Test on the topic of the USSR in 1945 1953. Test Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century

USSR after the war

8.

9.

USSR after the war 1. The monetary reform, during which the money supply in circulation was reduced, was carried out1) in 1946 2) in 1947 3) in 1950 4) in 1952

2. The nationalist movements in the first post-war years reached their greatest scope1) in Western Ukraine, the Baltic republics 2) in the Caucasus and Crimea 3) in Siberia and the Far East 4) in the Volga region

3. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed1) in 1945 2) in 1946 3) in 1949 4) in 1952

4. Mark the feature of the post-war life of a collective farmer.1) no old-age pension 2) 8-hour working day3) the creation of enlarged personal subsidiary plots 4) the maintenance of a fixed salary

5. Participated in the development of the fourth five-year plan1) N.S. Khrushchev 2) N.A. Voznesensky 3) A.A. Kuznetsov 4) G.K. Zhukov

6. Which of the above refers to the policy of I.V. Stalin 1945-1953?1) creation of a multi-party system 2) rehabilitation of peoples deported during the war3) repression 4) creation of labor exchanges

7. In the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad, creativity was criticized

1) A. Akhmatova 2) M. Isakovsky 3) A. Fadeeva 4) K. Simonova

8. The clash of interests between the USSR and the USA occurred in the early 1950s.1) in China 2) in Vietnam 3) in Mongolia 4) in Korea

9. 3. Member of the Politburo and Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, responsible for ideological work, whose name is associated with the persecution of cultural figures in the post-war years:

1) G.M. Malenkov; 2) L.P. Beria; 3) A.A. Zhdanov. 4) A.A. Kuznetsov

10. What events relate to the period 1945 -1949?

1) the creation of the Soviet atomic bomb 2) the rehabilitation of GULAG prisoners

3) the entry of the USSR into NATO 4) the creation of the CMEA 5) the creation of a system of socialism 6) the elimination of collective farms

Years have passed.

Dead trees With unexpected strength they came to life again, Live branches were given out, green ...

A. Tvardovsky

USSR in 1945-1953 test

9-11 grade

Decipher the abbreviations:

NATO -

CPSU -

UN -

CMEA -

GDR -

ATS -

"Cold War"

Expand the term : Iron curtain

• The recovery period in the industry was 1) 25 years 2) more than 10 years 3) about 8 years 4) less than 5 years

2. Which of the following was characteristic of the economic development of the USSR in the postwar period? 1) permission in special cases to dissolve collective farms 2) increase in investment in the military industry 3) an increase in the scale of financial assistance to collective farms 4) the introduction of elements of a market economy into a socialist economy

3. Which of the following events took place in 1946? 1) the abolition of the card system for the distribution of products 2) creation of ministries 3) eviction of Chechens from their place of traditional residence 4) carrying out monetary reform

4. Which of the named feature films was accused of being unprincipled? 1) "Big Life" L. Lukov 2) "Spring" G. Alexandrov 3) "Kuban Cossacks" by I. Pyryev 4) "Chapaev" brothers Vasiliev

5. The export of equipment from Germany in order to compensate for the damage caused by the Nazi troops was called 1)reparations 2) conversion 3) repatriation 4) lend-lease

6. Which of the named events happened in 1949? 1) rupture of diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia 2) the establishment of a communist regime in Czechoslovakia 3) the creation of the North Atlantic bloc 4) the atomic bomb was created in the USA

7. In the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On decadent tendencies in Soviet music”, works 1) A. Alexandrova 2) I. Dunayevsky 3) V. Muradeli 4) M. Blanter

8. Head of the Anti-Fascist Jewish Committee, who died in 1948

____________________

9. The reduction in the number of army personnel is called 1) conversion 2) demobilization 3) demonopolization 4)preservation

10. The first atomic bomb in the Soviet Union, which broke the US monopoly on nuclear weapons, was tested in ...?

• 1946
• 1949
• 1950
• 1952

11. “After the war, he combines scientific and managerial work: the development of a plan for the 4th five-year plan and the work “The Military Economy of the USSR during the Patriotic War”. But on March 5, 1949, he was removed from the post of 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and Chairman of the State Planning Commission, removed from the Politburo and expelled from the Central Committee of the party. The manuscript of the written book "The Political Economy of Communism" disappeared without a trace. On the eve of the removal, he spoke out against Stalin's proposal to impose a new tax on the peasants. In the autumn of 1949, he was arrested on the slander of Malenkov and Beria.

• V.M. Molotov 2) G.M. Malenkov
• 3) N.A. Voznesensky 4) L.M. Kaganovich

12. Which of the above was characteristic of the policy of the USSR in relation to the countries of the so-called socialist camp?

13. The US put forward a "Marshall Plan" in:

1) 1946

2) 1947

3) 1948

4) 1949

14. A characteristic feature of agriculture in the USSR in 1945-1953. was:

1) Excess labor force on collective farms

2) An increase in the size of the personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers

3) A significant increase in government procurement prices for agricultural products.

4) The heavy burden of taxes on collective farmers.

15. The CPSU (b) was renamed the CPSU in:

1) 1950 2) 1951 3) 1952 4) 1953

16. What were the representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia criticized for?

1. « And at the end of the war, and immediately after it, and in 1946, it seemed to quite wide circles of the intelligentsia that something was about to happen that was moving us in the direction of ».

2. … I am an internationalist, but they call me I do not divide science into Soviet and foreign. It makes no difference to me who made this or that discovery.”

3. head of the Writers' Union was criticized for the original version of the novel "The Young Guard", which did not show enough

4. songwriter - for the pessimism of the poem "Enemies burned their own hut ...".

17. Why the film was banned in March 1946 Who owns the words:

“Director S. Eisenstein in the second series of the film “...” discovered ignorance in the depiction of historical facts ...

18. What links these magazines, what events happened to them in the 40s?

19. The provision of assistance by the USSR to the countries of people's democracy in the first post-war years was dictated primarily

1) Expansion of trade and economic cooperation with these countries.

2) Restoring the European market and securing free trade

3) Fear of losing political influence on the states of Eastern Europe

4) The entry of these territories into the USSR.

20. JV Stalin demanded obedience from the countries of Eastern Europe and the implementation of political and socio-economic transformations according to the Soviet model. Any deviation from it was perceived extremely hostile. This was the reason for breaking off relations with:

1) Yugoslavia 2) Hungary 3) Albania 4) Romania

2 1. Read an excerpt from the memoirs and indicate their author:

It ended up that I was removed from the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces and sent to command the Odessa Military District, and at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks they removed me from the Central Committee without any wording. In 1947, a large group of generals and officers was arrested, and mainly those who who ever worked with me They were all physically forced to confess to plotting a "military conspiracy" against the Stalinist leadership.

