Tajikistan is a hospitable country in the south of Central Asia. Useful information for tourists

The official name is the Republic of Tajikistan. Located in the southeast of Central Asia. The area is 143,100 km2, the population is 6463.8 thousand people. (2002). The state language is Tajik. The capital is Dushanbe (0.6 million people, 2002). Public holiday - Independence Day September 9 (1991). Monetary unit - somoni.

Member of the CIS (since 1991), OSCE (since 1992), UN (since 1992), CAC (since 1998), etc.

Sights of Tajikistan

Geography of Tajikistan

Located between 68° and 74° east longitude and 41° and 37° north latitude. In the west and north it borders on Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. In the south and east with Afghanistan and China.

Mountains cover 93% of the territory. Western Tien Shan Kuraminsky Range, the highest peak Boboiob (3768 m). Mogoltau Ridge (1623 m). Fergana basin (height ranges from 320 to 800-1000 m). To the west of the basin is the plain of the Hungry Steppe.

Hissar-Alai includes the Turkestan, Zarafshan, Gissar, Karategin, Alai ranges. It is limited by valleys: from the north - Fergana, from the south - Gissar, the valley of the Surkhob and Alai rivers.

The largest ranges of the Tajik depression are the Vakhsh, Dzhilantau, Surkhkau, Sarsarak, Tereklitau, Karatau, Aktau, Rangantau, Babatag, etc. Between the ranges are the Gissar, Nizhnevakhsh, Nizhnekaferniganskaya, Parkharskaya, Kulyabskaya, Yavanskaya, Dangara valleys.

The core of the Pamir mountain system is the ridge of the Academy of Sciences (5757 m). The lowest pass is Kamaloyak (4340 m). The highest peak Ismoili Somoni (former peak of Communism, 7495 m).

Rivers (km): Amudarya-Pyanj (921), Zarafshan (877), Barteng-Murghab-Oksu (528), Vakhsh (524), Karnifigan (387).

Lakes (km2): Karakul (380), Sarez (79.6), Zorkul (38.9), Yashilkul (38).

There are more than 5 thousand plant species in Tajikistan. Herbaceous and semi-shrub vegetation prevails. The plains are dominated by desert vegetation. Almost half of the mountain forests are juniper forests. The humid southern slopes of the Hissar Range and the western part of the Peter I Range and the southwestern Tien Shan are occupied by forests of walnut, Turkestan maple, and plane trees. In the foothills - xerophilous undergrowth of pistachios, almonds, crimson. Meadows, meadow steppes and deserted steppes are widespread in the high mountain belt. In the east - teresken and sagebrush deserts and cushions.

Characteristic inhabitants of the plains of the lower alpine belt: reptiles - gray monitor lizard, cobra, sand efa, steppe boa, turtle; from birds - crested lark, saxaul sparrow, steppe kestrel, beauty bustard, vulture; rodents - porcupine, ground squirrels, gerbils, jerboas, hamsters. On the open flat spaces there is a goitered gazelle, in the foothills - a markhorn goat, a leopard. In tugai - Bukhara deer, reed cat, jackal, leopard, badger, wild boar. In the highlands - Siberian goat, argali, snow leopard; from birds - the Himalayan and Tibetan snowcock, saja, keklik, snow vulture, golden eagle, vulture.

In the Pamirs and Gissar-Alay, deposits of antimony, mercury, arsenic, boron, piezoquartz, rock crystal, optical fluorite, Icelandic spar, lapis lazuli, noble spinelli, gold (in placers), tungsten ores have been discovered; in the Kurama zone - polymetallic ores, rare metals, piezo-optical raw materials, uranium, scheelite, fossil coals; in the Tajik and Ferghana depressions - oil, gas, coal, oil shale, rock salt, building materials.

The climate is continental. On the plains and foothills, the average temperature in January is from +2 to -2°C. The average July temperature exceeds +31°С.

Population of Tajikistan

The average population density is 44.6 people. per 1 km2. Over 85% of the population lives in the Gissar and Vakhsh valleys and the Khojent region (constituting 35% of the territory). The share of the urban population living here reaches 95%. In total, in the cities in the 1990s. lived at least 35% of the population, in rural areas, respectively, 65%.

Representatives of more than 80 nationalities live in Tajikistan, incl. Tajiks - 80%, Uzbeks - 15.3%, Russians - 1.1%, Tatars - 0.3%. Tajiks also live in Uzbekistan - approx. 4% of the population, in northeastern Afghanistan - St. 3.5 million people; Tajiks also live in the border regions of Kyrgyzstan, in southeastern Kazakhstan and in the Iranian province of Khorasan. Languages: Tajik, Russian as the language of interethnic communication. The vast majority of Tajiks profess Sunni Islam. In Gorno-Badakhshan, the Shia Ismaili sect is the most widespread. Russians living in Tajikistan profess Orthodoxy.

History of Tajikistan

On the territory of Tajikistan in the 1st half. 1st millennium BC there was a state of Bactria. It was under the rule of the Persian Achaemenids, A. Macedon. In the 9th-10th centuries. AD Tajikistan was part of the Samanid State when the process of formation of the Tajik people was completed. In the 2nd floor. 19th century the territories of Tajikistan were annexed to Russia (in 1895, a Russian-English agreement defined the border with Afghanistan along the Pyanj River). In March 1917, the Turkestan Governor General was abolished. In 1918, northern Tajikistan became part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and southern Tajikistan became part of the Emirate of Bukhara. Since 1924, the Tajik ASSR has been part of the Uzbek SSR. Since 1929 - the Tajik SSR was part of the USSR.

In 1991-93, an acute political conflict broke out in Tajikistan on the basis of regional and clan contradictions, which led to a civil war. Long inter-Tajik negotiations under the auspices of the UN, which began in April 1994, ended with the signing on June 27, 1997 in Moscow by President E. Rakhmonov and the leader of the United Tajik Opposition (UTO) A. Nuri, an agreement on establishing peace and national accord in Tajikistan. Under the agreement, a National Reconciliation Commission has been established and is functioning, the main task of which is to form a coalition government and hold general parliamentary elections. In November 1998, an anti-government rebellion was suppressed in the north of the country.

State structure and political system of Tajikistan

Tajikistan is a republic. In administrative-territorial terms, it is divided into Sughd, Khatlon regions, Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and regions of republican subordination. The capital and adjacent 8 districts form a separate administrative-territorial unit.

Large cities: Dushanbe, Kulyab, Kurgan-Tube, Garm, Murgab, Khorog.

The head of state and executive power is the president. E.Sh. Rakhmonov was elected on November 6, 1994, on November 6, 1999 he was re-elected for 7 years in accordance with the changes made to the Constitution following a referendum on September 26, 1999, in the summer of 2003, the powers of E. Sh. Rakhmonov were extended until 2020.

The government issues resolutions and orders, the execution of which is mandatory on the territory of Tajikistan. The government resigns its powers before the newly elected president.

Prime Minister - A. Akilov.

Legislative power - parliament - Majlisi-Oli. His term of office is 5 years. In 1999, the unicameral parliament was transformed into a bicameral one: the Majlisi Namoyandagon (House of Representatives) and the Majlisi Milli (National Assembly).

Majlisi namoyandagon consists of 63 deputies, of which 41 are elected by secret ballot in single-mandate constituencies, and 22 - from political parties and movements. A citizen not younger than 25 years old can be elected as a deputy. In February 2000, elections were held, the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT) received 34 seats in the lower house, communists - 13, Islamists - 2, independent deputies - 14. The chairman of the chamber is S.Kh. Khairulloev.

Majlisi milli is formed by local authorities (25 people). In addition, 8 deputies are appointed by the president. Members of the House are also, at their request, former heads of state. In March 2000, elections were held in 5 constituencies formed in the main regions of the country. Most of the deputies were representatives of the ruling PDPT. Chairman of the Chamber M.U. Ubaydulloev (the current mayor of Dushanbe; according to the Constitution, he became the second person in the state).

Local government consists of representative and executive bodies. They ensure the implementation of the Constitution, laws and legislative acts. The body of local representative power in regions, cities and districts is the Majlis of People's Deputies, which is headed by the chairman. Deputies of local Majlises are elected for a term of 5 years. This body approves the local budget and a report on its implementation, determines the ways of socio-economic development of the territory, local taxes and payments in accordance with the law, determines the methods of management and ownership of communal property, etc.

Local executive power is exercised by the representative of the president - the chairman of the region, city and district. The Chairman is responsible to the higher executive body and the relevant Majlis of People's Deputies. The self-governing body in the settlement and village is the jamoat.

Main political parties: People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan, Communist Party, Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, Democratic Party of Tajikistan, National Unity Party, Political and Economic Renewal Party, etc.

The development of the situation in Tajikistan is determined by the course of implementation of the agreement on establishing peace and national accord. The compromise found by the government side and the UTO made it possible to stop the civil war. The military formations of the UTO were disbanded, some of them joined the power structures of the government. A referendum was held at which amendments and additions to the Constitution were adopted.

