Expedition held in 1937 1938. Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin
It so happened historically that in Russia they often do things that the rest of the world has recognized as unattainable and impossible. Great traveler James Cook proclaimed that there is no continent at the South Pole, and if there is, then it is impossible to penetrate to it because of the continuous eternal ice.
Cook was believed by everyone except the Russians. In 1820 the ships Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev, not listening to Cook, went further than him and discovered Antarctica.
Great traveler Roald Amundsen, the discoverer of the South Pole, flying over the North Pole on the airship "Norway", said: "We did not see a single place suitable for descent during our entire long journey from Svalbard to Alaska. None! And here is our opinion: do not fly deep into these ice fields until the airplanes become so perfect that you can not be afraid of a forced descent!
By the mid-1930s, aviation technology in the world was still very far from perfect. But there were people who decided that Amundsen's warning, who, by the way, himself perished in the Arctic, did not apply to them. Is it necessary to say that these brave men were from Russia?
In February 1936, one of the main enthusiasts and organizers of Soviet Arctic research Otto Yulievich Schmidt at a meeting in the Kremlin, he outlined a plan for an air expedition to the North Pole and the establishment of a station in its area.
Nothing like this has ever been done in the world. Moreover, Amundsen's words directly said that it was impossible.
But the Soviet leaders believed Otto Yulievich Schmidt, even despite the fact that the Chelyuskin steamer had died a few years before, and many associate his death with Schmidt's erroneous decisions.
Schmidt's new project was accepted, and a government decree ordered to organize an expedition to the North Pole region in 1937 and deliver the equipment of the scientific station and winterers there by plane.
Hydrologist, member of the expedition of the drifting station "North Pole-1" Pyotr Shirshov works with a hydrological winch. 1937 Photo: RIA Novosti
Polar explorers were trained the way cosmonauts were later trained
The expedition was necessary to obtain data that would allow the development of the Northern Sea Route and the Arctic as a whole to continue. In addition, the Soviet station at the North Pole itself asserted the priority of the USSR in the exploration and development of this region. In addition, we again did what no one else in the world did - such things always strengthen the prestige of a state.
True, the failure of the expedition or, even worse, the death of its members could result in serious losses for the same prestige. But who does not take risks does not become a pioneer.
An intermediate base for the assault on the Pole was laid in the summer of 1936 on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago. Building materials, supplies and equipment for the future station were brought here by ships.
Polar explorers Pyotr Shirshov and Ivan Papanin lay the property of a residential house on the sled at the drifting station "SP-1". 1937 Photo: RIA Novosti The expedition was prepared no less carefully than cosmonauts were trained a quarter of a century later. The tent for the residential camp was built by the Moscow plant "Kauchuk". Its frame was made of easily disassembled aluminum pipes; the walls were made of tarpaulin, with two layers of eiderdown laid between them, the floor was rubber, inflatable. Two radio stations - the main one and the emergency one - were specially created at the Central Radio Laboratory in Leningrad. Narty built a shipyard, and the food was prepared by the Institute of Catering Engineers.
The squadron of aircraft that was to land the expedition at the North Pole included four four-engine aircraft ANT-6-4M-34R "Aviaarktika" and a twin-engine reconnaissance aircraft R-6 (ANT-7).
Hero of the Soviet Union was appointed commander of the flight detachment Mikhail Vodopyanov, one of those who saved the Chelyuskin expedition. Overall leadership was entrusted to Otto Schmidt.
disembarkation
In the general composition of the expedition there were four polar explorers who had the main mission to remain on the ice floe as the personnel of the North Pole-1 station. The head of "SP-1" was appointed Ivan Papanin, radio operator - highly experienced Ernst Krenkel, performed the duties of a hydrologist Pyotr Shirshov, and geophysics - Evgeny Fedorov.
In February 1937, Schmidt reported to the Kremlin about his readiness for the expedition and received the "go-ahead" for the project.