1) M.N. Tukhachevsky

2) A.A. Novikov

3) K.K. Rokossovsky

4) G.K. Zhukov

22. Unsuccessful blockade of part of this city, undertaken on the instructions of I.V. Stalin, could not prevent the process of creating two independent states within one country.

1) Berlin 2) Prague 3) Budapest 4) Seoul.

23. Look at the picture and complete the task:

This poster is dedicated to:

2) Marshall Plan

3) Helsinki Accords

4) Decisions of the Potsdam Conference

24. What does this card indicate? Give a short answer

1950 – 1953 gg.

25. What military conflict of the 50s does this image speak of?

Dividing line along the 58th parallel.

26. What do you think, according to what model did the country begin to recover?

1) Preserving and strengthening the command economy 2) The pre-war model of super-centralization in planning and managing the economy 3) Continuation of the course taken before the war to complete the construction of socialism and build communism 4) Mobilization methods

27. The case of the Kremlin doctors, unreasonably accused of attempting to assassinate top Soviet leaders, was fabricated 1) in 1945

2) in 1947 3) in 1949

4) in 1952

28. Fill in the missing word

1. As before the war, from one to one and a half monthly salaries per year was spent on the purchase compulsory government loan.

2. By 1947 the system was preserved.

there was a sharp increase in population displacement caused by demobilization , Soviet citizens

3. In 194 ... a monetary reform was carried out, which provided for the exchange of 10 old rubles for 1 new

29. Look at the map and complete the task.

To which of the following states does the event depicted on the map belong:

1) Austria

2) Finland

3) Hungary

4) Germany

30. Look at the picture and complete the task:

When this photo was taken:

Task of an increased level of complexity:

A. Renaming the CPSU (b) into the CPSU

B. Resolution "On Unity in the Party"

B. Abolition of the State Defense Committee

G. The Case of the Anti-Soviet Bloc of Rights and Trotskyites.

B 1. Arrange the following events (phenomena) in chronological order. Specify the answer as a sequence of digits of the selected items.

A. Formation of the GDR

B. Churchill's Fulton speech

B. Munich agreement on the division of Czechoslovakia

D. Treaty of Rapal

IN 2. Which of the named sciences were banned in 1945-1953? Find two sciences in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated?

A. physiology B. genetics C. cybernetics D. economics 5) quantum mechanics

B 4. Compare the foreign policy of our country in the 30s and in the second half of the 40s. Select and write down in the first column the serial numbers of the similarities, and in the second column the serial numbers of the differences.

A. Attempt to create a system of collective security

B. Organization of the Union of the Countries of the Socialist Camp

B. Strained relations with Western countries

D. Promotion of communist ideology in other countries

similarities traits differences

B 5. Below are a number of state names. All of them, with the exception of one, were members of the CMEA.

A. Austria B. Hungary C. Poland D. Romania E. Czechoslovakia.

AT 6. Read the extract from the document and indicate the year of the event described in it:

The Soviet government declared: there is no secret of the atomic bomb. This meant that the Soviet Union had atomic weapons at its disposal. But in the West, an open and honest confession hastened to be declared a "propaganda trick." In ... a US Air Force plane, equipped with special equipment, delivered air samples taken at high altitude to the ground and left no doubt that an atomic bomb had been tested somewhere in Soviet Asia.

A. 1948 B. 1949 C. 1950 D. 1951

AT 6. As evidenced by the facts given in the document. When the events described happened, indicate the year

« The main cause of high mortality is dystrophy. The peasants of most regions of Moldova eat various poor-quality surrogates, as well as the corpses of dead animals. Lately there have been cases of cannibalism…”

From the information of the special services in the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the state of affairs in Moldova in 1947

AT 7. Read the document and determine the years of the events described:

We understand that during the war more grain was required to supply the army, and we gladly gave everything we collected, spared nothing in order to defeat the enemy. In ... year, despite the crop failure, they also handed over everything in order to restore the national economy as quickly as possible. We hoped that this year, having fulfilled the state grain delivery plan, we would be able to distribute approximately one kilogram each among workdays. Now we have fulfilled the state plan ahead of schedule by 200%, having delivered twice over the plan. But despite this, the regional committee of the CPSU (b) and the district committee brought us and all collective farms a firm task for above-plan delivery, which exceeds several times the state plans, so that there is nothing to distribute for workdays, and even the seeds will not be enough to fall asleep completely to sow in the new year.

A. 1946-1948 B. 1949-1950 V. 1951 - 1952 G. 1953-1954

NATO - North Atlantic military bloc

CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union

UN - united nations organization

CMEA – Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

GDR – German Democratic Republic

ATS – Warsaw Pact Organization

IRON CURTAIN- system of measures aimed at external insulation

cold war- a state of tense confrontation in relations between the capitalist and socialist countries, led by the USA and the USSR.

ANSWERS:

• 4(less than 5 years)
• 2. (investment in the military-industrial complex)
• 2 (creation of ministries)

• 1 (“Big Life” by L. Lukov)

• 1(reparations)

• 3 (creation of NATO)

• 23 (Muradeli?)

• Michaels

• 2 (demobilization)

• 2(1949)

11. 3 (N. Voznesensky)

12. support for the idea of ​​multi-variant construction of socialism) resolution of a multi-party system in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe)

13. 2 (1947)

• 4(Heavy burden)

• 3 (1952)

• 1 Simonov liberalization; 2 L. Landau is a cosmopolitan; 3.A. Fadeev party leadership 4. M Isakovsky

17. Ivan the Terrible and Stalin

18. Criticism for publishing the works of M Zoshchenko and A Akhmatova on the pages of magazines

• 3 (fear of losing political influence on the states of Eastern Europe

• 1(Yugoslavia)

21.4 (Zhukov)

22. 1. (Berlin)

24. US nuclear targets in the USSR

25. Korean War (1950-1953)

• 1.(preserving and strengthening the command economy)

• 4(1952)

• 1. bonds 2. card 3. 1947

29. 4. (Germany)

ADVANCED MISSIONS

IN 1 - BGVA V1 -GVBA V2-BV V4- Similarity - VG differences - AB

V5- A (Austria) V6- B (1949) V6- 1946 Drought, famine V7- A (1946-1948)

http http://900igr.net/kartinki/istorija/SSSR-1945-1953/004-SSSR-1945-1953.html

http://diddlybop.ru/21661

http://home-for-heroes.livejou…

http://www.nivestnik.ru/2002_1/21.shtml

http://www.greatflags.su/ekonomika-sssr/chetvertaya-pyatiletka-1946-1950.html

http://i-innomir.ru/posts/1213

http://www.rusarchives.ru/evan…

http://www.by-time.ru/events/d…

http://clubs.ya.ru/46116860184…

http:// www.protown.ru/information/hide/5986.html

www.foto.lukiseller.ru/vlwar.html

victory.rusarchives.ru/index.php...id%3D255

http://otvoyna.ru/oborona.htm

mywebs.su/blog/history/2579.html

www.clow.ru/a-rushist/informatio...131.html

victory.mil.ru/lib/reel/01/04.html

burk001.livejournal.com/tag/%25D...5D0%25B0

www.online812.ru/2009/12/07/009/...log.html

answer.mail.ru/question/32381978/

dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/178681

Option 2

Test 9. USSR during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945

Option 1

A1 The event that finally thwarted the plan for a "blitzkrieg" of Germany against the Soviet Union

1) Battle of Smolensk 3) defense of Kyiv and Odessa

2) the battle for Moscow 4) the defense of the Brest Fortress

A2

A) Battle of Moscow B) Battle of Stalingrad

B) Battle of Smolensk D) Battle of Oryol-Kursk

A3

1) rewarding for the capture of saboteurs.

