lot in common, they are closely related and form a kind of scientific union. A group of other related disciplines adjoins it: philosophy, history, art history, cultural studies, and literary criticism. They are referred to humanitarian knowledge.

Since representatives of neighboring sciences constantly communicate and enrich each other with new knowledge, the boundaries between social philosophy, social psychology, economics, sociology and anthropology can be considered very arbitrary. At their intersection, interdisciplinary sciences constantly arise, for example, social anthropology appeared at the intersection of sociology and anthropology, and economic psychology at the intersection of economics and psychology. In addition, there are such integrative disciplines as legal anthropology, sociology of law, economic sociology, cultural anthropology, psychological and economic anthropology, and historical sociology.

Let's get acquainted more thoroughly with the specifics of the leading social sciences:

Economy- a science that studies the principles of organizing the economic activity of people, the relations of production, exchange, distribution and consumption that are formed in every society, formulates the foundations for the rational behavior of the producer and consumer of goods. Economics also studies the behavior of large masses of people in a market situation. In small and large - in public and private life - people cannot take a step without affecting economic relations. When negotiating a job, buying goods on the market, calculating our income and expenses, demanding payment of wages, and even going to visit, we - directly or indirectly - take into account the principles of economy.

Sociology- a science that studies the relationships that arise between groups and communities of people, the nature of the structure of society, the problems of social inequality and the principles of resolving social conflicts.

Political science- a science that studies the phenomenon of power, the specifics of social management, relations that arise in the process of implementing state-power activities.

Psychology- the science of the patterns, mechanism and facts of the mental life of humans and animals. The main theme of the psychological thought of antiquity and the Middle Ages is the problem of the soul. Psychologists study persistent and repetitive behavior in individuals. The focus is on the problems of perception, memory, thinking, learning and development of the human personality. There are many branches of knowledge in modern psychology, including psychophysiology, zoopsychology and comparative psychology, social psychology, child psychology and educational psychology, developmental psychology, labor psychology, psychology of creativity, medical psychology, etc.

Anthropology - the science of the origin and evolution of man, the formation of human races, and the normal variations in the physical constitution of man. She studies primitive tribes that have survived today from primitive times in the lost corners of the planet: their customs, traditions, culture, manners of behavior.

Social Psychology studies small group(family, group of friends, sports team). Social psychology is a borderline discipline. She was formed at the intersection of sociology and psychology, taking on those tasks that her parents were unable to solve. It turned out that a large society does not directly affect the individual, but through an intermediary - small groups. This world of friends, acquaintances and relatives, closest to a person, plays an exceptional role in our life. In general, we live in small, not in big worlds - in a specific house, in a specific family, in a specific company, etc. The small world sometimes affects us even more than the big one. That is why science appeared, which came to grips with it very seriously.

Story- one of the most important sciences in the system of social and humanitarian knowledge. The object of its study is man, his activities throughout the existence of human civilization. The word "history" is of Greek origin and means "research", "search". Some scholars believed that the object of study of history is the past. The well-known French historian M. Blok categorically objected to this. "The very idea that the past as such is capable of being the object of science is absurd."

The emergence of historical science dates back to the times of ancient civilizations. The "father of history" is considered to be the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who compiled a work devoted to the Greco-Persian wars. However, this is hardly fair, since Herodotus used not so much historical data as legends, legends and myths. And his work cannot be considered completely reliable. Thucydides, Polybius, Arrian, Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Ammianus Marcellinus have much more reason to be considered the fathers of history. These ancient historians used documents, their own observations, and eyewitness accounts to describe events. All ancient peoples considered themselves historiographers and revered history as a teacher of life. Polybius wrote: “The lessons learned from history most truly lead to enlightenment and prepare for engaging in public affairs, the story of the trials of other people is the most intelligible or only mentor that teaches us to courageously endure the vicissitudes of fate.”

And although, over time, people began to doubt that history could teach future generations not to repeat the mistakes of previous ones, the importance of studying history was not disputed. The most famous Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky in his reflections on history wrote: “History does not teach anything, but only punishes for ignorance of the lessons.”