The transitional period, defined by the 1997 agreement, ended with the holding of parliamentary elections based on a new version of the Constitution.

By the decision of the UN Security Council, the mandate of the UN Mission of Observers in Tajikistan was terminated. To promote post-conflict development in Tajikistan, the UN Office began to work in Dushanbe to provide political support for the activities of the UN system in the interests of implementing programs for the socio-economic recovery of the country.

The foreign policy of Tajikistan with the completion of the process of inter-Tajik settlement is aimed at creating conditions favorable for the restoration of the national economy, destroyed during the civil war, strengthening the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country.

Priority for Tajikistan are relations with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. Dushanbe is a supporter of strengthening integration processes in the political, military, economic and other fields. Tajikistan joined the Customs Union (since October 2000 - the Eurasian Economic Community), signed all the multilateral agreements concluded within the CIS. Tajikistan stands for the intensification of collective efforts in the fight against international terrorism and drug trafficking. An important place in foreign policy is occupied by the Central Asian countries, primarily Uzbekistan. Tajikistan is a member of the CACO. Great importance is attached to the issues of strengthening regional security.

Tajikistan is participating in the development of the Treaty on a nuclear-free zone in Central Asia. Tajikistan seeks to develop relations with the Islamic world, primarily with Iran. Tajikistan consistently advocated a political settlement of the Afghan conflict through negotiations and the creation of a broadly representative government, participated in the work of the "group of neighbors and friends of Afghanistan" ("Six Plus Two").

Since the autumn of 2001, ties with the United States and Western European states have revived. Dushanbe pays considerable attention to the issues of interaction with the UN, stands for strengthening its stabilizing role. At the 54th session of the UN General Assembly, Tajikistan put forward a proposal to declare 2003 the International Year of Fresh Water. Tajikistan is interested in continuing and expanding contacts with the OSCE, stands for its greater involvement in the provision of economic and environmental assistance in the post-conflict period, and the strengthening of regional security.

The armed forces of Tajikistan, according to local estimates, number approx. 20 thousand people: government army - approx. 12 thousand, integrated detachments of the UTO - 8 thousand. According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies (London), the number of the Tajik army is 6 thousand people.

Economy of Tajikistan

GDP of Tajikistan (in current prices) in 2002 - 3.3 billion somoni, 109.1% compared to 2001. In January-September 2002, the profit amounted to 61.1 million somoni, state budget revenues, including bank loans, 369.4, expenses 345 .6, excess of income over expenses 23.8.

The number of economically active population (2002) - 1.9 million people. Outside the public sector in 2001, 1.3 million people were employed. (72%). 10-20% of workers are concentrated in industry. Official unemployment is 48.1 thousand people, 2.7% of the economically active population (2002). Women among job seekers accounted for 51-56%, young people (under 30) - more than 40%.

The main industries are: electric power, mining, non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, metalworking, production of building materials, chemical, cotton, silk, clothing, carpet weaving, food industries.

There are 6 hydroelectric power plants, the most powerful of which is Nurek, as well as a number of large thermal power plants. Due to its own energy base, 50% of the country's needs are met. The main fuel industry is coal.

The volume of industrial production in 2002 was 2226 million somoni (in current prices), 108.2% by 2001. In 2002, mechanical engineering is developing at a faster pace than industry as a whole.

The production of consumer goods in 2002 (in constant prices) was 103% by 2001, incl. food products - 102%, alcoholic beverages - 125%, non-manufacturing goods - 107%, of which in light industry - 109%, goods of cultural, household and economic importance - 100%.

In 2002, there was an increase in production compared to 2001: whole milk products by 26%, vegetable oil by 18%.

The volume of investments in fixed capital in construction in 2002 amounted to 158 million somoni.

The main agricultural product is cotton. In 2002, more than 400 thousand tons were harvested. A cotton exchange operates in Tajikistan. Futures transactions are becoming more and more widespread. The largest investors are the Swiss company "Paul Reinhard" and the trading department of the Swiss bank "Credit Suisse First Boston". Of the industrial agricultural crops, tobacco, sesame, oilseed flax and geranium are cultivated. Wheat and other cereals, potatoes, fruits, grapes, vegetables and gourds are grown.

Gross harvest of main agricultural crops (2002): grain crops (in weight after processing) 0.7 million tons, 140% by 2001; potatoes 0.4 million tons, 112% by 2001; vegetables 0.5 million tons, 119% by 2001. The gross harvest of fruit and berry crops decreased by 3%.

Meat and dairy cattle breeding and meat and woolen sheep breeding are developing. Sericulture is developing with the help of foreign investors. Production of the main types of products (2002): livestock and poultry (for slaughter) 67 thousand tons (109% compared to 2001); milk 412 thousand tons (108%); eggs - 6 million pcs. (110%).

In 2002, the transportation of goods in general amounted to 20.2 million tons (99.6% of 2001), the freight turnover of transport enterprises was 1.3 billion tkm.

Vehicles account for approx. 90% of total passenger traffic and more than 87% of domestic freight traffic (2001). Freight transported by 11% more, cargo turnover increased by 16%, passenger traffic increased by 25%. Public road network approx. 13 thousand km. The 2 most important roads - "Dushanbe - Aini" and "Kalaikhumb - Khorog" are open for transport only 6 months. a year due to climatic conditions.

297.6 thousand passengers and 1807 thousand tons of cargo were transported by air, cargo turnover increased by 13%, passenger turnover increased by 46% (2002).

The total length of railway lines is 490 km, most of them are located in the south of the country. In 2002, 339.9 thousand people were transported. and 8642.4 thousand tons of cargo; the total volume of cargo transportation decreased by 8%, cargo turnover decreased by 13%, passenger transportation increased by 25%.

The total capacity of local telephone exchanges is 250,000 numbers served by 80 urban and rural stations. The density of telecommunications services is 4.1 phones per 100 people. In the future, connection to the Trans-Asian-European cable (the Tajik line of TAE is 86 km, from Dushanbe to the border of Uzbekistan in the west) will allow the republic to become one of the transit telecommunications centers between West and East.

Retail turnover through all sales channels (in current prices): total 1001.3 million somoni, per capita 115.1 million somoni (2002).

Paid services through all sales channels (in current prices): total 499.2 million somoni, per capita 77.2 million somoni (2002).

In 2002, budget revenues were 396.4 million somoni (17% of GDP), including tax revenues of 343.3 million somoni (15.8%), their share in total budget revenues was 92.9%. The main direct taxes: on profit 4.8% of the total amount of budget revenues and 0.8% of GDP; personal income tax - respectively 7.4 and 1.3%. The main indirect taxes: on value added - 33.2% of the total budget revenues and 5.6% of GDP; excises - respectively 5.5 and 0.9%. The share of main taxes in the total amount of state budget revenues is 50.9%. Non-tax revenues amounted to less than 1/7 of the total state budget revenues, compared to the same period in 2001 increased by 30.2% (due to increased revenues from fines and sanctions). State budget expenditures 345.6 million somoni (15.9% of GDP). A significant share is occupied by spending on the social sphere (28%) and the economy (18.5%). Budget surplus 23.8 million somoni (1.1% of GDP).

Nominal wages (taking into account accrued but not paid amounts) averaged 34 somoni in 2002 (a 36% increase compared to 2001). Real wages increased by an average of 24%. The minimum wage was revised in 2002 1 time (the current minimum is 8% of the average nominal wage). In 2002, the minimum old-age pension was increased by 2.5 times and amounted to 5 somoni ($1.7). Consumer prices in 2002 increased by 10% compared to 2001. The ratio of price growth to the growth of average per capita cash income (beginning of 2002) 0.94%, with an increase in average monthly wages 0.81%, with an increase in pensions 0.59%.

Export-import operations in Tajikistan are carried out by 750 subjects of foreign economic activity. Partners - 66 countries of the world, including 11 CIS countries. In 2002, foreign trade turnover, including electricity and natural gas, amounted to USD 1,073.6 million, which is 4.7% more than in the corresponding period of 2001, or USD 47.9 million. Exported goods amounted to 534.1 million US dollars, which is 9.1% more than in the same period of 2001.

Imported goods amounted to 539.5 million US dollars, which is 0.6%, or 3.2 million US dollars, more than in the corresponding period of 2001. The CIS countries account for 51.8% of foreign trade turnover, non-CIS countries 48.2%. In exports, the advantage belongs to non-CIS countries, their share is 72.4%, in imports, a significant share is occupied by the CIS countries - 75.7%.

The share of electricity in foreign trade turnover is 10.2%, its export is 2999.3 million kW/h, import is 3490.2 million kW/h (2002).

Import of natural gas 343.1 million m3, by 16.2 million US dollars. This is 18.9%, or $3.8 million, lower than in 2001.