2) rehabilitation of Soviet prisoners of war.

3) the formation of penal battalions and companies.

4) sending all parts of the NKVD to the front.

A4 Are the following statements true? During the battle of Smolensk

A) the first guards units appeared in the Red Army.

B) German troops for the first time were forced to go on the defensive, units of the Red Army went on the counteroffensive.

A5 The emergency governing body of the country during the war was formed on June 30, 1941

1) People's Commissariat for Armaments 3) State Defense Committee.

2) Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks 4) Evacuation Council

A6 The areas of the widest development of the partisan movement in the rear of the Nazi occupiers during the Great Patriotic War were:

A) Western Ukraine D) Baltic states

B) Belarusian woodlands E) Bryansk region

B) Northeast Ukraine E) Moldova

A7 Soviet troops during the battle for Moscow (September 30, 1941 - January 7, 1942) were led by General

1) I.S. Konev. 2) K.K. Rokossovsky. 3) G.K. Zhukov. 4) I.G. Chernyakhovsky.

A8 The second front in Europe was opened by the allies of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition in

1) 1942. 2) 1943. 3) 1944. 4) 1945.

A9 Read an excerpt from the memoirs of Marshal of the Soviet Union A.M. Vasilevsky and indicate to which period the described events belong:

“... Officially, the campaign lasted 24 days. The enemy strike forces were utterly defeated. The Japanese militarists lost their springboards for aggression and their main arms and ammunition supply bases in China, Korea and South Sakhalin. The collapse of the Kwantung Army hastened the surrender of Japan as a whole."

A10 Mark the main military operations that entered the period of a radical change during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (select all the correct answers from the list and write down the numbers corresponding to them in ascending order).

1) Defense of Odessa.

4) The Battle of Kursk.

A1 After which of the battles did the German troops move over the entire length of the Soviet-German front to strategic defense?

1) Stalingrad 2) Kursk 3) Moscow 4) for the Caucasus.

A2 Place the following events in WWII in chronological order:

A) forcing the Dnieper;

B) Moscow battle;

B) lifting the blockade of Leningrad;

D) the battle for Berlin.

A3 Order No. 227 "Not a step back", adopted in June 1942, provided for

1) rewarding for the capture of saboteurs. 3) the return to trial of commanders who retreated without an order.

2) rehabilitation of Soviet prisoners of war. 4) sending all parts of the NKVD to the front.

A4 Are the following statements true? During the Great Patriotic War

A) a second industrial base was created in the eastern regions of the country, in the Urals and Siberia.

B) an important factor in the victory was the labor enthusiasm of the Soviet people, the awakening of their self-consciousness.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

A5 Read a fragment from the memoirs of the chief marshal of the armored forces

P.A. Rotmistrov and determine during which of the battles the described tank battle took place.

“From the very first minutes of the battle, two powerful avalanches of tanks in deep formation, raising clouds of dust and smoke, moved towards each other ...

The battle lasted until late in the evening. Tanks entangled in one giant tangle could no longer disperse. Frontal attacks were accompanied by ramming into the side, fire duels of cannons and machine guns. The ground groaned from the burst of shells and the steel roar. Tanks and self-propelled guns were burning all around. It was a terrible, unparalleled tank battle."

1) the battle of Smolensk 3) the battle of Stalingrad.

2) the battle on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge 4) during the breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad.

A6 Indicate the names of the commanders of the largest partisan formations during the Great Patriotic War:

A) S.A. Kovpak; B) A.N. Saburov; D) V.N. Tolmachev;

B) K.E. Voroshilov; D) A.F. Fedorov; E) N.N. Voznesensky

A7 The German plan for the encirclement and capture of Moscow was codenamed

1) "Barbarossa". 2) Typhoon. 3) "Citadel". 4) "Ost".

A8 The second front in Europe was opened by the allies of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition in June 1944

1) in southern Italy and in Sicily. 2) in the Balkans. 3) in North Africa. 4) in Normandy.

A9 Which of the Conferences of the three powers - participants in the anti-Hitler coalition is referred to in the above fragment of the document:

"... German militarism and Nazism will be eradicated, and the Allies, in agreement with each other, now and in the future, will take other measures necessary to ensure that Germany never again threatens her neighbors or the preservation of world peace"?

1) Moscow. 2) San Francisco. 3) Berlin. 4) Tehran.

A10 Mark the main military operations that entered the initial period of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 and disrupted the German blitzkrieg plan (select all the correct answers from the list and write down the numbers corresponding to them in ascending order).

1) Defense of Odessa.

2) The defeat of the Germans at Stalingrad.

3) Smolensk defensive battle.

4) Battle for Leningrad.

5) Liberation of Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv (battle for the Dnieper).

1. The repressions carried out in the "Leningrad case" in the late 1940s - early 1950s affected representatives

1) senior leadership of the army

2) party and state apparatus

3) scientists-economists

4) former military personnel

2. The concept of "bipolar system of the world" has characterized international relations and foreign policy of the USSR, Russia since

1) the end of the First World War

2) before the Great Patriotic War

3) after the end of World War II

4) after the collapse of the USSR

3. What caused the intensification of ideological pressure and repression in the USSR in 1945-1953?

1) mass demonstrations of the population against the government

2) a return to the pre-war policy of the totalitarian regime

3) uprisings of Gulag prisoners

4) the danger of foreign invasion of the USSR

4. The main task of the domestic policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1940s. was

1) improving the standard of living of the rural population

2) accelerated economic recovery

3) development of virgin and fallow lands

4) rehabilitation of the victims of the repressions of the 1930s.

5. What event happened in 1945-1953?

1) the signing of the Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Tests in the Atmosphere, in Space and Under Water

2) the entry of troops of the countries - participants of the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia

3) launch of the first artificial Earth satellite

4) creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

6. In the first post-war decade (1945–1955) the following happened:

1) the conclusion of the Soviet-American treaty on the limitation of the arms race

2) the expansion of the influence of the USSR in the world

3) strengthening the ties of the USSR with the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition

4) signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

7. Read an excerpt from the "Appeal of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks" and indicate in which year it was adopted.

