What did the ancient clock look like? The history of watch creation in brief
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Prepared by Elena Vladimirovna Guzenko THE HISTORY OF THE CLOCK
COCKER Who woke people up in the morning? Yes, the clock is sitting on the fence. Cockerel-cockerel golden scallop That you get up early Children do not let sleep. - How will the cockerel of people? Ku-ka-re-ku! Wake up good people, it's time to go to work. - Is it possible to determine the exact time by the cockerel? - And what happens if a cockerel falls off the perch at night and screams at the top of its lungs? - And if the fox is carried away by the cockerel, who will wake people up? And people decided to come up with other watches.
They could show time both day and night. They say about such watches: >. A vessel with a hole at the bottom. There are dashes on the wall that show the time. Water flows out of the vessel, time was running out. Such watches worked from water, which means they were called water? And will there always be water running in such hours? As soon as all the water runs out, you need to pour a new one, i.e. start a water clock. And people decided to come up with other watches. WATER CLOCK
FIRE WATCHES The first fire, or candle, watches are thin candles about a meter long with a scale printed along the entire length. They showed the time relatively accurately, and at night they also illuminated the dwellings of church and secular dignitaries, including such rulers. Metal pins were sometimes attached to the sides of the candle, which, as the wax burned out and melted, fell, and their impact on the metal cup of the candlestick was a kind of audible time signal. Such clocks never belonged to devices that could be compared in accuracy with sun or water clocks.
Such watches worked from the sun, which means they were called what? And they came up with such a clock in ancient Rome. The sun rose - everyone woke up, set to work. Overhead, it turned out - it's time for dinner. And hid behind the blue sea, behind the high mountains, it's time to go to rest. And then one day a man noticed that the shadow of a tree falls in the morning in one direction, and in the evening in the other. He dug a pillar into the ground, drew a circle around it, divided it into parts. The sun rose, and the shadow of the pillar moved in a circle. T such hours were called - Solar. SUNDIAL
THE HOURGLASS The hourglass arrived in Europe so late, it spread quickly. This was facilitated by their simplicity, reliability, low price and, last but not least, the ability to measure time with their help at any time of the day or night. Their disadvantage was a relatively short time interval, which could be measured without turning the device over. Ordinary clocks were designed for half an hour or an hour, less often - for 3 hours, and only in very rare cases they built a huge hourglass for 12 hours. The combination of several hourglasses into one did not give any improvement.
TOWER CLOCK The world's first tower clock was installed in London on the tower of Westminster Abbey as early as 1288. The cost of maintaining the tower clock has always been huge - you need to constantly lubricate them, bring the hands, but, in fact, they "provided" the whole city with time. But in Russia, the first tower clock appeared on the tower of the Moscow Kremlin only in 1865.
WALL CLOCK The wall clock appeared in the 15th century. As a rule, they were made of wood, but other materials could also be used. The peculiarity of wall clocks was that they had very long pendulums, so they had to hang the clock high on the wall. Many people still have them, only slightly modified and often with the main function - as an element of a room interior.
GRANDFATHER CLOCK The grandfather clock appeared in the 17th century. They combined wall and tower clocks, since their body was made in the form of a tall cabinet, which thickened upwards - there was a dial, and the entire mechanism and, most importantly, the pendulum were covered with walls. In the 18-19 centuries, grandfather clocks began to be made from expensive types of wood, decorated with carved patterns.
WRISTWATCHES Wristwatches appeared quite recently - about 100 years ago, naturally in Switzerland. At first, wrist watches were only for women and were decorated with precious stones, men preferred to wear watches on a chain. But because of the not very comfortable wearing of watches on a chain, men soon began to wear them on their hands.
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The history of watches goes back thousands of years.
The very first clock on earth was solar. They were ingeniously simple: a pole stuck into the ground. A time scale is drawn around it. The shadow of the pole, moving along it, showed what time it was. Later, such clocks were made of wood or stone and installed on the walls of public buildings. Then came the portable sundial, which was made of precious wood, ivory or bronze. There were even watches that can be conditionally called pocket watches; they were found during excavations of an ancient Roman city. This sundial, made of silver-plated copper, was shaped like a ham with lines drawn on it. The spire - the clock hand - served as a pig's tail. The hours were small. They could easily fit in a pocket. But the inhabitants of the ancient city have not yet invented pockets. So they wore such watches on a cord, chain or attached to canes made of expensive wood.