Aluminum accounts for 55% of exports, 226.2 thousand tons were exported in the amount of 293.9 million US dollars; main buyers: the Netherlands, Turkey (2002).

Export of cotton fiber 14.1% of foreign trade turnover, 85.1 thousand tons in the amount of 75.2 million US dollars. Deliveries to the CIS countries increased by 1.4%, and to non-CIS countries by 69.1%.

Science and culture of Tajikistan

The number of daytime general education schools is 3.7 thousand, of which 59 are gymnasiums and 60 lyceums. There are 50 secondary specialized educational institutions and 33 universities in Tajikistan.

In April 1999, on the basis and on the initiative of the 8 largest higher educational institutions of the country, the Association for the Development of Science and Education was established. In December 1999, the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan joined it as an honorary member of the association.

The Association is the first and only national, non-governmental organization in the republic, which sets itself the following goals: to promote the development and implementation of new information technologies in the system of secondary and higher education in the republic; the development of scientific research both in higher education and in research institutions in Tajikistan, the organization of effective information support for scientific activities; promoting the implementation of international educational standards in universities and secondary education, organizing international exchange of experience in this area; participation in the development of models and teaching methods in the context of the use of new information technologies, including distance learning; promoting the creation of electronic libraries.

Tajik culture developed on the basis of the traditions of the Persian-speaking world. The founder of national literature, Rudaki, improved the language, using it for the first time in secular poetry, and laid the foundations for a number of literary genres.

Ferdowsi created the heroic epic Shahnameh. The crown of the romantic Tajik poem was "Khamsa" ("Five") by Nizami, "Bustan" and "Gulistan" by Saadi. The master of the ghazal was Hafiz.

A prominent figure in Tajik literature of the 20th century. There was a writer Sadriddin Aini (1878-1954). The works and literary studies written by him influenced the development of the Tajik literary language.

The largest library is the State Library. Firdousi, where a large collection of medieval manuscripts is kept.

Basic moments

Tajikistan borders on Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan in the west and north. The eastern neighbor is China. And in the south, the state border separates Tajikistan and Afghanistan. It is worth noting that the country has no access to the sea.

The official language in the country is Tajik. Interestingly, until October 2009 in Tajikistan, the Russian language also had the status of a state language. However, for political reasons, in 2011 he was returned to the status of "language of interethnic communication".

Today, the economy of Tajikistan is supported by the mining, metallurgical, chemical, construction, textile and food industries. Large deposits of silver, gold, iron, lead, table salt and other minerals were found on the territory of the country. True, their extraction is complicated by poor infrastructure due to the prevailing mountainous terrain on the territory of the republic.

Climate and weather

The climate of Tajikistan is sharply continental, dry. A feature of the local weather is considered to be a pronounced altitudinal zonality. The subtropical climate reigns in the low valleys. The middle tiers of the mountains have moderately warm weather. And in the highlands of Tajikistan, a cold climate prevails. At the same time, in summer, the average daily temperature in the valleys reaches +30 °C. In winter, the thermometer drops to 0 °C. Interestingly, in the highlands during this period, frosts down to -27 °C are often observed. And in the Pamirs, an air temperature of -50 ° C was recorded. In summer, the air in the mountains warms up to only +15 °C. It should be noted that during the period from October to May, snowstorms rage on the territory of Tajikistan, and in summer sandstorms often occur on the plains, sometimes lasting more than a week.

The amount of rain also depends on the area. In low valleys, the amount of precipitation does not exceed 70 mm, in the Eastern Pamirs - 1600 mm. And in the highlands, rains are considered a fairly frequent occurrence. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs at the end of winter and spring.

The most successful time for visiting Tajikistan among tourists is spring (March - May). At this time, the lowlands turn into a huge flower carpet. The period from July to September is considered favorable for climbing the Pamirs. Hiking around the country is best done in September, since at this time the optimal climatic conditions are formed on the territory of Tajikistan, conducive to comfortable adaptation of a person.

Nature

The nature of Tajikistan will appeal to all lovers of mountain landscapes. About 93% of the country's territory is occupied by majestic mountains belonging to the highest systems of the world - Tien Shan, Pamir and Gissar-Alai. The territory of Tajikistan has more than 1000 mountain glaciers, the largest of which is the Fedchenko glacier.

The uniqueness of the mountain landscape of Tajikistan is given by green alpine meadows and the cleanest rivers flowing through them. In summer, the meadows of Tajikistan are covered with blooming wild irises, poppies and edelweiss. Tien Shan forests consist of juniper, spruce and laurel. They are inhabited by mountain wolves, lynxes, wild boars, bears, snow leopards. Small marmots that live in grasslands make excellent prey for lamb eagles.

Attractions

Throughout the world, Tajikistan is known for its many sights of ancient culture and history. One of the most outstanding cultural monuments is the city of Penjikent, which was the center of a Sogdian principality. Here, archaeologists have found numerous remains of residential buildings, a necropolis, a palace with wall paintings. Today, a museum has been created on the site of the ancient city.

A large number of attractions are located in the capital of Tajikistan, Dushanbe. Of particular interest is the summer residence of the Hissar beks and the mausoleum of Yakub Charkhi, a famous mystic of the Middle Ages. Also in the capital of the state there are many museums and theaters, including the Drama Theater. A. Lakhuti, Opera and Ballet Theatre. Aini, Russian Drama Theatre. V. Mayakovsky.

There is a monument to Ismoil Somoni on Ozodi Square. It is also worth highlighting the monument to Abuali ibn Sina.

You can get acquainted with the culture of Tajikistan at the Museum of Ethnography. There is a stunning exposition of Tajik carpets, pottery, jewelry and other items.

Many historians consider modern Khujand to be the famous Alexandria Extreme, built by Alexander the Great. Since that time, only the remains of ancient structures have remained. The mausoleum of Muslihiddin and the old fortress in the center of the city are also of historical value in Khujand.

Near the city of Kurgan-Tube are the remains of a Buddhist monastery of the 7th-8th centuries AD.

Particular attention is drawn to the amazing valley of Childukhtaron (“valley of forty girls”). According to legend, forty huge boulders located in the valley are forty pretty girls. In order not to become the concubines of cruel invaders, they prayed to Allah to turn them into silent stones. Every spring, locals who believe in the legend decorate the blocks with fresh flowers and bright ribbons.

The main attraction of Tajikistan is its unique nature. Many travelers come to this stunning country to see for themselves the beauty of the majestic Pamir Mountains.

Kitchen

Residents of Tajikistan are proud of their cuisine. The culinary traditions of Tajiks have been formed over many centuries. The semi-nomadic lifestyle of the local population involves an abundance of flour dishes and meat. For the preparation of meat dishes, lamb, goat meat and horse meat are used. Tajiks do not eat pork. The most common meat treats in Tajik cuisine are considered to be cabbage rolls, kabob, shish kebabs and roasts. Tajik shish kebab is made from lamb, less often from beef. Its peculiarity is that the shish kebab is necessarily cooked on fat tail fat. Tajik roast is called "kaurdak". It is prepared from fatty lamb with the addition of fresh tomatoes, potatoes, onions and spices.

Pilaf occupies a special place in Tajik culture. The locals call it "ugro-pilaf". It is prepared not from rice, as is customary, but with the addition of unleavened dough noodles, which are fried in the oven and pounded to the size of rice grains.

In addition to pilaf, Tajiks are very fond of porridge with meat. Most dishes in Tajik cuisine are seasoned with onions, herbs, spices and milk.

Flour dishes are very loved by the locals. For their preparation, yeast or unleavened dough is used. The most common dishes are various flat cakes, lagman, sambusa, eel and brushwood. It should be noted that the Tajik sweet table is very specific. They consume sweets, fruits and drinks up to three times during meals. They are served before, during and after meals. National pastries of Tajikistan (brushwood, halva, puff pastries) are very popular not only among local residents, but also among foreign guests.

Green tea is considered the most favorite drink in Tajikistan. Interestingly, Tajiks prefer to drink green tea mainly in summer, and in winter they choose regular black tea. On the territory of Tajikistan, shirchay, tea with milk, is very popular. This drink is seasoned with salt and butter. Of course, not every foreigner dares to try such a treat. By the way, locals drink tea without sugar.

Food prices in Tajik restaurants are quite reasonable. So, for dinner in a middle-class establishment, you will have to pay only $ 6. And lunch in a chic restaurant will cost about $ 10-15.

Accommodation

The tourist infrastructure of Tajikistan leaves much to be desired. Most of the country's hotels were built during the Soviet Union. Modern hotels, including Hyatt Regency Dushanbe, are located in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. Such hotels are designed for eminent guests. On the territory of such hotels there are modern restaurants, fitness centers, gyms, bars and other entertainment facilities. The cost of living in such hotels significantly exceeds $ 100 per day.