“... The Soviet country broke the fetters that hindered the development of the country, led to the victory of the socialist system, which gave our people and our army great strength. The Soviet system turned out to be not only the best form of organizing the economic and cultural upsurge of the country during the years of peaceful construction, but also the best form of mobilizing all the forces of the people to repel the enemy in wartime ...

Whoever wants the Great Victory, won with the blood of our people, to be firmly fixed, who strives to ensure the security of the peoples of the USSR, who supports Soviet foreign policy, ... he will vote for the candidates of the bloc of communists and non-party people ... "

8. In what decade was the renaming of the people's commissariats into ministries?

9. When did the Korean War take place, in which the USSR supported North Korea?

1) 1950 - 1953

2) 1964 - 1970

3) 1970 - 1975

4) 1988 - 1991

10. Which of these events relates to the foreign policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1940s?

1) the entry of ATS troops into Czechoslovakia

2) rupture of relations with Yugoslavia

3) border conflicts with China

4) the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe

11. What concept became a symbolic designation for the division of the capitalist and socialist world during the Cold War?

1) "new world order"

2) "fifth column"

3) "non-intervention policy"

4) "iron curtain"

12. What was one of the reasons for the rapid recovery of the USSR economy after the Great Patriotic War?

1) financial assistance from foreign banks

2) the enthusiasm and dedication of the Soviet people

3) the introduction of self-government in enterprises

4) exemption of collective farmers from taxes

1) the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Central and Eastern Europe

2) the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan

3) Hungarian crisis

4) the creation of an atomic bomb in the USSR

14. What was the reason for the USSR's refusal to accept the "Marshall Plan" after the end of World War II?

1) hope for the help of the countries of Eastern Europe

2) waiting for help from third world countries

3) fear of becoming economically and politically dependent on the United States

4) calculation for economic recovery with the help of England and France

15. Which of the following concepts refers to the first post-war years in the USSR?

1) price liberalization

2) card system

3) bankruptcy

4) inflation

16. As a result of the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, part of

1) Romania

2)East Prussia

3)Norway

4)Austria

17. The main task of the domestic policy of the USSR in the second half of the 1940s. Stalin's leadership thought

1) softening censorship, pursuing a policy of publicity

2) accelerated recovery of heavy industry

3) the transition from sectoral to territorial management of the national economy

4) rehabilitation of the victims of the repressions of the 1930s.

18. Read an extract from the materials of the international conference and indicate its title.

“We, the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain and the Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, met ... in the capital of our ally ... and formulated and confirmed our common policy ...

We agreed on our plans for the destruction of the German armed forces. We have come to full agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations to be undertaken from the east, west and south."

1) Tehran

2) Genoese

3) Potsdamskaya

4) The Hague

19. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of the writer K.M. Simonov about the meeting of the leadership of the CPSU held in 1948, at which the issue of awarding the Stalin Prizes was decided, and indicate what event caused the described reaction from Stalin.

“Stalin, addressing ... to the members of the Politburo sitting at the table, said: “I think we should still explain to the comrades why we have removed the question of Comrade Tikhonov’s book “The Yugoslav Notebook” from discussion ... Comrade Tikhonov has nothing to do with it, we have there are no complaints against him for his poems, but we cannot give him a prize for them, because lately Tito has been behaving badly."

1) the conflict between the leadership of the USSR and Yugoslavia

2) the signing of Yugoslavia's political agreement with the United States

3) the entry of Yugoslavia into NATO

4) Yugoslavia's withdrawal from the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

20. Which of the periods was called "the apogee of Stalinism"?

1) 1924 - 1934

2) 1941 - 1945

3) 1945 - 1953

4) 1953 - 1964

21. Which of the following events took place in the USSR in 1945–1953?

1) the adoption of the constitution of "victorious socialism"

2) inclusion in the Ukrainian SSR of the Crimean region

3) renaming people's commissariats into ministries

4) the trial of the writers A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel

1) heavy industry enterprises

2) spending on the armed forces

3) developments in the field of nuclear energy

4) light and food industry

23. Exposure of the cult of personality I.V. Stalin at the XX Congress of the CPSU led to

1) rehabilitation of victims of Stalinist repressions

2) carrying out a policy of publicity

3) the formation of a multi-party system

4) the adoption of a new model for building socialism in the USSR

24. The plan for the restoration of the national economy in the USSR was adopted in

25. Establish a correspondence between events and their dates.

A) I Congress of Soviets of the USSR

B) the adoption of the first Constitution of the USSR

C) formation of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic

D) the entry of the USSR into the League of Nations

26. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to events and phenomena that took place in the period 1945–1953. Find and write down the ordinal number of the term related to another historical period.

1) Cominformburo; 2) "Marshall Plan"; 3) "Truman Doctrine"; 4) "cold war"; 5) Caribbean crisis; 6) Korean War.

27. Which of the following happened in the second half of the 1940s?

A) the adoption of a draft new Union Treaty of 9 republics of the USSR in Novo-Ogaryovo

B) carrying out a monetary reform and the abolition of the card system for the distribution of goods

C) the defeat of geneticists, the victory of the direction of biology, headed by T.D. Lysenko

D) the beginning of the rehabilitation of illegally repressed people

E) campaign against "cosmopolitanism"

E) suppression of the protests of workers in the city of Novocherkassk

28. Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a military historian and write the name of the leader of the USSR, missing in the text.

“... Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Forces of the Warsaw Pact Marshal of the Soviet Union I.S. Konev ... set a combat mission: "to liquidate the counter-revolutionary rebellion in Budapest." To do this, the corps was reinforced with tanks, artillery and airborne troops. The combat operation was carried out at the direction of our top party and state leadership, headed by<фамилия руководителя СССР>».

1) the largest investments in the development of heavy industry

2) renting out parts of industrial enterprises

3) high rates of industrial development

4) low purchase prices for agricultural products

5) liquidation of a number of sectoral ministries

6) transfer of part of the collective farm land to the personal subsidiary plots of collective farmers

30. Which three of the following events are from 1945-1953? Circle the appropriate numbers and write them down in the table.

1) the organization of the "case of doctors"

2) transformation of the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers

3) the adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR

4) the defeat of the "anti-party group" G.M. Malenkova, V.M. Molotov, L.M. Kaganovich

5) death of I.V. Stalin

6) XX Congress of the CPSU

31. Which three of the following events relate to the foreign policy of the USSR in 1945–1953? Circle the appropriate numbers and write them down in the table.

1) formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)

2) Caribbean Crisis

3) rupture of relations with Yugoslavia

4) the formation of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (OVD)

5) the entry of troops into Hungary

6) formation of the German Democratic Republic (GDR)

32. Compare the position of the USSR in the international arena after the end of the Civil War in the 1920s. and in 1945-1953.

Indicate what was common (at least two common characteristics) and what was different (at least three differences).