The sundial had one significant drawback: it could only "walk" on the street, and even then on the sunlit side. This, of course, was extremely inconvenient. That's probably why the water clock was invented. Drop by drop, water flowed from one vessel to another, and by how much water flowed out, it was determined how much time had passed. For many hundreds of years, such watches - they were called clepsydras - served people. In China, for example, they were used 4.5 thousand years ago. By the way, the first alarm clock on earth was also a water one - both an alarm clock and a school bell at the same time. Its inventor is considered the ancient Greek philosopher Plato, who lived 400 years before our era. This device, invented by Plato to call his students to classes, consisted of two vessels. Water was poured into the upper one, from where it gradually flowed into the lower one, displacing air from there. Air through the tube rushed to the flute, and it began to sound. Moreover, the alarm clock was regulated depending on the time of year. Clepsydras were very common in the ancient world.
Sundial. Hourglass.
A thousand years ago, Caliph Harun al-Rashid ruled in Baghdad, the hero of many tales of the Thousand and One Nights. True, in fairy tales he is depicted as a kind and fair sovereign, but in fact he was treacherous, cruel and vindictive. The caliph maintained trade and diplomatic relations with the rulers of many countries, including the Frankish king Charlemagne. In 807, Harun al-Rashid gave him a gift worthy of a caliph - a water clock made of gilded bronze. The hand could show time from 1 hour to 12. When it approached the figure, a ringing sound was heard, which was produced by balls falling on a bronze sheet.
At the same time, figurines of knights appeared, passed in front of the audience and retired.
In addition to water clocks, sand and fire clocks (most often alarm clocks) were also known. In the East, the latter were sticks or cords made from a slowly burning compound.
They were placed on special stands and over the segment of the stick where the fire was supposed to come at a certain time, metal balls were hung low on a thread. The flame approached the thread, it burned out, and the balls fell with a clang into the copper cup. In Europe, for these purposes, they used a candle with divisions printed on it. A pin with a weight attached to it was stuck into the required division. When the candle burned down to this division, the weight fell on a metal tray or simply on the floor.
It is unlikely that there will be a person who will name the first inventor of mechanical watches. Such clocks are first mentioned in ancient Byzantine books (late 6th century). Some historians attribute the invention of purely mechanical clocks to Pacificus of Verona (early 9th century), others to the monk Herbert, who later became pope. He made a tower clock for the city of Magdeburg in 996. In Russia, the first tower clock was installed in 1404 in the Moscow Kremlin by monk Lazar Serbin. They were an intricacies of gears, ropes, shafts and levers, and a heavy weight chained the watch to its place. Such structures have been built over the years. Not only the masters, but also the watch owners tried to keep secret the secrets of the mechanism design.
The first personal mechanical watch was driven by a horse, and a groom monitored their serviceability. Only with the invention of the elastic spring did watches become comfortable and trouble-free. The first pocket watch spring was a pig's bristle. It was used by the Nuremberg watchmaker and inventor Peter Henlein at the beginning of the 15th century.
And at the end of the 16th century, a new discovery was made. The young scientist Galileo Galilei, observing the movement of various lamps in the Pisa Cathedral during the service, found that neither the weight nor the shape of the lamps, but only the length of the chains on which they are suspended, determines the periods of their oscillations from the wind breaking through the windows. He owns the idea of creating clocks with a pendulum.
The Dutchman Christian Huygens knew nothing about Galileo's discovery and repeated it 20 years later. But he also invented a new rate uniformity regulator, which significantly increased the accuracy of the watch.
Many inventors tried to improve watches, and at the end of the 19th century they became an ordinary and necessary thing.
In the 30s of the XX century, quartz watches were created, which had deviations of the daily rate of about 0.0001 seconds. In the 70s, atomic clocks appeared with an error of 10" 13 seconds.
Nowadays, many different watches have been created. The most common are wrist.
Modern clock.