In addition to expensive apartments in large cities, you can stay in guest houses and Bed & Breakfast hotels. Prices for single rooms in such establishments do not exceed $50 per day. When traveling to the mountainous regions of the Republic of Tajikistan, you can spend the night at one of the many camp sites. In the villages of the Pamirs, local residents often let travelers stay for the night for free. True, there are no amenities familiar to tourists in the villages. And in winter, there are quite often power outages. It is worth noting that in cheap hotels and hotels there is one drawback - frequent interruptions in cold water. And there is no hot water at all.

Before planning a trip to Tajikistan, it is necessary to take care of the place of residence in advance, since the number of hotels in the country is small, and the rooms in them are often occupied.

Entertainment and recreation

Beautiful Tajikistan offers its foreign guests a huge selection of entertainment. Throughout the world, this country is known as one of the largest centers of world mountaineering. Hundreds of thousands of people come here every year to conquer the mountain peaks of the Pamir and Tien Shan.

Tracking is very popular in Tajikistan. Many tourists are attracted by unforgettable walks through the picturesque, inaccessible terrain. Rafting fans also visit Tajikistan. On the territory of the country there is a huge number of mountainous turbulent rivers, rafting on which will provide you with a portion of adrenaline.

Fascinating excursions to unique monuments of antiquity, many of which are already more than 2,500 years old, are very popular among foreign tourists.

Recently, a huge number of ecotourists have come to Tajikistan who prefer to visit the magnificent nature reserves of the country. The most exciting will be an excursion to the Khorog botanical garden. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it is located at an altitude of more than 2300 m above sea level. The Tajik National Park and the Ramit Reserve are very popular with foreigners. They have preserved the natural habitats of many rare animals, such as snow leopards, argali and ibexes.

The mountain rivers of Tajikistan attract fishing enthusiasts from all over the world. Here the main trophies are trout and catfish.

Residents of Tajikistan are very fond of various holidays. The main holiday is Navruz - New Year, which is celebrated on the day of the spring equinox (according to the ancient Persian calendar). In addition, Memorial Day (February 12), Independence Day (September 9) and other public holidays are widely celebrated. As in any Muslim country, religious holidays are celebrated on a special scale in Tajikistan, for example, Ramadan, Eid al-Azha and Eid al-Fitr.

shopping

The truly eastern country of Tajikistan is famous for its unique bazaars, where you can buy many excellent goods at a very low price. Bargaining is considered the main tradition of any oriental bazaar. This process is especially revered by the locals. By the way, those foreigners who start bargaining are provided with significant discounts.

The most common souvenirs from Tajikistan are skullcaps, shawls, scarves, various textile products, and embroidery. Particularly popular are items of national clothing - warm wadded robes, embroidered belts, dresses and trousers. Many tourists buy unique carpets embroidered with silk threads. Unique Tajik leather shoes are also in great demand among foreigners. One of the numerous tourist symbols of the republic are very warm mittens, scarves and socks made from the wool of the Pamir yaks.

Women will certainly like traditional multi-tiered jewelry with national motifs: necklaces, earrings and bracelets. Every foreigner strives to acquire the famous ceramic products with the applied symbols of Tajikistan and traditional figurines.

Transport

Tajikistan has a fairly developed transport system, represented by rail, road and air transport. It should be noted that more than 90% of transportation in the country falls on road transport. The road network of Tajikistan is unevenly distributed throughout the country. The quality of the road surface largely depends on geographical factors and on the number of residents living in the area. The best roads are in the north of Tajikistan. The mountainous relief of the southern part of the country does not allow creating a decent coverage. Some highways of the country are allowed to use only in the summer.

The best way to get around Tajikistan is by buses and fixed-route taxis, which regularly run between the major cities of the country. It should be noted that the car rental system in Tajikistan is not yet developed, but you can use taxi services. One day of using a car with a personal driver will cost you $50.

Railway transport has not received due development due to the difficult mountainous terrain. The length of the railway track in the country is only 490 kilometers. Interestingly, most of the road is located in the southern part of the country. It is worth noting that most international transportation is carried out by rail.

The lack of direct access to the sea in Tajikistan made it important to have a developed air service in the country. Today, international and domestic flights are carried out by the state airline Tajikistan Airlines. It is worth noting that due to adverse conditions in winter, a lot of flights are canceled.

Connection

Communication in Tajikistan is poorly developed. According to statistics, the country ranks last among the CIS countries in terms of the number of telephones per 100 people (approximately 3.8). You can use international communication services only in large cities by contacting the post office. In addition, you can call abroad from expensive hotels and inns. The cost of such a call to Asian countries and the USA is about $1 per minute. You can also call the CIS countries for a lower cost - about $ 0.3.

On the other hand, cellular communication has received intensive development, the services of which are provided in the country by six mobile operators at once: Babilon-M, Todzhfon, Indigo, Indigo-Somoncom, TK Mobile and MLT. Most of them support roaming of major global companies. It is worth noting that the cost of cellular calls is quite expensive. Connection alone will cost from $12 to $35. At the same time, the cost of one minute of conversation reaches $ 0.4.

Recently, network technologies have become very popular in Tajikistan. About ten providers provide Internet services. It is worth noting that not the whole country has the opportunity to join the worldwide network. Only 12 major cities can provide you with Internet access. There are about 50 Internet cafes in Dushanbe, the capital of Tajikistan. The cost of one hour of work in such a cafe is approximately $ 1. Wi-Fi connection can also be found in large hotels in Dushanbe. It is worth noting that the country's government recently decided to block about 130 sites that, according to officials, contain insults to high-ranking officials. This list also includes social networks that are popular all over the world.

Security

Tajikistan is considered one of the safest countries in Central Asia. True, foreign tourists will not hurt to follow some simple rules. Do not walk alone at night. This warning is especially relevant outside of the country's capital, Dushanbe. At this time, foreigners become an easy "target" for nimble scammers and robbers. It should be noted that there were no serious offenses against foreign citizens in Tajikistan. However, you should not carry large sums of money and jewelry with you on excursions, which can attract the attention of clever pickpockets.

The sanitary situation in Tajikistan leaves much to be desired. The semi-nomadic lifestyle leaves its mark. Experts strongly recommend drinking only boiled, and preferably bottled water. Washing vegetables and fruits, as well as brushing your teeth, is also worth bottled water, since the country has a high percentage of cases of cholera, diphtheria, hepatitis E and A. In the south of the country there is a small risk of getting malaria and undulating fever. Therefore, all tourists entering the country are required to carry out the necessary preventive vaccinations.

Business

Despite studies conducted by World Bank experts in 2007, which recognized Tajikistan as an economically unfavorable country, in recent years business has begun to develop rapidly. Tajikistan is one of the countries of the former USSR that has untouched natural resources, which opens up huge prospects for foreign investment.

The parliament of the republic revised a number of legislative projects in favor of simplified documentary registration of companies and enterprises. Many types of industry can be developed in Tajikistan, from textile to mining.

The untouched nature of Tajikistan attracts numerous ecotourists from all over the world. Such interest in the country's natural resources requires the development of tourism infrastructure. This is another direction for foreign investment, which will bring huge profits to its owners.

The property

To date, there has been a significant decline in demand in the real estate market in Tajikistan. This is due, first of all, to the outflow of personnel, Chinese expansion and a low level of diversification. Often, the purchase of housing occurs only for subsequent sale at a higher price.

As in neighboring countries, in Tajikistan there are no special restrictions on the sale of real estate to foreign citizens. However, for foreigners to buy land for the construction of houses will require significant funds and time to document the purchase.

Most of the offers for rental housing are concentrated in the capital of Tajikistan and the largest cities of the country. To rent a small apartment (up to 100 m2) you will need about $500 per month, in the capital you will have to pay up to $850 for the same apartment.

To buy an apartment in large cities, it is worth preparing approximately $50,000–60,000. When purchasing housing in the suburbs, you can pay the amount half as much. Country cottages and houses began to gain great popularity in the real estate market. Mansions near Dushanbe received special attention. The cost of cottages in the metropolitan area often reaches $140,000.

For safe travel in Tajikistan, you must strictly follow a few very simple rules. Firstly, since the times of the Soviet Union, the requirement for mandatory registration of foreign tourists at the place of residence has been preserved. Its cost is approximately $15. If this requirement is not met when leaving the country, strict border guards may not let you on the return flight.

Secondly, in Tajikistan, in bazaars and shops, purchases are made in somoni. It is better to exchange foreign currency in state exchange offices or banks.

Thirdly, the Muslim country of Tajikistan requires the implementation of certain rules of conduct in a religious society. So, you should not express your feelings in relation to another person in public. The clothes of foreigners must comply with the requirements of local canons as much as possible (t-shirts must cover the elbows, and trousers must cover the knees).

When buying souvenirs, you should remember that the customs rules of Tajikistan prohibit the export of food, gold, minerals and precious stones abroad without a permit. The export of national currency is also prohibited, and foreign money can be exported in an amount not exceeding $ 5,000.