Culturology primarily interested in the world of art - painting, architecture, sculpture, dance, forms of entertainment and mass spectacles, educational institutions and science. The subjects of cultural creativity are a) individuals, b) small groups, c) large groups. In this sense, culturology covers all types of people's associations, but only to the extent that it concerns the creation of cultural values.

Demography studies the population - the whole set of people that make up human society. Demography is primarily interested in how they reproduce, how long they live, why and in what quantity they die, where large masses of people move. She looks at man partly as a natural, partly as a social being. All living beings are born, die and reproduce. These processes are influenced primarily by biological laws. For example, science has proven that a person cannot live more than 110-115 years. Such is its biological resource. However, the vast majority of people live up to 60-70 years. But this is today, and two hundred years ago, the average life expectancy did not exceed 30-40 years. In poor and underdeveloped countries, even today people live less than in rich and very developed ones. In humans, life expectancy is determined both by biological, hereditary characteristics, and by social conditions (life, work, rest, nutrition).

3.7 . Social and humanitarian knowledge

social cognition is the knowledge of society. Cognition of society is a very complex process for a number of reasons.

1. Society is the most complex of the objects of knowledge. In social life, all events and phenomena are so complex and diverse, so different from each other and so intricately intertwined that it is very difficult to detect certain patterns in it.

2. In social cognition, not only material (as in natural science), but also ideal, spiritual relations are explored. These relations are much more complex, diverse and contradictory than the connections in nature.

3. In social cognition, society acts both as an object and as a subject of cognition: people create their own history, and they also cognize it.

Speaking about the specifics of social cognition, extremes should be avoided. On the one hand, it is impossible to explain the reasons for the historical backwardness of Russia with the help of Einstein's theory of relativity. On the other hand, one cannot assert that all those methods by which nature is studied are unsuitable for social science.

The primary and elementary method of cognition is observation. But it differs from the observation that is used in natural science when observing the stars. In social science, knowledge concerns animate objects endowed with consciousness. And if, for example, the stars, even after observing them for many years, remain completely unperturbed in relation to the observer and his intentions, then in social life everything is different. As a rule, a back reaction is detected on the part of the object under study, something makes observation impossible from the very beginning, or interrupts it somewhere in the middle, or introduces into it such interference that significantly distorts the results of the study. Therefore, non-participant observation in social science gives insufficiently reliable results. Another method is needed, which is called included observation. It is carried out not from the outside, not from the outside in relation to the object under study (social group), but from within it.

For all its importance and necessity, observation in social science demonstrates the same fundamental shortcomings as in other sciences. Observing, we cannot change the object in the direction of interest to us, regulate the conditions and course of the process under study, reproduce it as many times as is required for the completion of the observation. Significant shortcomings of observation are largely overcome in experiment.

The experiment is active, transformative. In the experiment, we interfere with the natural course of events. According to V.A. Stoff, an experiment can be defined as a type of activity undertaken for the purpose of scientific knowledge, the discovery of objective patterns and consisting in influencing the object (process) under study by means of special tools and devices. Thanks to the experiment, it is possible to: 1) isolate the object under study from the influence of secondary, insignificant and obscuring its essence phenomena and study it in a “pure” form; 2) repeatedly reproduce the course of the process in strictly fixed, controllable and accountable conditions; 3) systematically change, vary, combine various conditions in order to obtain the desired result.

social experiment has a number of significant features.

1. The social experiment has a concrete historical character. Experiments in the field of physics, chemistry, biology can be repeated in different epochs, in different countries, because the laws of the development of nature do not depend either on the form and type of production relations, or on national and historical characteristics. Social experiments aimed at transforming the economy, the national-state system, the system of upbringing and education, etc., can give in different historical epochs, in different countries, not only different, but also directly opposite results.

2. The object of a social experiment has a much lesser degree of isolation from similar objects remaining outside the experiment and all the influences of a given society as a whole. Here, such reliable insulating devices as vacuum pumps, protective screens, etc., used in the course of a physical experiment, are impossible. And this means that the social experiment cannot be carried out with a sufficient degree of approximation to "pure conditions".