Their dial is becoming more and more like the instrument panel of an airplane, or at least a car. In addition to the time of day, watches often show the month, date, and day of the week. Thanks to the waterproof watch, scuba divers will know the depth of the dive, as well as when the air supply in the cylinders runs out. Sometimes another indication is displayed on the dial - the pulse rate. There are solar-powered radio-controlled clocks. They allow a time deviation of 1 second from astronomical for 150 thousand years, automatically switch to seasonal and standard time. A wrist watch with a built-in TV set, a thermometer watch that measures air or water temperature, and a dictionary watch with 1,700 words have been created.
Modern alarm clocks have become more complex, more perfect. French mechanics, for example, designed such that at a given time they begin not only to ring, but also ... to dance: two wide legs, on which the mechanism is installed, rhythmically hit the table; can dance both tap and twist. There is an alarm clock for those who snore in their sleep. It looks like an ordinary soap dish, only it contains not soap, but a microphone, an amplifier and a vibrator. The device is placed under the mattress, and as soon as a person snores more than five times, the alarm clock starts shaking so that the sleeping person will definitely roll over from his back to his side - and the snoring will stop. There is an alarm clock for couch potatoes. At the appointed time, he pumps air into the chamber placed under the mattress, which swells up and ... throws the sleeper out of bed. In a word, inventive thought does not sleep...
The history of watches may have deeper roots than is generally believed today, when attempts to invent watches are associated with the birth of civilization in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, which led to the emergence of its constant companions - religion and bureaucracy. This led to the need for people to organize their time more efficiently, thanks to which the first clocks appeared on the banks of the Nile. But, probably, the history of clocks dates back to when primitive people somehow tried to mark the time, for example, by determining the clock for a successful hunt. And some still claim to be able to determine the time of day by watching flowers. Their daily opening indicates certain hours of the day, so the dandelion opens around 4:00 am, and the moonflower only at nightfall. But the main tools, before the invention of the first clock, with which a person estimated the passage of time, were the sun, moon and stars.
All clocks, regardless of their type, must have a regular or repetitive process (action) with which to mark equal intervals of time. The first examples of such processes that satisfied the necessary requirements were both natural phenomena, such as the movement of the sun across the sky, and artificial actions, such as the uniform burning of a lit candle or the pouring of sand from one tank to another. In addition, the clock must be able to keep track of time changes and thus be able to display the result. Therefore, the history of watches is the history of the search for more and more consistent actions or processes that regulate the pace of the clock.
The history of the sundial
One of the first who tried to formalize the division of their day into time intervals resembling hours were the ancient Egyptians. In 3500 BC, the first similarity of clocks appeared in Egypt - obelisks. They were slender, tapering at the top, four-sided structures, the falling shadow from which allowed the Egyptians to divide the day into two parts, clearly indicating noon. Such obelisks are considered to be the first sundial. They also showed the longest and shortest days of the year, and a little later, markings appeared around the obelisks, which made it possible to mark not only the time before and after noon, but also other intervals of the day.
Further development of the design of the first sundial led to the invention of a more portable version. The first such clock appeared around 1500 BC. This device divided the solar day into 10 parts, plus two so-called "twilight" periods of time, in the morning and evening hours. The peculiarity of such hours was that they had to be rearranged at noon from the east direction to the opposite west direction.
The first sundial underwent further changes and improvements, becoming more and more complex designs, up to the use of a hemispherical dial in watches. So the famous Roman architect and mechanic, Mark Vitruvius Pollio, who lived in the first century BC, described the history of the appearance and construction of 13 different types of solar clocks, the first used in Greece, Asia Minor and Italy.
The history of sundial continued until the late Middle Ages, when window clocks became widespread, and in China the first sundial equipped with a compass began to appear for their correct installation relative to the cardinal points. Today, the history of the appearance of watches using the movement of the sun is forever immortalized in one of the Egyptian obelisks that has survived to this day, a true witness to the history of watches. It has a height of 34 meters and is located in Rome, in one of its squares.
Clepsydra and others
The first hours, independent of the position of celestial bodies, were called by the Greeks clepsydra, from the Greek words: klepto - to hide and hydor - water. Such a water clock was based on the process of gradual outflow of water from a narrow hole, and the elapsed time was determined by its level. The first clock appeared approximately in 1500 BC, which is confirmed by one of the examples of water clocks found in the tomb of Amenhotep I. Later, around 325 BC, such devices began to be used by the Greeks.