Visa information

Citizens of Russia and the CIS do not need a special entry visa to visit Tajikistan. For unhindered border crossing, it will be enough to present a valid foreign passport. All necessary documents are processed right at the airport. The legislation of Tajikistan stipulates the obligatory registration of foreign citizens at the place of temporary residence. Such registration can be carried out within three days after entering the country. For tourists staying in hotels and hotels, this service is provided by the hotel administration.

Details about the rules of entry and movement within the country can be found at the Embassy of Tajikistan in Moscow, located at: 123001, Moscow, per. Granatny, 13.

culture

National culture has deep roots. Tajiks consider themselves the bearers and keepers of a multi-thousand-year tradition associated with the culture of the entire Persian-speaking area. The state emphasizes its continuity with the early medieval state formations, primarily the power of the Samanids with its capital in Bukhara. It is believed that the Tajik ethnic group was formed during this period. In 1999, the 1100th anniversary of the Samanid state was solemnly celebrated in the republic. The name of the patron of sciences and arts, Shah Ismoil Somoni, is surrounded by special honor. The highest peak (the former Peak of Communism, 7495 m.) is named after him.

The heyday of the classical Persian-Tajik culture, primarily literature (Rudaki, Firdowsi, Saadi, etc.) occurred at the end of the 1st - 2nd millennium AD. A qualitatively new stage began at the end of the 19th century. after the inclusion of the Tajik regions into the Russian Empire, especially since the 1920s, when the Sovietization of culture began, accompanied by a wide spread of literacy in Russian and Tajik (graphics based on the Russian alphabet) languages.

A prominent place in the formation of the modern literary language belongs to the famous writer Sadriddin Aini (1878–1954), poets A. Lakhuti (1887–1957) and M. Tursunzade (1911–1977) are also considered classics of literature. The name of the historian-orientalist and statesman B. Gafurov is widely known.

In the mid-1980s, there were more than 1,600 libraries in the country, including a number of large public ones in Dushanbe and other urban centers. Today there are 180 public libraries in the capital city. The most famous is the Firdousi State Library, which houses a large collection of medieval oriental manuscripts.

Among the two dozen museums, the most famous are the Historical and Ethnographic Museums of the Academy of Sciences located in Dushanbe. There are local history museums in Khujand and other regional centers.

Theatrical art was developed during the Soviet era (since 1929). There were 10 theaters of drama and comedy, including the Tajik Drama, Russian Drama, 4 children's theaters, Opera and Ballet Theater named after S. Aini. Festivals of theatrical and folk art have recently gained particular popularity. 14 theater groups took part in the celebrations on the occasion of the 1100th anniversary of the Samanid state and the 8th anniversary of independence in 1999. November 7 is declared the Day of the Tajik theater.

In 1930, a republican film studio was founded and film production began. In the mid-1980s, the Tajikfilm studio produced 7–8 feature films and up to 30 documentary films annually. During the period of independence, the film industry is going through a deep crisis. Video distribution is expanding.

The main holiday is Navruz - the celebration of the New Year, which is celebrated, according to the ancient Persian calendar, on the day of the spring equinox. After the declaration of independence, two new holidays were established in Tajikistan: Independence Day (September 9) and Memorial Day (February 12) - in memory of those killed during the armed clashes in Dushanbe in February 1990.

Story

The history of Tajikistan is a series of ups and downs, enslavement and liberation wars. It is known from the history of Tajikistan that the first mention of the ancestors of the Tajiks dates back to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, when, on the territory of the modern state, there were the most ancient slave-owning states: Bactria, Sogd and Khorezm, the main economic activity of which was irrigation agriculture. In the 6th-4th centuries. Bactria was ruled by the Iranian Achaemenids, Alexander the Great. From the 3rd century BC e. the territory of present-day Tajikistan was part of the Greco-Bactrian, and then the Kushan kingdoms, was subjected to invasions of the Hephthalites, the Turks.

By the beginning of the 8th-9th centuries. can be attributed to the formation of the Tajik nationality. The origin of the name "Tajik" dates back to the time of the Arab conquest (8c), and denotes a crowned, or a person of a noble family. In the 13th century, the Mongols conquered the territory of Tajikistan. In the 16th century, it was conquered by the Uzbeks and became part of the Bukhara Khanate.

In 1868, the history of Tajikistan was connected with the history of Russia - the northern part of the country was annexed to Russia, and the southern part - the Bukhara Khanate - remained in vassal dependence on Russia. Joining Russia was of great progressive significance. In addition, it saved Tajikistan from the threat of conquest by the British interventionists, put an end to feudal troubles. In the northern regions of Tajikistan, which were part of Turkestan, Soviet power was established in November 1917. In early September 1920, the power of the Emir of Bukhara was overthrown and the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was formed. On October 14, 1924, as a result of the national-territorial demarcation of Central Asia, the Tajik ASSR was formed as part of the Uzbek SSR. On December 5, 1229, the Tajik ASSR was transformed into a union republic. During the years of Soviet power, Tajikistan has achieved unprecedented success in all sectors of the economy, industry and agriculture have been greatly developed. The basis of the energy power of the republic is a cascade of unique HPPs - Nurek, Golovnaya, Rogun, Baipazinskaya.

After the collapse of the USSR, a new political and economic period began for Tajikistan. The former Soviet republics became independent states.

However, the independence of Tajikistan, which happened on September 9, 1991, was marked by the beginning of a civil war that left deep scars in the hearts and souls of thousands of people. The end of the fratricidal war was put at the famous XVI session of the Supreme Council, held in November 1992 in the ancient city of Khujand. At this meeting, a regulation on the national army was created, state symbols were approved: there are three colors on the flag of the Republic of Tajikistan: green, red and white. The green strip is the valleys, there are very few of them in the republic - 7% of the territory. The white stripe is the color of the main wealth of the republic - cotton, as well as the color of snow and ice in the high mountains. Red is the color of unity of the republic and brotherhood with other peoples of the world.

The sovereign Tajik state builds its activities on the basis of the Constitution adopted at a national referendum. Now Tajikistan is a full member of the United Nations and is recognized by 117 countries of the world.

Lifestyle

The majority of the population (72%) are rural residents living in more than 3 thousand villages. The standards of rural life differ from urban ones for the worse - as a rule, there are no sewerage systems, not everyone can use clean drinking water, in many areas there are not enough doctors and medical staff. Even in large villages there are not always libraries and cultural institutions.

Of the traditional social institutions, it is necessary to note the meetings of elders (mashvarat) uniting neighbors, men's meetings (jamomad) and, especially, the patrilineal tribal group avlod. According to some data, more than 12 thousand such consanguineous groups cover 40-50% of the population, in some areas 75-80% of the inhabitants consider themselves members of avlods. The basic cell of Tajik society (as well as other sedentary societies) is a large family consisting of parents, unmarried daughters, married sons, their wives and children. In common use, such a family usually has a house, land and livestock. The more wealthy the family, the larger it is. There are strong traditions of having many children, the average number of children, especially in rural areas, is 4-5. Polygamy is illegal and not practiced, partly for economic reasons. Marriages are made at an early age. Almost all women get married. Divorces are rare, most often observed in Dushanbe. The position of women in public and industrial and business life is hardly noticeable, they rarely occupy responsible positions in government agencies and private organizations. They are most strongly represented quantitatively in science, medicine and pedagogy. The labor of women, as well as children, is widely used in agriculture.

Economy

Tajikistan is an agro-industrial country, one of the poorest countries in the world, despite its considerable economic potential. According to the International Monetary Fund, 63% of the population lives on less than $2 (purchasing power parity) a day. The long war, the resulting destruction and human losses led to a sharp decline in the economy (GDP in 1995 was only 41% of the 1991 figure). In recent peaceful years, the economy and living standards have risen significantly.

Agriculture accounts for 30.8% of GDP, industry - 29.1%, service sector - 40.1%.

The main sector of the economy remains the state. The state controls most of the large industrial enterprises.

The country's economy is heavily dependent on the money earned by labor emigrants. The number of Tajik citizens engaged in labor activity in Russia totals 1 million people. In 2005, they officially transferred to their homeland, according to the International Monetary Fund, $247 million. According to the EBRD, the real amount of money sent is about $1 billion (that is, half of the country's GDP), while over 90% of the funds are transferred From Russia. This money, however, is not invested, but spent on current consumption. A certain share of the economy, apparently, is occupied by the trade and transshipment of heroin from neighboring Afghanistan, according to experts, amounting to 100-120 tons per year.

Exports of aluminium, which provides half of export earnings, brought in only $550 million in 2005. In second place is the export of cotton.

In October 2004, an agreement was signed on long-term cooperation between the government of the Republic of Tajikistan and JSC Russian Aluminum (Rusal), according to which President Emomali Rakhmonov promised to sell the Tajik Aluminum Plant (TadAZ) to Rusal, and Rusal was to build Rogun HPP. This agreement, however, was not implemented.

In the city of builders of the Nurek HPP, an optical-electronic unit of the space control system of the Russian space forces is located.