3. A social experiment imposes increased requirements for observing “safety precautions” in the process of its implementation compared to natural science experiments, where even experiments performed by trial and error are acceptable. A social experiment at any point in its course constantly has a direct impact on the well-being, well-being, physical and mental health of people involved in the "experimental" group. Underestimation of any detail, any failure in the course of the experiment can have a detrimental effect on people, and no good intentions of its organizers can justify this.

4. A social experiment may not be carried out in order to obtain directly theoretical knowledge. To put experiments (experiments) on people is inhumane in the name of any theory. A social experiment is a stating, confirming experiment.

One of the theoretical methods of cognition is historical method research, that is, a method that reveals significant historical facts and stages of development, which ultimately allows you to create a theory of the object, reveal the logic and patterns of its development.

Another method is modeling. Modeling is understood as such a method of scientific knowledge, in which research is carried out not on the object of interest to us (original), but on its substitute (analogue), similar to it in certain respects. As in other branches of scientific knowledge, modeling in social science is used when the subject itself is not available for direct study (say, it does not yet exist at all, for example, in predictive studies), or this direct study requires enormous costs, or it is impossible due to ethical reasons. considerations.

In his goal-setting activity, which makes history, man has always sought to comprehend the future. Interest in the future in the modern era has become especially aggravated in connection with the formation of the information and computer society, in connection with those global problems that call into question the very existence of mankind. foresight came out on top.

scientific foresight is such knowledge about the unknown, which is based on already known knowledge about the essence of the phenomena and processes that interest us and about the trends of their further development. Scientific foresight does not claim to be absolutely accurate and complete knowledge of the future, to its obligatory reliability: even carefully verified and balanced forecasts are justified only with a certain degree of certainty.

Spiritual life of society

Social sciencies – a form of spiritual activity of people, directions for the production of knowledge about society.

Since society is a complex and multifaceted concept, each of the social sciences considers a defining area of ​​social life. The most general knowledge about society as a whole is called upon to provide such sciences as philosophy and sociology.

Job Sample

A1. Choose the correct answer. What science is superfluous in the list of sciences that have as their direct subject the problem of man?

1) philosophical anthropology

2) economy

3) sociology

4) social

5) psychology

Answer: 2.

Topic 7. Social and humanitarian knowledge

The question of the uniqueness of social knowledge is a subject of discussion in the history of philosophical thought.

Social and humanitarian knowledge are interpenetrating. There is no society without man. But a person cannot exist without society.

Features of humanitarian knowledge: understanding; appeal to texts letters and public speeches, diaries and policy statements, works of art and critical reviews, etc.; the impossibility of reducing knowledge to unambiguous, all recognized definitions.

Humanitarian knowledge is designed to influence a person, spiritualize, transform his moral, ideological, worldview guidelines, and contribute to the development of his human qualities.

Social and humanitarian knowledge is the result of social cognition.

social cognition – the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society.

The cognition of society, the processes taking place in it, along with the features common to all cognitive activity, also has significant differences from the cognition of nature.

Features of social cognition

1. The subject and object of knowledge are the same. Public life is permeated with the consciousness and will of a person, it is, in essence, subject-object, represents a subjective reality as a whole. It turns out that the subject here cognizes the subject (knowledge turns out to be self-knowledge).

2. The resulting social knowledge is always associated with the interests of individuals-subjects of knowledge. Social cognition directly affects the interests of people.

3. Social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation, this is valuable knowledge. Natural science is instrumental through and through, while social science is the service of truth as a value, as truth; natural science - "truths of the mind", social science - "truths of the heart".

4. The complexity of the object of knowledge - society, which has a variety of different structures and is in constant development. Therefore, the establishment of social patterns is difficult, and open social laws are of a probabilistic nature. Unlike natural science, predictions are impossible (or very limited) in social science.

5. Since social life is changing very quickly, in the process of social cognition, we can talk about establishing only relative truths.

6. The possibility of using such a method of scientific knowledge as an experiment is limited. The most common method of social research is scientific abstraction; the role of thinking is exceptionally great in social cognition.

To describe and understand social phenomena allows the correct approach to them. This means that social cognition should be based on the following principles.