On April 19, a squadron of aircraft reached the base on Rudolf Island. After that, attempts began to break through to the pole. But severe weather conditions plucked them one by one.
On May 21, 1937, the plane of Mikhail Vodopyanov, despite technical difficulties, landed on an ice floe near the North Pole, “flying” its geographical point by about 20 kilometers. It was this day that became the day of the founding of the station "North Pole-1".
Mikhail Vodopyanov recalled a funny episode: when the head of the station, Ivan Papanin, stepped on the ice, he instinctively stomped on it with his foot: will he survive? At the same time, a multi-ton aircraft standing on the ice seemed to hint: perhaps yes!
By June 5, the planes delivered everything necessary for the operation of the station to the ice floe. The last to arrive at SP-1 was the “fifth papanin” — a polar husky named Vesyoly.
On June 6, a rally was held on the ice floe and the flag of the USSR was raised, after which the planes flew away. Four members of the expedition and a dog remained on the ice floe.
Photofact "AiF"
Only Merry rioted at the station
By the beginning of the expedition, the ice floe was an ice field three by five kilometers with an ice thickness of about three meters. However, gradually the ice floe began to decrease, and this process did not stop until the very end of the expedition.
The expedition of the station "North Pole-1" worked in conditions little different from those in space. Rely on no one but yourself, help in an emergency will not come immediately, and you can survive by relying only on your comrades.
Psychological compatibility in such an environment is the most important thing. The smallest conflict can turn into a complete disaster.
Not everyone knows, but the leaders of the Arctic expeditions, working in isolation from the outside world, have special powers. If one of the members of the expedition, unable to withstand the overload, begins to behave inappropriately, the chief has the right to take the most extreme measures in order to save the rest. In slang, this is called "go into the hummocks."
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, a participant in the Civil War, a former Chekist, who had been in charge of various scientific stations in the Arctic since 1932, was a tough and resolute person. What he lacked in education was compensated for by his natural powers of observation, practical acumen, and leadership talent. The created camp on the ice floe withstood in the most difficult conditions, and the members of the expedition performed their duties even when the situation became truly threatening. Neither Ernst Krenkel, nor Pyotr Shirshov, nor Yevgeny Fedorov let their boss down.
Perhaps the only one who fought off Papanin's hands was his fourth subordinate, the dog Vesely, who took the expedition's food warehouse as his personal dog paradise, visiting there regularly. Nevertheless, these pranks were forgiven for Vesely, since, in accordance with his name, he replaced the "psychological relief room" for the polar explorers.
Members of the expedition at the drifting station "North Pole-1". 1937 Photo: RIA Novosti
On the edge of the possible
On June 18, 1937, a historic event took place: an ANT-25 aircraft flew over the world's first drifting station in the Arctic. Valeria Chkalova who made the world's first non-stop flight over the North Pole to America. The world was shocked: these "Soviet Russians" are doing things that no one can even think of!
Photofact "AiF"
At the end of June 1937, Otto Schmidt, Mikhail Vodopyanov and other members of the expedition, who made the work of the North Pole-1 station possible, were honored in Moscow. At that moment, for obvious reasons, only four brave polar explorers who worked on the ice floe could not receive state awards.
But at that moment there was no anxiety about their fate - the work of the expedition was proceeding in a normal mode, communication with SP-1 was stable, scientific data was flowing almost continuously. In a word, no cause for concern.
But the further the ice floe drifted towards Greenland, the more difficult it became for the Papaninites to work. In January 1938, the decrease in the ice field became threatening. And on the morning of February 1, Papanin said: the storm tore the ice floe, leaving the expedition a piece of 300 by 200 meters, depriving the "SP-1" of two bases and a technical warehouse. In addition, a crack formed under the living tent.
It became clear that it was time to evacuate the expedition. The icebreaking ships Murmanets, Murman and Taimyr immediately went to the aid of the Papanins. The race against time has begun. The ice floe continued to decrease and become covered with cracks. In recent days, the width of the ice field on which the station was located did not exceed 30 meters. Much later, the expedition members said that at that moment they began to mentally prepare for the worst.