33. Below are two points of view on the activities of I.V. Stalin after the end of World War II:

1. I.V. Stalin is a great leader and teacher, under his leadership in the post-war period the USSR turned into a world power, he created and led the socialist camp, achieved outstanding successes for the country after the end of the war.

2. In the post-war period, the totalitarian Stalinist regime reached its apogee, total control over all spheres of society was established in the country.

Indicate which of the above points of view seems to be more preferable to you. Give at least three facts, provisions that can serve as arguments confirming your chosen point of view.

34. Compare the international position of the USSR in 1939-1941. and in 1945-1953.

Indicate what was common (at least three common characteristics) and what was different (at least two differences).

Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite into orbit. The launch date is considered the beginning of the space age of humanity.


Launch of the world's first manned spacecraft. Yuri Gagarin was the first person to go into space. Yu. Gagarin's flight became the most important achievement of Soviet science and space industry. The USSR for several years became the undisputed leader in space exploration. The Russian word "satellite" has entered many European languages. Gagarin's name became known to millions of people. Many pinned their hopes on the USSR for a brighter future, when the development of science would lead to the establishment of social justice and world peace.

The entry of Warsaw Pact troops (except Romania) into Czechoslovakia, which put an end to the reforms of the Prague Spring. The largest contingent of troops was allocated from the USSR. The political goal of the operation was to change the political leadership of the country and establish a regime loyal to the USSR in Czechoslovakia. Citizens of Czechoslovakia demanded the withdrawal of foreign troops and the return of party and government leaders who had been taken to the USSR. In early September, the troops were withdrawn from many cities and towns of Czechoslovakia to specially designated locations. Soviet tanks left Prague on September 11, 1968. On October 16, 1968, an agreement was signed between the governments of the USSR and Czechoslovakia on the conditions for the temporary stay of Soviet troops on the territory of Czechoslovakia, according to which part of the Soviet troops remained on the territory of Czechoslovakia "in order to ensure the security of the socialist community." These events had a great influence both on the domestic policy of the USSR and on the atmosphere in society. It became obvious that the Soviet authorities had finally chosen a hard line of government. The hopes of a significant part of the population for the possibility of reforming socialism, which arose during the Khrushchev "thaw", faded away.


01 Sep 1969

Publication in the West of a book by well-known dissident Andrei Amalrik “Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984?” A. Amalrik was one of the first who predicted the imminent collapse of the USSR. The late 1960s and early 1970s were in the USSR a time of stable economic growth and an increase in the standard of living of the population, as well as a time of relaxation of international tension. Most Soviet people believed that they would always live under Soviet rule. It pleased some, horrified others, others just got used to this idea. Western Sovietologists also did not foresee the collapse of the USSR. Only a few have managed to see behind the façade of relative prosperity the signs of an inevitable impending crisis. (From A. Amalrik's book “Will the Soviet Union Exist Until 1984?” and From A. Gurevich's book “History of the Historian”).

02 Sep 1972

The beginning of the super series of eight ice hockey matches between the national teams of the USSR and Canada. The USSR was a great sports power. The leadership of the USSR saw sports victories as a means of ensuring the prestige of the country, which was supposed to be the first in everything. In sports, this was done better than in the economy. In particular, Soviet hockey players almost always won world championships. However, hockey players from professional clubs in Canada and the United States, who were considered by many to be the best in the world, did not participate in these competitions. The 1972 Super Series was watched by millions of television viewers around the world. In the first match, the USSR national team achieved a convincing victory with a score of 7:3. In general, the series ended almost in a draw: the Canadian team won 4 matches, the USSR team - 3, but in terms of the number of goals scored, the Soviet athletes were ahead of the Canadians (32:31).

Publication in Paris of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's book The Gulag Archipelago, a fictional study of Stalin's repressions and Soviet society as a whole. The book was based on the personal testimonies of many hundreds of former prisoners who spoke in detail about their experience of confronting the machine of state terror to A. Solzhenitsyn, who himself went through the Stalinist camps. Translated into many languages, the book made a strong impression on readers, showing a wide panorama of the crimes committed by the Soviet regime against the population of the country. The Gulag Archipelago is one of those books that changed the world. The most important idea of ​​A. Solzhenitsyn was the idea that terror was not an accident, but a natural result of the establishment of the communist regime. The book dealt a blow to the international prestige of the USSR and contributed to the disappointment of the Western “left” in Soviet-style socialism.


Signing of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Signed in Helsinki (which is why it is often called the Helsinki Agreement) by representatives of 35 states, including the USSR, this treaty became the highest point of the international detente that began in the late 1960s. The treaty established the principle of the inviolability of post-war borders in Europe and the non-interference of the signatory countries in each other's internal affairs, proclaimed the need for international cooperation and respect for human rights. However, the USSR was not going to respect the political and civil rights of its citizens. The persecution of dissenters continued. The Helsinki Agreement became a trap for the USSR: it made it possible to accuse the communist regime of violating international obligations and contributed to the development of the human rights movement. In 1976, the first Russian human rights organization, the Moscow Helsinki Group, was created, with Yuri Orlov as its first chairman.


The assault on the palace of Amin (leader of Afghanistan) in Kabul. Soviet troops, under the pretext of supporting the democratic revolution, invaded Afghanistan and installed a pro-communist puppet regime. The answer was the mass movement of the Mujahideen - speaking under the slogans of independence and religious (Islamic) slogans of partisans, relying on the support of Pakistan and the United States. A long war began, during which the USSR was forced to maintain in Afghanistan the so-called "limited contingent" (from 80 thousand to 120 thousand military personnel in different years), who, however, could not take this mountainous country under control. The war led to a new confrontation with the West, a further decline in the international prestige of the USSR and overwhelming military spending. It cost the lives of many thousands of Soviet soldiers, and as a result of military operations and punitive expeditions against partisans, hundreds of thousands of Afghan civilians were killed (there is no exact data). The war ended in 1989 with the actual defeat of the USSR. It became a difficult moral and psychological experience for the Soviet people, and above all for the "Afghans", i.e. soldiers who went through the war. Some developed "Afghan Syndrome" - a form of mental illness generated by experiences of fear and cruelty. During the years of perestroika, rumors circulated in society about special forces made up of “Afghans” and ready to drown the democratic movement in blood.


Holding the XXII Olympic Games in Moscow. The USSR national team won the unofficial team standings, receiving 80 gold, 69 silver and 46 bronze medals. However, due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, many foreign athletes refused to attend the Moscow Olympics. The United States also boycotted the Olympics, which, of course, reduced the value of the victory of the Soviet team.


The funeral of Vladimir Vysotsky, an outstanding artist and singer-songwriter of songs that were very popular. Tens of thousands of fans of his talent came to the Taganka Theater to say goodbye to their favorite singer, and they came against the will of the authorities, who did everything to hush up the fact of the death of the artist, which occurred during the days of the Moscow Olympics. The funeral of V. Vysotsky became the same mass demonstration of oppositional sentiments, which was once seen off by A. Suvorov (1800) or L. Tolstoy (1910) - the people's funeral of great people, whom the ruling elite did not wish to arrange an honorary state funeral.