The first water clocks were ceramic vessels with a small hole near the bottom, from which water could drip at a constant rate, slowly filling another marked vessel. When the water gradually reached different levels, time intervals were noted. Water clocks had an undeniable advantage over their solar counterparts, since they could also be used at night and such clocks did not depend on climatic conditions.
The history of the water clock has another version, used in some parts of North Africa up to the present day. This clock is a metal bowl with a bottom hole, which is placed in a container filled with water, and begins to sink slowly and evenly, thereby measuring the time intervals until complete flooding. And although the first water clocks were rather primitive devices, their further development and improvement led to interesting results. So there was a water clock capable of opening and closing doors, showing small figures of people or moving pointers around the dial. Other clocks made bells and gongs ring.
The history of clocks has not preserved the names of the creators of the first water clocks, only Ctesibius of Alexandria is mentioned, who, 150 years BC. e. tried to apply in clepsydra mechanical principles based on the developments of Aristotle.
Hourglass
The well-known hourglass also works on the principle of a water clock. When such first watches appeared, history is not known for certain. It is only clear that not before people learned how to make glass - a necessary element for their production. There is an assumption that the history of the hourglass began in the Senate of ancient Rome, where they were used during speeches, marking the same length of time for all speakers.
Liutprand, an 8th-century monk in Chartres, France, is credited with being the first inventor of the hourglass, although, as can be seen, earlier evidence for the clock's history is not taken into account in this case. Such watches reached wide distribution in Europe only by the 15th century, as evidenced by written references to the hourglass found in the journals of ships of that time. The first mention of hourglasses speaks of the great popularity of their use on ships, since the movement of the ship could not affect the operation of the hourglass in any way.
The use of granular materials such as sand in watches greatly increased their accuracy and reliability compared to clepsydras (water clocks), aided, among other things, by the hourglass's resistance to temperature changes. Condensation did not form in them, as happened in water clocks. Hours of sand history was not limited to the Middle Ages.
As the demand for “time tracking” increased, the inexpensive to manufacture and therefore very affordable hourglasses continued to be used in various applications and have survived to this day. It is true that today hourglasses are made more for decorative purposes than for measuring time.
Mechanical watches
The Greek astronomer Andronicus oversaw the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the first century BC. This octagonal structure combined a sundial and a mechanical device, which consisted of a mechanized clepsydra (water clock) and wind indicators, hence the name of the tower. All this complex structure, in addition to time indicators, was able to display the seasons of the year and astrological dates. The Romans, around this time, also used mechanized water clocks, but the complexity of such combined devices, the forerunner of mechanical clocks, did not give them any advantage over the simpler clocks of the time.
As mentioned earlier, attempts to connect a water clock (clepsydra) with some kind of mechanism were successfully carried out in China in the period from 200 to 1300, resulting in a mechanized astronomical (astrological) clock. One of the most complex clock towers was built by the Chinese Su Sen in 1088. But all these inventions could not be called mechanical watches, but rather a symbiosis of a water or sundial with a mechanism. Nevertheless, all the developments and inventions made earlier led to the creation of mechanical watches, which we still use today.
The history of fully mechanical watches begins in the 10th century (according to other sources, earlier). In Europe, the use of a mechanical mechanism for measuring time begins in the 13th century. The first such watches functioned mainly with the help of a system of weights and counterweights. As a rule, clocks did not have hands familiar to us (or had only an hour), but produced sound signals caused by striking a bell or gong every hour or less. Thus, the first mechanical clock signaled the beginning of some event, such as a worship service.
The earliest inventors of clocks certainly had some scientific bent, many of them famous astronomers. But watch history also mentions jewelers, locksmiths, blacksmiths, carpenters and joiners who contributed to the production and improvement of watches. Among the hundreds, if not thousands, of people who contributed to the development of mechanical clocks, three were prominent: Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist who was the first (1656) to use a pendulum to regulate the movement of clocks; Robert Hooke, an Englishman who invented the clock anchor in the 1670s; Peter Henlein, a simple locksmith from Germany, who at the turn of the 15th century developed and used a crucible, which made it possible to make watches of small sizes (the invention was called "Nuremberg eggs"). In addition, Huygens and Hooke are credited with inventing coil springs and the balance wheel for watches.