Imports amount to 3751.1 million dollars (2007):
Ferrous metal, light industry products, automobiles, agricultural machinery, pharmaceutical products, medical equipment.

Export is 3500.2 million dollars:
Aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth metals, vanadium, uranium oxide), light industry products (cotton and silk fabrics), cotton, agricultural products (vegetables and fruits). (uranium) - (ruby).

Politics

According to the Constitution, adopted by referendum in November 1994, the Republic of Tajikistan is a "sovereign, democratic, legal, secular and unitary state." The supreme body of power is the Parliament, the Majlisi Oli (Supreme Assembly), which combines legislative, administrative and control functions in its activities. The head of state and executive power (government) is the president. He is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, as well as "the guarantor of the Constitution and laws, human rights and freedoms, national independence, unity and territorial continuity and durability of the state, etc." The government consists of the prime minister, his deputies, ministers and chairmen of state committees.

- a state in the southeast of Central Asia. In the north it borders with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, in the east - with China, in the south - with Afghanistan, in the west - with Uzbekistan.

Tajikistan means "country of Tajiks".

General information about Tajikistan

Official name: Republic of Tajikistan (Chumhurii Tojikiston)

Capital: Dushanbe

The area of ​​the land: 143.1 thousand sq. km

Total population: 7.5 million people

Administrative division: Tajikistan includes the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, 3 regions, 45 districts (including 8 districts of republican subordination).

Form of government: Republic.

Head of State: President elected for a term of 5 years.

Composition of the population: 62% - Tajiks, 24% - Uzbeks, 3.5% - Russians.

Official language: Tajik. Russian is the language of international communication.

Religion: 85% of the inhabitants (Tajiks, Uzbeks, etc.) belong to Sunni Muslims who adhere to the Hanafi persuasion. 5% are Shiite Muslims. A small percentage of residents are non-Muslims, most of them are Orthodox Christians, as well as representatives of other Christian denominations.

Internet domain: .tj

Mains voltage: ~220 V, 50 Hz

Phone country code: +992

Country barcode: 488

Climate

The climate of Tajikistan is sharply continental, dry, with significant fluctuations in temperature and precipitation depending on the absolute height of the area. In the low-mountainous southwestern part of the country, the average January temperature is about. + 2 ° С, and in July - about 30 ° С. Temperatures are lower in the valleys in the north of the country. In the mountains, both winter and summer are colder; in the highlands, the average January and February temperatures are from -26° to -14° C, and the average July temperatures are from 4° to 15° C.

Most of the country is in arid or semi-arid conditions. The average annual precipitation ranges from 70 mm in the Eastern Pamirs to 1600 mm on the southern slopes of the Gissar Range. The maximum precipitation occurs in winter and spring, while in summer and autumn it rarely rains.

Geography

The Republic of Tajikistan is a state in the southeast of Central Asia, far from the seas and oceans, it borders on Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, China and Afghanistan. This is a typically mountainous country with altitudes from 300 to 7495 m., 93% of the country's territory is occupied by mountains belonging to the highest mountain systems in the world - Tien Shan, Gissar-Alai and Pamir (in the east of the country, with the highest peaks of Somoniyon (7495 m), Communism (7495 m) and Lenin (7134 m).

There are more than a thousand mountain glaciers on the territory of the country, the largest is the Fedchenko mountain-valley glacier, about 77 km long. The country is located in a seismic zone, earthquakes occur constantly, weak tremors are recorded in the amount of up to 5-6 per day. The total area of ​​the country is 143.1 thousand square meters. km. (the smallest republic in Central Asia).

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

From the bottoms of the valleys and up to the snow line, mainly herbaceous and shrubby vegetation is widespread. The foothills are occupied by deserts and dry steppes, which are replaced by juniper forests, pistachio thickets (in the south) and sparse (park) walnut forests, occupying very small areas.

Tugai vegetation is confined to the river valleys, which usually includes poplar, maple, ash, birch and willow. Even higher tiers of mountains are occupied by subalpine tall-grass and alpine short-grass steppe meadows. In the eastern part of the Pamirs, there are areas devoid of vegetation, the so-called. high deserts.

Animal world

The wild fauna is varied. Mammals are found in deserts and steppes - goitered gazelle, wolf, hyena, porcupine, tolai hare; from birds - bustard; of the numerous reptiles - lizards, turtles, snakes, including cobra and efa. Scorpions and spiders are numerous. The tugai are characterized by wild boar, jackal, Bukhara deer, Turkestan rat, pheasant and waterfowl - ducks and geese.

Mammals are common in the mountains - brown bear, mountain sheep (urial and argali), mountain goat (kiik), gazelle, snow leopard, etc .; birds - golden eagle, mountain turkey (ular), mountain partridge (keklik), griffon vulture, etc. Trout, various carps (carp, bream, asp, marinka) and other fish are found in the reservoirs.

Attractions

Tajikistan is one of the oldest states in the world. The territory of modern Tajikistan was inhabited even before the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. Sogdians and Bactrians, who created their famous ancient states - Sogdiana and Bactria. In the VI century. BC. this territory was captured by the Persian power of the Achaemenids, but already in the 4th century. BC e. The Achaemenid Empire fell under the blows of the troops of Alexander the Great, who captured (with great difficulty) Sogdiana and Bactria.

In the 1st century n. e. a new powerful state was formed here - the Kushan Empire, and after its collapse in the 3rd century. AD Sogdiana and Bactria came under the rule of the Sassanid Empire for a short period. After its fall, the territory of the country many times "passed from hand to hand" of many powerful empires - from the Samanid dynasty (875-999) and the Mongol empire of Timur (Tamerlane), to the Bukhara Khan and the Russian Empire.

The ancient cities of Penjikent (known since the 6th century), Khojent, Ura-Tube (and still famous for the products of local craftsmen), Isfara, Kanibadam, etc. are located on the territory of modern Tajikistan. The architectural monuments of the cities of neighboring Uzbekistan are also a property of Tajik history and culture ( Samarkand, Bukhara, etc.), with which Tajikistan has long been a single state. In Tajikistan itself, it is worth noting such monuments as the Gissar fortress, the mausoleum of Khoja Mashhad, Ajina-Tepe with the remains of Buddhist monasteries of the 7th-8th centuries.

Banks and currency

Tajik somoni (international designation - TJS), equal to 100 dirams. Banknotes used: 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 somoni, as well as 1, 5, 20 and 50 dirams. Coins: 1, 3 and 5 somoni, as well as 5, 10, 20, 25 and 50 dirams. Until 2000, the Tajik ruble operated in the country.

Currency exchange can be done at the airport or in hotels, at most banks in Dushanbe or Khujand (outside them, many banks may not even have currency exchange departments, so you should worry about this in advance), or at exchange offices, which are available in large numbers in all cities countries.

The use of credit cards and traveler's checks is almost impossible, except for international hotels and large shopping centers, which are available in a few in Dushanbe. In many private shops and markets, you can pay in Russian rubles or US dollars, but there is a high probability of a serious overpayment. ATMs are available in Dushanbe and Khojent, but their number is limited.

Useful information for tourists

Tajikistan is the center of international mountain tourism and mountaineering. The safest way to trek is to use the services of a reliable agency and a guide, with your own equipment, as it is quite difficult to get equipment in Tajikistan itself.

In the mountains there are many so-called "shelters" and farms on mountain routes isolated from the outside world, they work like primitive boarding houses. You will be offered a place under the roof, a sheepskin blanket and hot "sher chai" - tea with goat's milk, salt and butter. To avoid discomfort from the fact that the owner has just slaughtered his last chicken for you, you need to have a supply of food with you in order to pay off the owner, since there are no shops in the Pamirs and money also has a small price, only barter is used here.

The best trekking season is from June to September, although you have to be prepared for bad weather at any time.

Capital of Tajikistan. Dushanbe.

Tajikistan Square. 143100 km2.

Population of Tajikistan. 6600 thousand people

Location of Tajikistan. Tajikistan is a state in the southeast of Central Asia. In the north it borders with and, in the east - with, in the south - with in the west - with Uzbekistan.

Administrative divisions of Tajikistan. Tajikistan includes the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, 3 regions, 45 districts (including 8 districts of republican subordination).

Form of government in Tajikistan. Republic.

Head of State of Tajikistan. President elected for a term of 5 years.

Supreme legislative body of Tajikistan. Majlis (parliament), with a term of office of 4 years.

Supreme executive body of Tajikistan. Government.

Major cities of Tajikistan. Khujand, Kurgan-Tyube.

State language of Tajikistan. Tajik.

Religion in Tajikistan. The majority of the population professes (Sunni and Shiite).

Ethnic composition of Tajikistan. 62% - Tajiks, 24% -, 3.5% - Russians.

Currency of Tajikistan. Somoni = 100 tangas.