07 Mar 1981

March 7, 1981, in the Leningrad Inter-Union House of amateur art at the address "Rubinshteina, 13" a "rock session" authorized by the authorities took place.

False

Death of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev, who ruled the country after the removal of Nikita Khrushchev from power in 1964. The board of L. Brezhnev is divided into two stages. At its beginning, there were attempts at economic reforms, the rise of the Soviet economy and the growth of the international influence of the USSR, which achieved nuclear parity with the United States. However, the fear of "erosion" of socialism, intensified by the events of 1968 in Czechoslovakia, led to the curtailment of reforms. The country's leadership has chosen a conservative strategy to maintain the status quo (the status quo). With relatively high energy prices, this allowed the illusion of growth to be maintained for several years, but in the 1970s the country entered a period known as stagnation. The crisis of the Soviet economy was accompanied by a new confrontation with the West, which intensified especially with the outbreak of the war in Afghanistan, a catastrophic decline in the prestige of the authorities, and a massive disappointment of the Soviet people in socialist values.

09 Feb 1984

Death of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Yuri Andropov, who was elected to this post after the death of L. Brezhnev. The middle-aged and seriously ill Yu. Andropov, who for many years was the chairman of the KGB, had extensive information about the situation in the country. He understood the urgent need for reforms, but was afraid of even the slightest manifestations of liberalization. Therefore, his attempts at reform were mainly reduced to "putting things in order", i.e. to investigate corruption in the highest echelons of power and improve labor discipline with the help of police raids on shops and cinemas, where they tried to catch people who skipped work.

29 Sep 1984

The "golden" docking of two segments of the Baikal-Amur Mainline under construction - the famous BAM, the last "great building of socialism". The docking took place at the Balbukhta junction in the Kalarsky district of the Chita region, where two groups of builders met, moving towards each other for ten years.

Mar 10, 1985

Death of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Konstantin Chernenko, who became the leader of the party and state after the death of Yu. Andropov. K. Chernenko belonged to the same generation of Soviet leaders as L. Brezhnev and Yu. Andropov. A politician even more cautious and conservative than Yu. Andropov, he tried to return to the practice of the Brezhnev leadership. The obvious inefficiency of his activities prompted the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU to choose a representative of the next generation, Mikhail Gorbachev, as their new general secretary.


11 Mar 1985

Election of Mikhail Gorbachev as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The coming to power of a relatively young (fifty-four-year-old) leader aroused in Soviet society optimistic expectations of long overdue reforms. M. Gorbachev, as general secretary, wielded enormous power. Having created his team of liberal-minded party and state leaders of the new generation, he began to transform. However, it soon became clear that the new leadership did not have a specific program. M. Gorbachev and his team moved forward intuitively, overcoming the resistance of the conservative wing of the leadership and adapting to changing conditions.

The adoption of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On measures to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism", followed by a broad anti-alcohol campaign, conceived under Yu. Andropov. Restrictions were imposed on the sale of alcoholic beverages, administrative penalties for drunkenness were increased, and tens of thousands of hectares of unique vineyards were cut down in the Crimea, Moldova and other regions of the country. The result of the thoughtlessly conducted campaign was not so much a decrease in alcohol consumption, but a reduction in budget revenues (which depended on income from the wine trade) and the wholesale distribution of home brewing. The campaign damaged the reputation of the new leadership. The nickname "mineral secretary" stuck to M. Gorbachev for a long time.

27 Sep 1985

Appointment of Nikolai Ryzhkov head of the Soviet government - Chairman of the Council of Ministers. An engineer by education, in the past the general director of one of the largest industrial enterprises in the USSR - Uralmash (Ural Machine-Building Plant), N. Ryzhkov was appointed Secretary of the Central Committee for Economics in 1982 and joined the team created by Yu. Andropov to implement economic reforms. N. Ryzhkov became one of the main associates of M. Gorbachev. However, his knowledge and experience (in particular, in the field of economics) were insufficient to guide the reforms, which became clear as the economic crisis intensified in the country.

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is the largest accident in the history of nuclear energy. During a scheduled test, a powerful explosion of the fourth power unit occurred, accompanied by the release of radioactive substances into the atmosphere. The Soviet leadership tried first to hush up the catastrophe, and then to downplay its scale (for example, despite the danger of mass infection, the May Day demonstration in Kyiv was not cancelled). With a great delay, the resettlement of residents from the 30-kilometer zone around the station began. About a hundred people died during the accident and from its consequences, and more than 115 thousand people were evicted from the disaster area. More than 600,000 people took part in the elimination of the consequences of the accident (which are still being felt in Belarus and Ukraine). The Chernobyl accident dealt a blow to the prestige of the USSR, showing the unreliability of Soviet technology and the irresponsibility of the Soviet leadership.

Soviet-American summit in Reykjavik. M. Gorbachev and US President R. Reagan reached an understanding on the elimination of intermediate and shorter-range missiles and the beginning of the reduction of nuclear stocks. Both countries experienced financial difficulties and had to limit the arms race. The corresponding agreement was signed on December 8, 1987. However, the unwillingness of the United States to abandon the development of the strategic defense initiative (SDI), colloquially referred to as the "star wars" program (i.e., nuclear strikes from space), did not allow agreement on a more radical nuclear disarmament.

Landing near the Kremlin light aircraft German amateur pilot Matthias Rust. Taking off from Helsinki, the 18-year-old pilot turned off his instruments and crossed the Soviet border unnoticed. After that, he was discovered several times by the air defense service, but he again disappeared from the radar and evaded pursuit. M. Rust himself claimed that his flight was a call for friendship between peoples, but many Soviet military and intelligence officers saw this as a provocation by Western intelligence services. The flight of M. Rust was used by M. Gorbachev to update the leadership of the Ministry of Defense. The new minister was Dmitry Yazov, who was then a supporter of M. Gorbachev, but later supported the State Emergency Committee.

Airing of the first issue of the most popular TV program of the 1990s, Vzglyad. This program of Central Television (later ORT) was created on the initiative of A. Yakovlev as an information and entertainment program for youth by a group of young journalists (in particular, Vlad Listyev and Alexander Lyubimov). The program was broadcast live, which was new for the Soviet audience. This largely ensured the popularity of "Vzglyad", since earlier in the live broadcast one could only see sports matches and the first minutes of the speech of the General Secretary at the congresses of the CPSU.In December 1990, at a time of extreme escalation of the political struggle, Vzglyad was banned for several months, but soon again became the main political program that supported B. Yeltsin's democratic reforms. However, many Vzglyad journalists, including A. Lyubimov, did not support the president at the decisive moment of the conflict with the Supreme Soviet - on the night of October 3-4, 1993, urging Muscovites to refrain from participating in the demonstration organized by Ye. Gaidar.Since 1994, the program began to appear as an information and analytical one. Closed in 2001 (see articles "" and "").