But on February 19, 1938, the icebreakers Taimyr and Murman approached the SP-1. The emotions of the rescuers went off scale no less than those of the rescued. Up to 80 people poured onto the ice floe, but, thank God, it withstood this last test. In a matter of hours, the camp was closed. Radio operator Ernst Krenkel transmitted the last radiogram from the SP-1: “At this hour we are leaving the ice floe at the coordinates 70 degrees 54 minutes north, 19 degrees 48 minutes wind and passing over 2500 km in 274 days of drift. Our radio station was the first to announce the news of the conquest of the North Pole, ensured reliable communication with the Motherland, and this telegram ends its work.”
Awards and earnings
On March 15, 1938, the expedition members arrived in Leningrad, where a solemn meeting awaited them. All four polar explorers who worked at SP-1 were awarded the title of Heroes of the Soviet Union.
Meeting of the employees of the Soviet polar drifting scientific station "North Pole-1" Ivan Papanin, Pyotr Shirshov, Ernest Krenkel, Yevgeny Fedorov on the streets of Moscow. 1938 Photo: RIA Novosti / Troshkin
The history of Soviet and Russian drifting polar stations began with "SP-1", which continues to this day.
The dog Vesely also received his reward - the shaggy conqueror of the pole, which became a favorite not only of polar explorers, but of all the children of the Soviet Union, was presented to a comrade Stalin and lived his remaining dog life in honor and respect at the leader's dacha.
Photofact "AiF"
And the last thing I would like to say about the history of the North Pole-1 station is that the state not only paid off all the costs for it, but even made good money on this project. The fact is that director Mark Troyanovsky, who was part of the expedition, during the days while the base camp of the station was being built on the ice floe, shot a whole film, called "At the North Pole". The tape was sold for foreign currency to many countries of the world, where it caused an unprecedented stir, bringing a big profit to the Soviet treasury.
Members of the expedition at the drifting station "North Pole-1": Ivan Papanin, radio operator Ernst Krenkel (foreground), geophysicist Yevgeny Fedorov and hydrologist Pyotr Shirshov (standing). 1939 Photo: RIA Novosti / Ivan Shagin
The drift of the first research expedition led by Ivan Papanin began in May 1937. 9 months of work, observations and research of the North Pole station ended when an ice floe collapsed in the Greenland Sea and scientists had to curtail their activities.
The entire Soviet Union watched the epic rescue of 4 Papaninites.
The expedition was preceded by a long 5-year preparation. Before that, none of the travelers and scientists tried to live on a drifting ice floe for so long. Scientists, knowing the direction of ice movement, could imagine their route, but none of them imagined how long the expedition would last and how it would end.
I.D. Papanin
The ideologist of this expedition was Otto Yulievich Schmidt. After Stalin's approval, he quickly found people for this project - all of them were not new to the Arctic campaigns. The efficient team consisted of 4 people: Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov. The head of the expedition was Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin. Although he was born on the Black Sea coast in Sevastopol, he connected his life with the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Papanin was first sent to the Far North in 1925 to build a radio station in Yakutia. In 1931, he participated in the voyage of the Malygin icebreaker to the Franz Josef Land archipelago, a year later he returned to the archipelago as the head of a field radio station, and then created a scientific observatory and a radio center at Cape Chelyuskin.
P.P. Shirshov
Hydrobiologist and hydrologist Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov was also not new to Arctic expeditions. He graduated from the Odessa Institute of Public Education, was an employee of the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences, but he was attracted by travel, and in 1932 he was hired on an expedition to the icebreaker A. Sibiryakov", and a year later became a member of the tragic flight on the Chelyuskin.
E.K. Fedorov
The youngest member of the expedition was Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov. He graduated from Leningrad University in 1934 and devoted his life to geophysics and hydrometeorology. Fedorov was familiar with Ivan Papanin even before this expedition "North Pole-1". He worked as a magnetologist at the polar station in Tikhaya Bay at the FJL, and then at the observatory at Cape Chelyuskin, where Ivan Papanin was his boss. After these winterings, Fedorov was included in the team for drifting on an ice floe.