Fauna of Tajikistan. The animal world is quite rich: the snow leopard, several species of mountain goats live here, 22 species of lizards are located in the Tigrovaya Balka Reserve, including the steppe agama, gray monitor lizard, skink gecko, and rare species of snakes. Among mammals, and there are 84 species of them, one can distinguish a wolf, a jackal, a reed cat, a porcupine, a Bukhara deer.

Rivers and lakes of Tajikistan. The largest rivers of the country are the Zeravshan, the Amu Darya and its tributaries the Vakhsh, Panj and Kofarnikhon. Large lake - Karakul.

Sights of Tajikistan. The mountains of Tajikistan are a picturesque place, combining in its landscape the highest mountain ranges, grassy and. Of the monuments, one should note numerous mosques, mausoleums, medieval citadels, museum-reserves, the remains of Buddhist monasteries, the settlement of an ancient Sogdian city of the 5th-8th centuries. and etc.

Useful information for tourists

Tajikistan is the center of international mountain tourism and mountaineering. The safest way to trek is to use the services of a reliable agency and a guide, with your own equipment, as it is quite difficult to get equipment in Tajikistan itself. In the mountains there are many so-called "shelters" and farms on mountain routes isolated from the outside world, they work like primitive boarding houses. You will be offered a place under the roof, a sheepskin blanket and hot "sher chai" - tea with goat's milk, salt and butter. To avoid discomfort from the fact that the owner has just slaughtered his last chicken for you, you need to have a supply of food with you in order to pay off the owner, since there are no shops and money also has a low price, only barter is in use here. The best trekking season is from June to September, although you have to be prepared for a bad one at any time.

Authors: E. V. Baranchikov (General information, Population, Economy), N. N. Alekseeva (Nature: physical and geographical essay), S. V. Dmitriev (Historical essay, archeology with the participation of V. S. Solovyov), V D. Nesterkin (Armed Forces), V. S. Nechaev (Health), V. I. Linder (Sports), A. A. Abdumannonov and Kh. O. Khushkadamova (Literature), V. A. Pogadaev (Theatre, Cinema)Authors: E. V. Baranchikov (General information, Population, Economy), N. N. Alekseeva (Nature: physical and geographical essay), S. V. Dmitriev (Historical essay; >>

TAJIKISTAN (Toҷ ikiston), Republic of Tajikistan (Ҷ umҳ urii Toҷ ikiston).

General information

T. - the state in the Center. Asia. It borders in the north and northeast with Kyrgyzstan, in the east with China, in the south with Afghanistan, in the west, northwest and north with Uzbekistan. Pl. 143.1 thousand km 2. Us. 8352.0 thousand people (2015, estimate). The capital is Dushanbe. Official the language is Tajik (Uzbek is also used in areas where Uzbeks live; Russian retains its significance as the language of interethnic communication). Monetary unit - somoni. Adm.-terr. division (4 types of administrative entities): the city of republican subordination Dushanbe, 1 autonomous region, 2 regions (they include 42 districts), districts of republican subordination (total 13) (table).

Administrative-territorial division (2015)

T. is a member of the UN (1992), IMF (1993), IBRD (1993), OSCE (1992), Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1992), CIS (1991), SCO (2001), CSTO (1992), etc.

Political system

T. is a unitary state. The constitution was adopted by referendum on 11/6/1994. The form of government is a presidential republic.

The head of state will execute. power - the president, elected on the basis of universal equal and direct electorate. rights by secret ballot for a period of 7 years (with the right to re-election). A presidential candidate must be a citizen of T., at least 35 years old, own state. language and permanently reside in the territory of the Republic for at least the last 10 years. The President determines directions int. and foreign policy, represents T. within the country and in the international. relations, appoints senior officials and dismisses them from office, is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. by the forces of the country, etc.

Supreme legislator. body - a bicameral parliament (Majlisi Oli). It consists of the Majlisi namoyandagon (lower house - 63 deputies) and Majlisi milli (upper house - 34 senators). The term of office is 5 years. The Majlisi Namoyandagon is elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct election. rights by secret ballot and is valid for permanent and prof. basis. Three-quarters (25 members) of the Majlisi Milli are elected indirectly, by secret ballot at joint meetings of the people. deputies of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug and its cities and districts, regions and their cities and districts, Dushanbe and its districts, cities and districts of republican subordination (jointly). One quarter (8 members) of the Majlisi Milli is appointed by the President. One seat reserved for ex. president. The Majlisi Milli operates on a convocation basis.

Supreme performer. body - the government of the republic, consists of the prime minister, his first deputy and deputies, ministers, chairmen of the state. committees. The prime minister and other members of the government are appointed by the president.

Leading politicians. party - People's Democratic Party. party, Agrarian Party.

Nature

Relief

The mountains are occupied by St. 90% of the territory of T. In the far north, the Kuraminsky Range (up to 3769 m high) and the Mogoltau Mountains (up to 1624 m), which are part of the Zap system, are represented. Tien Shan. To the south are narrowed app. part of the Ferghana Valley and southeast. section of the Hungry Steppe plain. Centre. part of T. is occupied by sublatitudinally elongated mountain ranges of Gissar-Alay: extreme west. part of the Alai Range (height up to 5539 m, Tandykul peak), Turkestan (up to 5509 m, Piramidalny peak), Zeravshan (up to 5489 m, Mount Chimtarga) and Gissar (up to 4764 m) ridges. The Turkestan and Zeravshan ranges are separated by the longitudinal Zeravshan valley. From the Gissar ridge, the Karategin ridge branches off (height up to 4276 m). The crests of the ridges are characterized by alpine landforms.

Vost. part of T. is located within the Pamirs (height up to 7495 m, the peak of Communism, since 1999 it has been called the peak of Ismail Samani, in the ridge of the Academy of Sciences - the highest point of T.). For Zap. The Pamirs are characterized by narrow ridges of the Alpine type, alternating with deep gorges. To the East The Pamirs are dominated by high plateaus (at a height of 3700–4200 m), vast basins with permafrost soils, above which mountain ranges rise at a relative height. up to 1500 m. In the extreme east, along the border with China, the Sarykolsky Range stretches (height up to 5909 m). In the southwest of Tajikistan, there are the low ridges of Aktau, Sarsaryak, Tereklitau, and others, which diverge like a fan in the southwest. direction and separated by wide valleys (Hissar, Vakhsh, Nizhnekafirniganskaya, etc.).

Geological structure and minerals

The territory of Tajikistan is located at the junction of the Ural-Okhotsk mobile belt, represented by the Tien Shan fold system, and the Alpine-Himalayan belt, to which the Pamir fold system belongs. In the north, there is a part of the Caledonian-Hercynian Middle Megazone of the Tien Shan (southern slopes of the Kuraminsky Range and Mogoltau Mountains) - a Late Paleozoic volcano-plutonic. belt superimposed on the Kuramino-Fergana massif. Terrestrial volcanic rocks (occur in isometric depressions and linear grabens) and intrusive complexes (compose large laccoliths and stocks) are widely developed. South is app. part of the Ferghana intermountain basin, where the orogenic Oligocene-Quaternary molasse complex prevails, platform deposits of the Jurassic-Eocene age are slightly distributed. Centre. T. (Gissaro-Alai) in tectonic relation refers to the Hercynian South. megazone of the Tien Shan folded system, composed of Paleozoic terrigenous, terrigenous-carbonate and volcanogenic-sedimentary strata overlain by Late Paleozoic flysch and molasse. In the Karategin Range, Archean strata migmatized in the Devonian come to the surface. The largest in T. Gissar batholith is formed by granitoids. The structure of the region is folded (Turkestan ridge), cover-folded and scaly (Zerafshan ridge), blocky-folded (Hissar ridge). The Late Cenozoic platform and orogenic complexes are fragmentarily developed. Southwest T. occupies the South Tajik (Afghan-Tajik) depression (in the Jurassic-Eocene time - a platform-type trough, starting from the Oligocene - an intermountain depression filled with a powerful orogenic molasse). In the South East. The Pamir folded system stands out in T., whose complex folded cover structure was intensively reworked during the Alpine epoch of tectogenesis.

The territory of T. is highly seismic. On average, less than 4 years there is one strong earthquake, once every 10-15 years - destructive. In the 20th and 21st centuries to a catastrophic the consequences (thousands of dead) were caused by earthquakes on 10/21/1907 (M 8), 10/7/1949 (M 7.5), 30/5/1998 (M 6.6); in the 21st century means. earthquakes occurred on October 30, 2000 (M 5.2), January 9, 2002 (M 5.3), February 3, 2002 (M 4.9), July 29, 2006 (M 5.6), July 21, 2007 (M 5.2 ), 12.5.2012 (M 5.7).