Once upon a time, a calendar was enough for people to keep track of time. But crafts appeared, and consequently, there was a need for an invention that would measure the duration of time intervals less than one day. This invention was the watch. Today we will tell about their evolution.
When there were no clocks...
The history of watches has much deeper roots than is commonly believed today. Experts say that the first people who began to keep track of time were primitive people who somehow could determine when hunting or fishing would be most successful. Perhaps they were watching flowers. It is believed that their daily opening indicates a certain time of day. So, the dandelion opens around 4:00, and the moon flower - only after dark. But the main instruments by which a person could determine the time before the appearance of the clock were the sun, stars, water, fire and sand. Such "clocks" are usually called the simplest.
One of the first who began to use the simplest clocks were the ancient Egyptians.
In 3500 BC in Egypt, a semblance of a sundial appeared - obelisks - slender, four-sided structures tapering upwards. The shadow they cast allowed the Egyptians to divide the day into two 12-hour parts, so people could know exactly when it was noon. A little later, markings appeared on the obelisks, which made it possible to determine not only the time before and after noon, but also other intervals of the day.
Technology gradually developed, and in 1500 BC. more convenient sundials were invented. They divided the day into 10 parts, as well as into two "twilight" periods of time. The inconvenience of such an invention was that it had to be rearranged daily at noon from east to west.
The first sundial changed more and more every year, and already in the 1st century. BC. The famous Roman architect and mechanic Marcus Vitruvius Pollio described 13 different types of sundials that were used throughout Egypt, Greece, Asia Minor, Italy, Rome and India. By the way, today in Piazza del Popolo, located in Rome, everyone can admire the Egyptian obelisk, which has survived to this day, having a height of 36 m.
In addition to the sundial, there were also water, sand and fire clocks. The water clock was a cylindrical vessel from which water flowed drop by drop. It was believed that the less water remained, the more time had passed. Such clocks were used in Egypt, Babylon and Rome. In Asian countries, Roman and Arabic numerals were applied to the container, which meant day and night, respectively. To find out the time, this hemispherical vessel was placed in the pool, water got into it through a small hole. An increase in the liquid level raised the float, due to which the time indicator began to move.
Everyone is also familiar with the hourglass, with the help of which time was determined even before our era. In the Middle Ages, their development was improved, they became more accurate due to the use of high-quality sand in them - a fine powder of black marble, as well as sand from lead and zinc dust.
Once upon a time, time was also determined with the help of fire. Fire clocks were of three types: candle, wick and lamp. In China, a special variety was used, it consisted of a base made of combustible material (in the form of a spiral or stick) and metal balls attached to it. When some part of the base burned, the balls fell, thus beating the time.
It should be noted that candle clocks were popular in Europe, they made it possible to determine the time by the amount of burnt wax. By the way, this variety was especially common in monasteries and churches.
It is necessary to mention such a method of determining the time as orientation by the stars. In ancient Egypt, there were star charts, according to which stargazers, using a transit instrument, navigated at night.
The advent of mechanical watches
With the development of production and social relations, the need for a more accurate measurement of time periods has steadily increased. The best minds worked on the creation of mechanical watches, in the Middle Ages the world saw their first sample.
The first mechanical escapement clock was made in China in 725 AD. masters Yi Xing and Liang Lingzan. Later, the secret of the device of their invention came to the Arabs, and then to everyone else.
It is worth noting that mechanical watches have absorbed much from the simplest ones. The dial, gear train and battle have been preserved. It was only necessary to replace the driving force - a jet of water - with a heavy weight, which is much easier to handle, as well as add a descender and a speed controller.
On this basis, a tower clock was created, which was installed in 1354 in the French city of Strasbourg. They had only one hand - the hour hand, with the help of which people could determine the parts of the day, the holidays of the church calendar, for example, Easter and the days that depended on it. At noon, the figures of the three Magi bowed before the figure of the Virgin Mary, and the gilded rooster crowed and beat its wings. This clock was equipped with a special mechanism that set in motion small cymbals - stringed percussion musical instruments - which beat the time. To date, only a rooster has remained from the Strasbourg clock.