E.T. Krenkel
The virtuoso radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel in 1921 graduated from the courses of radiotelegraphers. At the final exams, he showed such a high speed in Morse code that he was immediately sent to the Lyubertsy radio station. From 1924, Krenkel worked in the Arctic - first at Matochkin Shar, then at several more polar stations on Novaya and Severnaya Zemlya. In addition, he participated in expeditions on the "George Sedov" and "Sibiryakov" and in 1030 managed to set a world record by contacting the American Antarctic station from the Arctic.
Dog Cheerful
Another full member of the expedition is the dog Vesely. It was presented by the winterers of the island of Rudolf, from which the planes made a throw to the pole. He brightened up the monotonous life on the ice floe, and was the soul of the expedition. A thievish soul, because he never denied himself the pleasure of sneaking into a warehouse with food and stealing something edible on occasion. In addition to enlivening the atmosphere, Vesely's main duty was to warn of the approach of polar bears, which he did very well.
There was no doctor on the expedition. His duties were assigned to Shirshov.
When preparing the expedition, we tried to take into account everything that was possible - from the working conditions of the equipment to household trifles. The Papaninites were provided with a solid supply of provisions, a field laboratory, a windmill that generated energy, and a radio station for communication with the earth. However, the main feature of this expedition was that it was prepared on the basis of theoretical ideas about the conditions of stay on the ice floe. But without practice, it was difficult to imagine how the expedition might end and, most importantly, how scientists would have to be removed from the ice floe.
A tent served as a dwelling and camping laboratory for the duration of the drift. This structure was small - 4 x 2.5 m. It was insulated according to the principle of a down jacket: the frame was covered with 3 covers: the inner one was sewn from canvas, the middle one was made of silk stuffed with eider down, the outer one was made of thin black tarpaulin, soaked waterproof composition. Deer skins lay on the canvas floor of the tent as insulation.
The Papanins recalled that it was very crowded inside and they were afraid to hurt anything (laboratory samples were also kept in the tent, raised from the depths of the Arctic Ocean and alcoholized in flasks).
I. Papanin preparing dinner
The requirements for the nutrition of polar explorers were quite strict - each day the diet of each had to consist of food with a calorie content of up to 7000 kcal. At the same time, the food had to be not only nutritious, but also contain a significant amount of vitamins - mainly vitamin C. Concentrated soup mixtures were specially developed to feed the expedition - a kind of current "bouillon cubes", only more healthy and rich. One pack of such a mixture was enough to cook a good soup for four members of the expedition. In addition to soups, porridge, compotes could be prepared from such mixtures. Even cutlets were prepared in dry form for the expedition - in total, about 40 types of instant concentrates were developed - this required only boiling water, and all the food was ready in 2-5 minutes.
In addition to the usual dishes, completely new products with an interesting taste appeared in the diet of polar explorers: in particular, crackers, consisting of 23% meat and "salty chocolate with an admixture of meat and chicken powder." In addition to concentrates, the Papanin people had butter, cheese, and even sausage in their diet. The expedition members were also provided with vitamin tablets and sweets.
All dishes were made according to the principle that one item fits into another to save space. This subsequently began to be used by manufacturers of dishes not only expeditionary, but also ordinary, household.
Almost immediately after landing on the ice floe, work began. Petr Shirshov carried out depth measurements, took soil samples, water samples at different depths, determined its temperature, salinity, and oxygen content in it. All samples were immediately processed in the field laboratory. Evgeny Fedorov was responsible for meteorological observations. Atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative air humidity, wind direction and speed were measured. All information was transmitted by radio to Rudolf Island. These communication sessions were carried out 4 times a day.