– consider social reality in development;

- to study social phenomena in their diverse connections, in interdependence;

- to identify the general (historical patterns) and the special in social phenomena.

Any knowledge of society by a person begins with the perception of the real facts of economic, social, political, spiritual life - the basis of knowledge about society, people's activities.

Science distinguishes the following types of social facts.

For a fact to become scientific, it must be interpret(lat. interpretatio - interpretation, clarification). First of all, the fact is subsumed under some scientific concept. Further, all the essential facts that make up the event, as well as the situation (environment) in which it occurred, are studied, the diverse connections of the studied fact with other facts are traced.

Thus, the interpretation of a social fact is a complex multi-stage procedure for its interpretation, generalization, and explanation. Only an interpreted fact is a truly scientific fact. The fact presented only in the description of its features is just the raw material for scientific conclusions.

The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its grade, which depends on the following factors:

– properties of the studied object (event, fact);

- correlation of the object under study with others, one ordinal, or ideal;

- cognitive tasks set by the researcher;

- the personal position of the researcher (or just a person);

- the interests of the social group to which the researcher belongs.

Job Samples

Read the text and do the tasks C1‑C4.

“The specificity of the cognition of social phenomena, the specificity of social science is determined by many factors. And, perhaps, the main among them is society itself (man) as an object of knowledge. Strictly speaking, this is not an object (in the natural-scientific sense of the word). The fact is that social life is permeated through and through with the consciousness and will of a person, it is, in essence, subject-object, representing, on the whole, subjective reality. It turns out that the subject here cognizes the subject (knowledge turns out to be self-knowledge). Natural-scientific methods, however, cannot be done. Natural science embraces and can master the world only in an objective way (as an object-thing). It really deals with situations where the object and the subject are, as it were, on opposite sides of the barricades and therefore are so distinguishable. Natural science turns the subject into an object. But what does it mean to turn a subject (a person, after all, in the final analysis) into an object? This means killing the most important thing in him - his soul, making him some kind of lifeless scheme, a lifeless structure.<…>The subject cannot become an object without ceasing to be itself. The subject can only be known in a subjective way - through understanding (and not an abstract general explanation), feeling, survival, empathy, as if from the inside (and not detachedly, from the outside, as in the case of an object).<…>

Specific in social science is not only the object (subject-object), but also the subject. Everywhere, in any science, passions boil, without passions, emotions and feelings there is not and cannot be a human search for truth. But in social science their intensity is perhaps the highest ”(Grechko P.K. Social science: for applicants to universities. Part I. Society. History. Civilization. M., 1997. P. 80–81.).

C1. Based on the text, indicate the main factor that determines the specifics of the knowledge of social phenomena. What, according to the author, are the features of this factor?

Answer: The main factor that determines the specifics of the cognition of social phenomena is its object - society itself. Features of the object of cognition are associated with the uniqueness of society, which is permeated with the consciousness and will of man, which makes it a subjective reality: the subject cognizes the subject, i.e., cognition turns out to be self-knowledge.

Answer: According to the author, the difference between social science and natural science lies in the difference between the objects of knowledge, its methods. So, in social science, the object and subject of cognition coincide, but in natural science they are either divorced or differ significantly, natural science is a monological form of knowledge: the intellect contemplates a thing and speaks about it, social science is a dialogic form of knowledge: the subject as such cannot be perceived and studied as a thing, for as a subject it cannot, while remaining a subject, become mute; in social science, cognition is carried out, as it were, from within, in natural science - from the outside, detached, with the help of abstract general explanations.

C3. Why does the author believe that in social science the intensity of passions, emotions and feelings is the highest? Give your explanation and give, based on the knowledge of the social science course and the facts of social life, three examples of the “emotionality” of the knowledge of social phenomena.

Answer: The author believes that in social science the intensity of passions, emotions and feelings is the highest, since there is always a personal relationship of the subject to the object, a vital interest in what is known. As examples of the "emotionality" of the knowledge of social phenomena can be given: supporters of the republic, studying the forms of the state, will seek confirmation of the advantages of the republican system over the monarchical one; monarchists will pay special attention to proving the shortcomings of the republican form of government and the merits of the monarchical; The world-historical process has been considered in our country for a long time from the point of view of the class approach, etc.