Publication in the Pravda newspaper of an article about the "cotton case" - an investigation of embezzlement in Uzbekistan, in which representatives of the top leadership of the republic were involved. This article served as a signal for a wide campaign of exposing the corruption of the party and state apparatus.

• Investigators Telman Gdlyan and Nikolai Ivanov investigated one of the most high-profile criminal cases of the 80s - the “cotton case”
• One of the defendants in the "cotton case", the former first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan Sharaf Rashidov and Nikita Khrushchev

Feb 27, 1988

Armenian pogrom in Sumgayit (Azerbaijan). Several dozen people were killed and several hundred were injured. This was the first case of mass violence motivated by ethno-national hatred during the perestroika years. The reason for the pogrom was the conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Okrug, predominantly populated by Armenians, as part of the Azerbaijan SSR. Both the Armenian majority in this district and the leadership of Armenia demanded that Karabakh be transferred to this republic, while the leadership of Azerbaijan categorically objected. Demonstrations began in Karabakh in the summer, and in autumn and winter the conflict continued to escalate, accompanied by mass rallies and armed clashes. The intervention of the allied leadership, which called for calm, but on the whole supported the principle of the immutability of borders, i.e. position of Azerbaijan, did not lead to normalization of the situation. Mass emigration of Armenians from Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis from Armenia began, murders motivated by ethno-national hatred took place in both republics, and new pogroms took place in November-December ("").

Mar 13, 1988

Publication in Sovetskaya Rossiya (a newspaper of state-patriotic orientation) of an article by Nina Andreeva, a lecturer at the Technological Institute in Leningrad, “I can’t compromise my principles,” which condemned “excesses” in criticism of Stalinism. The author contrasted his position as "left-liberals", i.e. pro-Western intelligentsia, and nationalists. The article aroused public concern: is it not a signal that perestroika is over? Under pressure from M. Gorbachev, the Politburo decided to condemn N. Andreeva's article.

On April 5, the main party newspaper Pravda published an article entitled “Principles of Perestroika: Revolutionary Thought and Action” by Alexander Yakovlev, which confirmed the course towards the democratization of public life, and N. Andreeva’s article was described as a manifesto of anti-perestroika forces ( see articles "", "").

16 Sep 1988

Premiere of the film "Needle" in Alma-Ata (Kazakhfilm film studio, director Rashid Nugmanov, starring famous rock musicians Viktor Tsoi and Petr Mamonov). The film, dedicated to the problem of youth drug addiction, very quickly became a cult.

A powerful earthquake in the northwestern regions of Armenia (with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale), which affected about 40% of the territory of the republic. The city of Spitak was completely destroyed, partially - Leninakan and hundreds of other settlements. At least 25,000 people died and about half a million were displaced by the earthquake. For the first time since the Cold War, the Soviet authorities formally requested assistance from other countries, which readily provided humanitarian and technical support to deal with the consequences of the earthquake. Thousands of volunteers arrived at the scene of the tragedy to provide all possible assistance to the victims: people brought food, water and clothes, donated blood, searched for survivors under the rubble, evacuated the population in their cars.

Mar 26, 1989

Elections of the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. These were the first partially free elections in the history of the USSR, when in most districts there were alternative candidates with different programs. Despite the fact that the law established numerous "filters" that allowed the authorities to weed out objectionable candidates, many democratically minded public figures were still elected. The elections were a triumph for B. Yeltsin, who received more than 90% of the vote in Moscow (with a turnout of almost 90%). This is how the future president of Russia returned to politics. On the contrary, many local party leaders lost the elections. A number of democratic candidates passed to the deputies from public organizations. But in general, most of the deputies were controlled by the party apparatus and stood on moderate or frankly conservative positions.

Conducting the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in Moscow, broadcast from the meetings of which were watched by tens of millions of viewers. At the congress, a sharp struggle unfolded between the democratically minded deputies and the "aggressively obedient majority," as historian Yuri Afanasiev, one of the leaders of the opposition, called it. Conservative deputies “slammed down” democratic orators (they were not allowed to speak with applause and noise and driven from the podium), such as Academician A. Sakharov. M. Gorbachev at the congress relied on the majority, while trying not to alienate the democratic opposition. The congress elected the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and appointed M. Gorbachev as its chairman. B. Yeltsin also got into the Supreme Soviet - he lacked one vote before the election, and then one of the elected deputies renounced his mandate, thus giving way to Yeltsin. During the congress, the organizational formation of the democratic opposition - the Interregional Deputy Group - took place.

Death of A. Sakharov, an outstanding Soviet scientist and public figure, one of the creators of the hydrogen bomb, leader of the human rights movement in the USSR, Nobel Peace Prize winner (1975). Tens of thousands of Muscovites took part in the funeral of A. Sakharov.

The fall of the regime of Nicolae Ceausescu - the most authoritarian of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe - after weeks of mass demonstrations and an unsuccessful attempt to suppress them with military force. On December 25, after a short trial, N. Ceausescu and his wife (who took an active part in organizing reprisals against opponents of the regime) were shot.

Opening of the first McDonald's fast food restaurant in the USSR in Moscow. On Pushkinskaya Square there were many hours of queues of people wishing to taste the classic American food - hamburgers. "McDonald's" struck with unusual cleanliness - even in the winter slush, its floors were always perfectly washed. The attendants - young men and women - were unusually diligent and helpful, trying to reproduce in their behavior the ideal image of the West, which was opposed to the Soviet ("Soviet", as they said then) way of life.

04 Feb 1990

Holding a demonstration in Moscow, which was attended by more than 200 thousand people, demanding the deepening of democratic reforms and the abolition of the 6th article of the Constitution of the USSR, which consolidated the leading role of the CPSU in Soviet society. On February 7, the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU voted for the abolition of the 6th article. M. Gorbachev managed to convince the party that it would be able to maintain its leading role even under a multi-party system.

Election by the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church of Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad and Novgorod (1929-2008) as head of the Russian Orthodox Church - Patriarch of Moscow. Alexy II replaced Patriarch Pimen, who died in May, in this post. The period of Patriarchy of Alexy II was marked by decisive changes in the life of the country, the crisis of communist ideology, the cessation of the persecution of citizens for religious beliefs and the growth of religious sentiments in society. Under the leadership of the Patriarch, the Russian Orthodox Church made attempts to establish control over various spheres of public life and culture ( see article "").