To communicate with the ground, the central radio laboratory in Leningrad manufactured two radio stations on special order - a powerful 80 watt and a 20 watt emergency one. The main power source for them was a windmill (besides it there was a hand-operated engine). All this equipment (its total weight was about 0.5 tons) was made under the personal supervision of Krenkel and the leadership of radio engineer N.N. Stromilova.
Difficulties began after the new year 1938. The ice floe drifted south and fell into bad weather. A crack appeared on it and its size rapidly decreased. However, the polar explorers tried to maintain peace of mind and observed the usual daily routine.
“In the tent, our nice old living tent, the kettle was boiling, supper was being prepared. Suddenly, in the midst of pleasant preparations, there was a sharp push and a creaking rustle. It seemed that silk or linen was being torn somewhere nearby, ”Krenkel recalled how the ice cracked.
“Dmitrich (Ivan Papanin) could not sleep. He smoked (the first sign of excitement) and busied himself with household chores. Sometimes he looked longingly at the loudspeaker suspended from the ceiling. When pushed, the loudspeaker swayed slightly and rattled. In the morning Papanin offered to play chess. They played thoughtfully, calmly, with full awareness of the importance of the work being done. And suddenly, through the roar of the wind, an unusual noise broke through again. The ice floe shook convulsively. We still decided not to stop the game,” he wrote about the moment when the ice floe cracked right under the tent.
Krenkel then quite casually transmitted Papanin's message on the radio: “As a result of a six-day storm at 8 o'clock in the morning on February 1, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe station, the field was torn apart by cracks from half a kilometer to five. We are on a fragment of a field 300 meters long and 200 meters wide (the initial size of the ice floe was approximately 2 X 5 km). Cut off two bases, also a technical warehouse with secondary property. Everything of value was saved from the fuel and utility depots. There was a crack under the living tent. We will move to the snow house. Coordinates will inform additionally today; If the connection is interrupted, please do not worry"
The ships "Taimyr" and "Murman" have already moved to the polar explorers, but it was not easy to get to the station due to the difficult ice conditions. The planes also could not take the polar explorers from the ice floe - the platform for their landing on the ice collapsed, and one plane sent from the ship itself got lost, and a rescue expedition was created to search for it. The ships were able to break through to the station only when a polynya formed, they received significant damage in the ice along the way.
February 19 at 13:40 "Murman" and "Taimyr" moored to the ice field 1.5 km from the polar station. They took on board all the members of the expedition and their equipment. The last message of the expedition was as follows: “... At this hour we are leaving the ice floe at the coordinates 70 degrees 54 minutes north, 19 degrees 48 minutes wind and passing over 2500 km in 274 days of drift. Our radio station was the first to announce the news of the conquest of the North Pole, ensured reliable communication with the Motherland, and this telegram ends its work.” On February 21, the Papaninites switched to the Yermak icebreaker, which delivered them to Leningrad on March 16.
The scientific results obtained in a unique drift were presented to the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Sciences on March 6, 1938 and were highly appreciated by specialists. All members of the expedition were awarded academic degrees and titles of Heroes of the Soviet Union. Also, this title was awarded to pilots - A. D. Alekseev, P. G. Golovin, I. P. Mazuruk and M. I. Shevelev.
Thanks to this first expedition, the following ones became possible - in the 1950s, the North Pole-2 expedition followed, and soon such winterings became permanent. In 2015, the last expedition "North Pole" took place.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin belonged to the category of those people who are called nuggets. Russian polar explorer, doctor of geographical sciences, rear admiral, twice Hero of the Soviet Union in 1937-1938 headed the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" (North Pole), the work on which marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, meteorology and hydrology.
The drift of the station, which began on May 21, 1937, lasted 274 days and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe covered 2100 kilometers. The members of the expedition, under incredibly difficult conditions, managed to collect unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.
Perhaps no event - from World War I to World War II - has attracted as much attention as drift of the "Papanin's Four" in the Arctic. Initially, it was a huge ice floe, reaching several square kilometers, but by the time the Papanin people were removed from it, it had already become the size of a volleyball court. The whole world followed the fate of the polar explorers, wishing only one thing - the salvation of people!