C4. The specificity of social cognition, as the author notes, is characterized by a number of features, two of which are disclosed in the text. Based on the knowledge of the social science course, indicate any three features of social cognition that are not reflected in the fragment.

Answer: As examples of the features of social cognition, the following can be given: the object of cognition, which is society, is complex in its structure and is in constant development, which makes it difficult to establish social patterns, and open social laws are of a probabilistic nature; in social cognition, the possibility of using such a method of scientific research as an experiment is limited; in social cognition, the role of thinking, its principles and methods is exceptionally great (for example, scientific abstraction); since social life changes rather quickly, then in the process of social cognition one can speak of the establishment of only relative truths, etc.

Plan.

1 . "Social Studies" at school.

2 . The concept of society and its main features.

3 . The main areas of public life:

a) The economic sphere of society;

b) The political sphere of society;

c) the spiritual sphere of society;

d) Social sphere of society.

4 . The relationship of the main spheres of society.

"Social science" - can be decomposed into two components "society" and "knowledge".

“What do you think the lesson will be about?” (The subject is what the study of science aims at).

Social science society and knowledge of knowledge about society subject society and the activities of people in it.

-“How, with what help do they study society?” (In a conversation, we highlight the main methods of study).

-"What sciences study society?" (During the conversation, we single out the main sciences that study society).

Exercise: Consider what is the subject of study of the social sciences, as well as what methods of study of this subject are used by science. Record in the form of a table.

The science

Problems of research, the subject of science.

1. Economy

It studies the way of producing goods and providing services, the behavior of people in market relations, the distribution of created goods, etc.

2.Sociology

Studies large and small groups of people, their behavior, lifestyle in society.

3. Psychology

It studies the inner world of a person, the motives of his behavior.

4. Political science

He studies the features of power, political movements, parties.

5. Jurisprudence

He studies the legal rules of behavior of people and their associations, suggesting models of lawful behavior, helping to prevent conflicts, protecting people, punishing violators of the law.

6. Philosophy

He studies the system of ideas, views on the world, the place of man in it.

7. Cultural studies

Explores the world of art: painting, architecture, education, science, etc.

2. Everyone knows the word "society", but what does it mean?!

- “Try to define this concept on your own and give specific examples in which this word is used”

Scientists have identified more than a hundred definitions, but we will write down and remember three.

Model of the concept of "society"

In any sense, society is understood as a system undergoing constant evolution and change.

what was the society of primitive hunters and gatherers?; what characterized the life of people in the era of slavery?; What is the difference between human activity and animal activity?

Exercise: determine whether the following associations of people can be attributed to such an understanding of society:

Public movement "For the future of Russia!";

6th grade of high school;

City of Moscow with a population of about 9 million people;

State of Japan;

Ancient Babylon.

Quite often, in the minds of children, the concepts of state, country and society are associated with the same features and seem to be synonymous. In order to show their difference, it is necessary to highlight their characteristic features.

Exercise: Using the text of the textbook §1, fill in the table.

Character traits

State

Independence in internal and external political life; its laws, tax system; political organization of the country; own control system; their army, court, law enforcement agencies.

Part of the world, territories; own border, geographic location; has state sovereignty.

Society

social organization of the country.

3. Having fixed the essence of society in the understanding of children, it is necessary to explain the main areas of his life.

The allocation of spheres of society is based on the functions that any society needs to perform in order to maintain its existence.

one). Adaptation to the external environment (adaptation to nature and its transformation), creation of material wealth - economic sphere.

2). Achieving goals through management and political leadership - political sphere.

3). Integration of the system through taking into account the interests of various communities, associations - social sphere.

four). Preservation of certain values ​​and norms - spiritual realm.

problem question:

- “Can any of the public spheres of our life exist autonomously?”.

All spheres of public life are closely interconnected. A change in one of them, as a rule, entails a change in the other.

Making a general conclusion on the topic (what is social science; concepts of society, its signs; spheres of public life, their relationship), and then throughout the lesson.