The era of quartz watches is coming
As you remember, the first mechanical watch had only one hand - the hour hand. Minute appeared much later, in 1680, and in the XVIII century. they began to install a second, at first it was lateral, and then central. By this time, the clock not only acquired the look familiar to us, but also improved internally. Ruby and sapphire stones were used as new supports for the balancer and gears. This reduced friction, improved accuracy and increased power reserve. Interesting complications also appeared: a perpetual calendar, automatic winding and a power reserve indicator.
Further improvement of instruments for measuring time proceeded like an avalanche.
The development of electronics and radio engineering has contributed to the emergence of quartz watches, which have a mechanism consisting of an electronic unit and the so-called. stepper motor. This motor, receiving a signal from the electronic unit, moves the arrows. Instead of a dial, quartz watches can use a digital display.
Also, quartz watches have many interesting additions, such as a stopwatch, moon phase indicator, calendar, alarm clock and much more. Unlike classic mechanical quartz models, they show time more accurately. Their error is ±15 seconds / month, so it is enough to correct their readings twice a year.
Time in electronic clock
Today, most people use electronic watches that have truly eclipsed all others. Wherever we see them: on the dashboard of a car, and in a mobile phone, and in a microwave oven, and on a TV ... Such watches attract users with their compactness and functionality. By type of display, they are liquid crystal and LED, they can be powered both from a 220V network and from batteries.
Well, the history of watches goes back many centuries. If you make a rating of the "greatest inventions of mankind", then the watch will certainly take second place in it after the wheel. After all, today you really can’t do without them.
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The history of watch creation is several thousand years old. Since ancient times, man has tried to measure time, first by day and night luminaries and stars, then with the help of primitive devices and, finally, using modern high-precision complex mechanisms, electronics and even nuclear physics.
The history of watch development is a continuous improvement in the accuracy of time measurement. It is authentically known that in ancient Egypt time was measured in days, dividing it into two periods of 12 hours. There is also evidence that the modern sexagesimal measurement model came from the Kingdom of Sumer around 2000 BC.
Sundial.
It is generally accepted that the history of clock creation begins with the invention of the sundial or the gnomon. With such watches it was possible to measure only daytime, since the principle of their operation was based on the dependence of the location and length of the shadow on the position of the sun.
Water clock.
The history of the creation of water clocks begins in ancient Persia and China around 2500 - 1600 BC. And from there, quite likely with trade caravans, water clocks were brought to Egypt and Greece.
Fire watch.
Fire clocks were used about 3000 years ago in China, during the time of the first emperor of this country named Fo-hi. Fire watches were common in Japan and Persia.
Hourglass.
The creation of the hourglass dates back to around the 3rd century BC during the time of the scientist Archimedes. Ancient Greece has long been considered the place of their invention, but some archaeological finds suggest that the first hourglasses were created by the inhabitants of the Middle East.
Mechanical watches.
The history of the creation of the first mechanical watch begins in 725 AD in China and is a significant event in the history of watch development. Although, even earlier, presumably in the 2nd century BC in Ancient Greece, a mechanism was created that allows tracking the positions of celestial bodies with great accuracy. This mechanism consisted of 30 gears placed in a wooden case, on the front and back sides of which there were dials with arrows. This ancient mechanical calendar can be defined as the prototype of the first mechanical clock.
Electric clock.
With the discovery of electricity, the history of the electric clock, invented in the middle of the 19th century, begins. The creation and further development of electric clocks put an end to the inconvenience of synchronizing time in different parts of the world.
In 1847, the world was presented with an electric clock developed by the Englishman A. Bain, which was based on the following principle: a pendulum swinging by means of an electromagnet periodically closed the contact, and an electromagnetic counter, which was connected by a system of gears to the clock hands, read and summed up the number of oscillations.
Atomic clock.
In 1955, the history of watch development took a sharp turn. Briton Louis Essen announced the creation of the first atomic clock on cesium-133. They had unparalleled accuracy. The error was one second per million years. The device began to be considered a cesium frequency standard. The standard of atomic clocks has become the world standard of time.
Digital Watch.
The beginning of the 70s of the 20th century is the starting point for the history of the creation and development of electronic watches, which show time not with hands, but with the help of LEDs, which, although they were invented in the mid-20s, found practical application only decades later.