After this feat Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshov were considered national heroes, becoming a symbol of everything Soviet, heroic and progressive.
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol on November 26, 1894 in the family of a sailor. Much later, he will write in his memoirs: “My father, the son of a sailor, learned early on how much a pound is dashing, from childhood he saw only need. He was proud and suffered greatly because he, Dmitry Papanin, who was distinguished by good health - his father lived for ninety-six years - who knew a lot, in fact turned out to be almost the poorest of all.
From the age of 14, Vanya began working at the Sevastopol plant for the manufacture of navigation instruments. On this occasion, he will say in Chekhov's words: “As a child, I didn’t have a childhood.” In 1912, as one of the best workers, he was transferred to the shipyard in the city of Revel (now Tallinn). During the First World War, he served as a sailor in the Black Sea Fleet, and during the Civil War, as part of a special detachment, he was sent to the rear of the Wrangel army to organize a partisan movement in the Crimea. A few years later, he moved to the People's Commissariat of Communications and already in 1931, as a representative of this People's Commissariat, participated in the Arctic expedition of the Malygin icebreaker to Franz Josef Land. A year later, Ivan Papanin himself led a polar expedition in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land, and then - polar station at Cape Chelyuskin. After the drifting station "North Pole" ("SP-1"), in 1939 - 1946, Papanin served as head of the Main Northern Sea Route. During his first years in this post, he focused on construction of powerful icebreakers, development of Arctic navigation, and in In 1940, he led an expedition to withdraw from ice captivity after an 812-day drift of the Georgy Sedov icebreaker.
During the Great Patriotic War Ivan Dmitrievich served as the authorized representative of the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North, responsible for the operation of the ports of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk.
After the war, Papanin again began to work in the Glavsevmorput, and then created the scientific fleet of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1951, he was appointed head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works under the Office of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
From 1948 to 1951 he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and at the same time (1952-1972) - director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st, 2nd convocations. Doctor of Geography (1938).
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin died January 30, 1986. His name is immortalized three times on a geographical map. The waters of the polar seas are plied by ships named after him. He is an honorary citizen of Sevastopol, his native city, in which one of the streets bears his name ...
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
It is curious that it was Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin who became the prototype of the daring revolutionary sailor Shvandi in the play of his friend, playwright Konstantin Trenev, Love Yarovaya. Moreover, as you can see, the “ice admiral” himself had the makings of an actor: it is no coincidence that the film director Mikhail Chiaureli filmed him in the feature film “The Oath”, where he played himself!
79 years ago, the drift of the world's first polar research station and North Pole-1 began in the Arctic. Four polar explorers - the head of the expedition Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, hydrobiologist and oceanologist Petr Petrovich Shirshov, astronomer and magnetologist Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov, and radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel spent 274 days on the expedition - from the end of May 1937 to February 19, 1938. During this time, the ice floe with the researchers traveled more than 2000 km from the pole to the coast of Greenland. At the end of the campaign, the famous four polar explorers were accepted into the State Geographical Society (as the Russian Geographical Society was then called) as honorary members.
The main task of the expedition, the organization of which took exactly one year - from the spring of 1936 to the spring of 1937, was to study the meteorological conditions, sea currents and ice in the very center of the Arctic. In addition to the four polar explorers, whose names were known to the whole world during and after the expedition, the expedition was provided by employees of the Northern Sea Route (its chief, the Chelyuskin hero Otto Yulievich Schmidt, was the initiator of SP-1) and polar aviation pilots, including Geroi Soviet Union Mikhail Vodopyanov and Vasily Molokov. Attention to the drift of the SP-1 was universal and worldwide - therefore, it is not surprising that the expedition was carefully controlled by the first persons of the USSR.