The death in a car accident of Viktor Tsoi, the leader of the Kino group and the brightest figure in the Leningrad Rock Club. Tsoi belonged to the "generation of janitors and watchmen", as another famous musician, Boris Grebenshchikov, called the representatives of the forbidden culture ("underground") of the 70-80s. This generation was brightly revealed in the years of perestroika. V. Tsoi's albums and films with his participation were very popular. V. Tsoi's song "We are waiting for change" has become one of the symbols of perestroika: "Change! our hearts demand. // Change! our eyes demand. The death of an idol at the peak of fame caused an extraordinary resonance among young people. In many cities, "Tsoi's walls" appeared, covered with words from songs and statements "Tsoi is alive." The former place of work of V. Tsoi - a boiler room in St. Petersburg - has become a place of pilgrimage for admirers of his work. Later, in 2003, the club-museum of V. Tsoi was opened there.

Mar 17, 1991

Holding a union referendum on the preservation of the USSR, as well as a Russian referendum on the introduction of the post of president of the RSFSR. 79.5% of citizens who had the right to vote took part in the union referendum, and 76.4% of them spoke in favor of preserving the USSR (Results in the union republics that supported the referendum on the preservation of the USSR on March 17, 1991). The Union leadership wanted to use the victory in the referendum to prevent the collapse of the Union and force the republics to sign a new Union Treaty. However, six union republics (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Armenia, Georgia, Moldova) boycotted the referendum on the grounds that they had already made decisions to secede from the USSR. True, in Transnistria, Abkhazia and South Ossetia (which sought to secede from Moldova and Georgia, respectively), the majority of citizens took part in the vote and spoke in favor of preserving the USSR, which meant an increase in internal conflict in these republics. 71.3% of the participants in the Russian referendum were in favor of creating the post of president.

Election of Boris Yeltsin as President of the RSFSR. He won already in the first round, ahead of the communist and nationalist candidates who opposed him. Simultaneously with B. Yeltsin, Alexander Rutskoi, an aviation general and one of the leaders of democratically minded communist deputies, was elected vice president. On the same day, the first direct elections of heads of regions took place. Mintimer Shaimiev was elected president of Tatarstan, and the chairmen of the democratic Moscow City Council and Lensoviet Gavriil Popov and Anatoly Sobchak were elected mayors of Moscow and St. Petersburg.

July 4, 1991 Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin signed the law "On the privatization of the housing stock in the RSFSR"

False

On November 18, 1991, the Mexican television series "The Rich Also Cry" was released on the USSR television screens. It became the second "soap opera" shown on our television, after the huge success of "Slave Izaura".

False

On December 25, 1991, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev announced the termination of his activities in this post "for reasons of principle."

The statement of the President of the USSR M. Gorbachev about his resignation and the transfer to the President of the RSFSR B. Yeltsin of the so-called "nuclear suitcase", with the help of which the head of state has the ability to control the use of nuclear weapons. From that day on, the RSFSR became officially known as the Russian Federation. Instead of the Soviet red flag, the tricolor Russian flag was raised over the Kremlin.

On January 2, 1992, prices were liberalized in Russia, marking the beginning of large-scale market reforms carried out by Yegor Gaidar's government.

Feb 23, 1992

From February 8 to February 23, 1992, the XVI Winter Olympic Games were held in Albertville, France. They became the third in the history of France - the first were in Chamonix in 1924, the second in Grenoble in 1968.

Mar 31, 1992

On March 31, 1992, the Federal Treaty was signed in the Kremlin, one of the main sources of the constitutional law of the Russian Federation in the field of regulation of federal relations.

On April 6, 1992, the VI Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation opened. It was the first sharp confrontation between the legislative and executive branches of power on two main issues - the course of economic reform and the draft of a new Constitution.

On August 14, 1992, Boris Yeltsin signed a decree "On the introduction of a system of privatization checks in the Russian Federation", which launched check privatization in Russia.

07 Sep 1992

On October 1, 1992, the issuance of privatization checks began in Russia, which were popularly called vouchers.

False

Support for the president in the referendum by the majority of Russians who expressed confidence in the president (58.7%) and approved of his socio-economic policy (53%). Despite Boris Yeltsin's moral victory, the constitutional crisis was not overcome.

23 Sep 1993

Holding the X Extraordinary (Extraordinary) Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation in connection with the decree of B. Yeltsin No. 1400. On the very first day of its work, the congress decided to depose B. Yeltsin. Vice President A. Rutskoy was appointed acting president, who, along with the chairman of the Supreme Council R. Khasbulatov, was the leader of the opposition. The White House - the place of meetings of the Supreme Council, around which the events of the August putsch unfolded - was cordoned off by the police. As in August 1991, the White House was surrounded by barricades. Nationalist militants hastily gathered in Moscow to defend the Supreme Soviet.

The capture of the White House by troops loyal to the president. During this operation, the tanks, having warned about the opening of fire, fired several shots (and not live shells, but training blanks) at the upper floors of the White House, where, as it was known in advance, there was not a single person. In the afternoon, units loyal to the government occupied the White House and arrested the organizers of the coup. As a result of these events, there were no deaths, which, unfortunately, cannot be said about armed clashes in the street: from September 21 to October 4, from 141 (data from the Prosecutor General's Office) to 160 (data from a special parliamentary commission) people died in them. This was a tragic consequence of the October conflict, but it was he who made it possible to avoid an even more terrible development of events - a repetition of the civil war, when more than 10 million people died.

Elections to the State Duma and a referendum on the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Yegor Gaidar's resignation from the post of First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, to which he was appointed on September 18, 1993 - on the eve of decisive events related to the struggle between the president and the Supreme Council. On the night of October 3-4, when the militants of the Supreme Council were trying to seize the Ostankino television center, Y. Gaidar's televised appeal to Muscovites with an appeal to gather near the Moscow City Council building and express support for the president helped turn the tide in favor of B. Yeltsin. However, the electoral bloc "Russia's Choice" created by Ye. Gaidar failed to win a majority in the Duma in the elections in December 1993, which could have made it possible to continue radical market reforms. It became obvious that the government of V. Chernomyrdin would be forced to pursue the former policy of compromises. Under these conditions, E. Gaidar left the government and focused on work as the leader of the Duma faction "Russia's Choice". E. Gaidar did not work in the government anymore ( see articles "", "" and "").

Return to Russia of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. On this day, the writer flew to Magadan from the United States, where he had lived since 1974 after being expelled from the USSR. The writer, universally greeted as a triumphant, made a long trip around the country.

01 Mar 1995

Holding a military parade in Moscow in honor of the 50th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany. The parade consisted of two parts - historical and modern. The historical part was held on Red Square. Veterans of the Great Patriotic War took part in it, marching along Red Square in columns of the fronts of the war era, with front banners in front; as well as military personnel dressed in the uniform of the Red Army of the 40s. The modern part of the parade took place on Poklonnaya Gora, where units of the Russian army and modern military equipment passed. The reason for this division was the condemnation by the leaders of other countries of military operations on the territory of the Chechen Republic. They refused to attend the parade of troops participating in these events, and it was for this reason that only the historical part of the parade was held on Red Square.