The main burden of preparation, however, lay precisely on the four polar explorers. Papanin personally supervised the construction of a polar tent insulated with eiderdown at the Kauchuk plant, and Krenkel oversaw the assembly of radio stations - the main and reserve ones. Shirshov mastered medicine - it was he who got the additional role of a doctor on the expedition.
The base of the expedition was the northernmost of the Soviet Arctic islands - Rudolf Island, part of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. In the summer of 1936, an expedition camp was built on the island with a capacity of about 60 people, with an airfield, telephone, radio beacon and other necessary elements.
They flew to the pole, guided by the radio beacon of Fr. Rudolf. Arrangement of four polar explorers on a huge ice floe with an area of about 4 square meters. km took about 16 days. On June 6, the planes left the expedition, "North Pole - 1" switched to autonomous drift mode.
Almost immediately after the start of the drift, the SP-1 completed a crucial task - it provided weather data for the record transarctic flights of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov from the USSR to North America.
“Scientific observations in the Central Polar Basin have never been carried out according to such a broad program, with such intensity and the greatest thoroughness,” O. Yu. Schmidt noted in the final article “Expedition to the Pole”.
The glory of the Papanin's four was deafening and instant - after the expedition, all four were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, in March 1938 Papanin, Krenkel, Fedorov and Shirshov were awarded the title of Doctor of Geographical Sciences.
The concept of drifting polar stations in the Arctic was recognized as successful: SP-1 was followed in 1950 by SP-2 under the leadership of Mikhail Mikhailovich Somov, who later founded the first Soviet stations in Antarctica. By the end of the 1950s, the North Pole drifting expeditions had become almost permanent. The longest expedition of the series was the SP-22, which began work in September 1973 and ended on April 8, 1982. From 1991 to 2003, the Arctic drifting stations "North Pole" did not operate, the first station "SP-32" after the break was launched on April 25, 2003.
All-Russian geographical dictation of 2016, which took place on November 20, 2016. These are dictation questions. Try to answer.
1. What is the name of an imaginary line on the surface of the globe that connects the North and South Poles at the shortest distance?
2. What is the name of the interface between warm and cold air masses in the lower part of the atmosphere?
3. What is the name of a city located near a larger city and gravitating towards it in economic and cultural terms?
4. What is the name of the part of the river valley that is flooded during floods or during floods?
5. Indicate the combination of natural zones and soils characteristic of the territory of the Central Federal District (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) forest-steppe - red soils;
B) northern taiga - brown soils;
C) mixed forests - soddy-podzolic soils.
6. Select from the list the object with the lowest water salinity (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) Sivash Bay;
B) the White Sea;
B) the Gulf of Finland;
D) the Black Sea.
7. What does this symbol mean on topographic maps?
8. Arrange the mountain systems in descending order of their maximum absolute height (fill in the numbers):
1) Altai; 2) Caucasus; 3) Sikhote-Alin; 4) Khibiny.
9. The name of this people of Russia is translated as “real person”, and the outdated name is Samoyeds. The number in Russia is about 45 thousand people, most of them live along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The main occupations are reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting. The name of the people is present in the names of two subjects of the Russian Federation. Name the people.
10. This folk craft bears the name of a village in the Moscow region, where it originated at the beginning of the 19th century. Traditional handicrafts are metal trays painted with oil paints, usually with a pattern of a flower bouquet. Name the industry.
11. What is the name of solid atmospheric precipitation that forms on the surface of the earth and plants at negative soil temperatures, cloudy skies and light winds?
12. Name the natural zone of Russia where oak and hazel grow, oriole and wild boar live.
13. Arrange the settlements in the direction from north to south (put in the letters):
A) Vologda; B) Salekhard; B) Khabarovsk; Novosibirsk city.
14. Name the archipelago, which is the northernmost island territory of Russia.
15. Select from the list a city where the sun can sometimes be seen at midnight (just specify a letter):
A) Syktyvkar; B) Murmansk; B) Omsk; D) Tomsk.
16. The Novgorod Kremlin and the Church of Peter and Paul on Sinichya Gora are included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The distance between them in a straight line is 1.5 kilometers. What will it be equal to on a map at a scale of 1:50,000? Give your answer in centimeters.
17. Select from the list the subject of the Russian Federation, a significant part of which is located in the subarctic climate (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) the Republic of Karelia;
B) Republic of Tatarstan;
C) Tyumen region;
D) Perm region.
18. Name the tributary of the Ob River, which crosses two state borders before entering the territory of Russia.
19. Indicate in which city from the list sunrise occurs earlier than others (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) Yakutsk;
B) Okhotsk;
B) Khanty-Mansiysk;
D) Veliky Ustyug.
20. Name the subject of the Russian Federation in which the time differs from Kamchatka by 10 hours.
21. Select a river from the list, the lower reaches of which are shown on a satellite image (it is enough to indicate the letter):
A) Volga;
B) Lena;
B) Selenga;
D) Yenisei.
22. Name the Hero City of Russia, one of the largest ports of the Black Sea, located on the shores of the Tsemesskaya Bay.
23. Name the sea washing the coast of Russia, which is characterized by the highest tides. The sea is rich in fish, seafood and hydrocarbons. Previously, it was called Kamchatka. In its southern part there are the Odessa Bay and the Gulf of Patience.
24. Select a pair of objects from the list that are not geographically related to each other (just specify a letter):
A) Lake Taimyr - the Taimyr Peninsula;
B) Bering Island - Bering Sea;
C) Bely Island - White Sea;
D) the Kamchatka River - the Kamchatka Peninsula.
25. Name the city, the ancient capital of North-Eastern Russia, at present - the regional center on the Klyazma River, which is part of the Golden Ring of Russia tourist route.
26. What natural area does Vasily Dokuchaev write about:
“... it seems so densely occupied by some kind of plant that nothing else, apparently, can fit here: either it is covered with purple spots - anemones have bloomed, then whole meadows take on a blue azure color - these are forget-me-nots; at other times you can find large areas completely covered with fragrant thyme ... ".
27. Find out the city described in the poem by Alexander the North:
This city in five centuries
Standing on the edge of the coast
The border of snow, eternal ice,
The capital of rivers, forests, swamps.
Standing on a centuries-old path
Nobody can get around.
All ships met here
That from the White Sea they went to people.
Met Norwegians and Slavs,
Met the Dutch, the British
The Varangians went to the last battle
And the Swedes are beaten astern.
By the age-old by this river
Pomors built the city ...
28.“The great strategist moved at a shooting pace along the mountain road leading around Mashuk to the place of the duel between Lermontov and Martynov, past sanatoriums and rest houses. Overtaken by buses and two-horse carriages, Ostap went to Proval» (Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrov).
The landmark of which city is considered to be the failure mentioned in the excerpt?
29. Name the territory described in the story of Konstantin Paustovsky:
“This region lies ... between Vladimir and Ryazan, not far from Moscow, and is one of the few surviving forest islands, the remnant of the “great belt of coniferous forests.” In ... the region you can see forest lakes with dark water, vast swamps covered with alder and aspen".
30. Name the expedition that took place in 1937-1938, in which Ivan Papanin, Evgeny Fedorov, Ernst Krenkel and Pyotr Shirshov, depicted on a postage stamp, became famous.
1. Meridian. 2. Atmospheric front (front of occlusion). 3. Satellite city, 4. Floodplain, 5. V, 6. V, 7. Shrub, 8) 2.1, 3, 4. 9). Nenets, 10. Zhostovo painting, 11. Hoarfrost 12. Mixed and broad-leaved forests. 13. B, A, D, C. 14 . Franz Josef Lands. 15. B, 16. 3 cm, 17. C, 18. Irtysh, 19. B, 20. Kaliningrad region, 21. C, 22. Novorossiysk, 23. Okhotsk. 24. V, 25. Vladimir, 26. Steppe, 27. Arkhangelsk, 28. Pyatigorsk, 29. Meshchera, 30. North Pole 1.
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