On the territory of T. there are several. hundreds of deposits diff. minerals. B. h. explored reserves of lead-zinc ores are concentrated in the Karamazar ore province in the North. T. (deposits Altyn-Topkan, Kansai, Sever. Zarnisor, etc. - West. Karamazar; East. Kanimansur and Bolshoy Kanimansur, Zambarakskoe, etc. - East. Karamazar); ores, in addition to Pb and Zn, contain Ag, Cu, Bi, Cd, etc. Large reserves of antimony ores are concentrated in the Zeravshan-Gissar mercury-antimony belt Center. T. (Dzhizhikrutskoe deposit, Konchochskoe ore field - with Au and fluorite). Main gold reserves are enclosed in polymetallic. deposits (the most significant - Taror and Dzhilau with Ag, Cu, Bi, etc., near Penjikent; smaller ones - Aprelevka, Kyzyl-Cheku, Burgunda, Ikkizhelon - in the North T.), alluvial Quaternary placers are also common (east side South-Tajik depression - Yakhsu placers, Pamir, Darvaz ridge, Zeravshan valley). The vast majority of silver reserves are confined to a large polymetallic. the Bolshoi Kanimansur deposit. Deposits of iron ores (iron-bismuth Chokadambulak with Au, Ag in the North. T.; Barch in the Pamirs), copper and molybdenum (South. Yangikan in the North. T.), tin (Mushkiston in the Zeravshan valley), tungsten (Maikhura in the south. slope of the Hissar Range, Chopyx-Dairon with Mo in Karamazar), strontium (near Kulyab), aluminum ores - nepheline syenites (Turpinsky, Tuteksky in Central. T.). The deposits of oil and natural combustible gas are concentrated in the Fergana depression (Fergana oil and gas region) and the South Tajik depression (Surkhan-Vakhsh oil and gas region). All in. In parts of T., deposits of hard coal (Fan-Yagnob and others) and brown (Shurab) coal are known.

Mining and chemical raw materials are represented by barite (in the North. T. and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Okrug), boron ores (Pamir), rock salt (Khodzha-Muminskoye and other deposits in the South-West. T., Kamyshkurgon in the Ferghana Depression), fluorite (Centre. Takob, Krasnye Holmy), phosphorites (in the Central and North. T.), carbonate rocks (in the Isfara region and in the South. T.), miner. pigments (in the North. T.), etc. There are known deposits of peat, oil shale, industrial raw materials (asbestos, Icelandic spar, optical quartz and calcite, ozokerite, talc ores, gypsum, anhydrite), decomp. natural builds. materials, precious and ornamental stones (noble spinel - "Badakhshan lala", ruby, garnet, topaz, rubellite, polychrome tourmaline, scapolite, aquamarine, turquoise, obsidian, amethyst, agate, lapis lazuli, etc.).

Climate

On the territory of T., the climate is subtropical. continental. Wed the January temperature is from 2 and -2 ° C in the valleys and foothills to -20 ° C and lower in the Pamirs. Wed temperature in July from 30 °C in the valleys to 0 °C and lower in the Pamirs. Precipitation brings northwest, west. and southwest. air masses (maximum in March-April). To the south slopes of the Gissar Range receives up to 1600 mm of precipitation per year, in mountain hollows and valleys protected by ridges from wet winds - 250 mm, in the Fergana Valley - 100 mm, on the East. Pamir - ok. 60 mm.

The snow line rises as the climate becomes more continental: in Gissar-Alay from 3800 m (in the west and southwest) to 4200–4400 m (in the northeast), in the Pamirs from 4000 m (in the northwest) to 5000– 5500 m (in the east). The total area of ​​modern glaciation ca. 8500 km2. More than 11 thousand glaciers are concentrated in the Pamir-Alai (mountain-valley ones predominate). The largest centers of glaciation are located in the north. and app. parts of the Pamirs: Fedchenko glacier , Grumm-Grzhimailo glacier , Geographical Society glacier, glaciers Garmo, Fortambek, Sagran (Sugran), Gando and others. glacier on Gissar-Alay - Zeravshan.

Inland waters

B. h. rivers belong to the basins of the Amu Darya (Amu Darya for 85 km, Pyanj, Vakhsh, Kafirnigan, etc.), Syr Darya (Syr Darya for 105 km, Isfara, Karasu, Aksu, etc.) and Zeravshan. To the East In the Pamirs, small rivers flow into a drainless lake. Karakul; R. Markansu belongs to the river basin. Tarim. The nutrition of rivers originating in the highlands is glacial-snow and snow-glacial, with a maximum runoff in May-August; rivers in the middle mountains and foothills are fed by melted snow, rain and groundwater, the largest runoff is in March-May. In winter, the rivers become shallow. They are used for irrigation and for hydropower purposes. The largest lakes are located in the Pamirs (Karakul, as well as Sarez and Yashilkul, formed as a result of mountain landslides) and in the Hissar Range (the picturesque dammed lake Iskanderkul). The largest reservoirs are Kairakkum and Farhad on the river. Syrdarya, Nurekskoe and Golovnoe on the river. Vakhsh.

Annually renewable water resources are 21.9 km 3 (2011), water supply is 1740 m 3 /person. in year. The annual water intake is 11.5 km 3, of which 90% is used in the village. x-ve, 6% - in industry, 4% - in housing and communal water supply.

Soils, flora and fauna

On the plains and in the foothills, light and ordinary gray soils are common. The slopes of the ridges up to vys. 1500–1900 m are occupied by dark gray soils; 1600–2800 m - mountain brown soils, above 2800 m - high-mountain meadow-steppe, steppe, desert-steppe soils (in the Eastern Pamirs - high-mountain desert, usually solonetsous, in some places takyr-like soils with solonchak areas).

Herbaceous and semi-shrub vegetation prevails, forests occupy 2.9% of the territory. On the plains in the north. and southwest. deserts (wormwood and saltwort) are common in parts; in the floodplains of the lower reaches of the rivers - tugai from turanga and sucker. At the height 500–900 m, ephemeroid vegetation is typical (dwarf sedge, bulbous bluegrass, etc.). The middle mountains (1200–1800 m and 2300–2800 m) are occupied by trees and shrubs. Almost 1 / 2 mountain forests are juniper forests, their main. massifs are concentrated in the Pamir-Alai and in the Kuraminsky Range. In humid south slopes grow broad-leaved. forests (maple, walnut, etc.) in combination with shrubs. In the foothills of the Western Pamir and mountains southwest. part of T. is represented by xerophytic light forests of pistachio, almond, sumac, and others. Pamir - high-altitude deserts (teresken, wormwood, cushions) and steppes (fescue, eastern feather grass).

The fauna includes 81 species of mammals (8 endangered species, including Pamir mountain sheep, snow leopard, Siberian ibex), 365 bird species (12 endangered species), 49 reptile species (2 endangered species) . On the plains, a variety of rodents, reptiles (monitor monitor, cobra, sand efa, etc.) are typical, among birds - crested lark, steppe kestrel, beauty bustard, vulture. On the plains of the southwest part meets goitered gazelle. The fauna of the tugai is diverse (Bukhara deer, reed cat, badger, wild boar, etc.). The marten, bear, lynx, leopard, wolf, etc. live in mountain forests and light forests; argali, snow leopard, Siberian ibex, and various rodents live in the highlands; from birds - snowcock, saja, snow vulture, golden eagle, vulture. In waterways approx. 40 species of fish (trout, marinka, carp, etc.).

State and environmental protection

On the plains, pollution of rivers and aquifers is noted. and domestic wastewater, industrial discharges. enterprises. In cities, air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases is significant. Secondary salinization of soils develops on irrigated lands, pollution with pesticides is noted. The destruction of vegetation in the foothills led to the activation of erosion and landslide processes.

Protected natural territories occupy 22% of Tajik territory and include the Tajik national territory. listed park world heritage, 4 reserves (Tigrovaya Balka, Romit, Dashtijum, Zorkul), 13 reserves, Shirkent historical and natural and Sari-Khosor natural parks, etc.

Population

In the beginning. 20th century main part of the territory of T. retained the tradition. way of life Vost. Bukhara was divided into beks; here, as in Russia. parts of the Pamirs, there were no industrial facilities, railways. The emir's entourage consisted of extremely conservative nobility and ulema, who aspired to max. degree to preserve the old order. Part of the local intelligentsia shared the ideas of the Jadids (see Jadidism) - pan-Turkists and supporters of Westernization, but its influence was small; Jadids were persecuted.

The hopes of the Jadids for an equal political representation of the local population in the lands of the General Government also were not implemented. After promulgation Manifesto October 17, 1905 Russian the population of Turkestan was singled out as a special elect. Curia and as a result, making up no more than 10% of the population of the region, received two-thirds of the mandates. Under these conditions, the rapprochement between the Jadids and the Russians began. revolutionary parties.

Tajikistan in the 20th century

In the 16th century taj. lit-ra start independent. development, largely preserving the principles of Persian. poetics. Its origins are the poetry of K. Binoi, B. Khiloli, A. Mushfiki; prose by Z. M. Vosifi. In the 17th century the poetry of S. Nasafi (allegorical poem "Spring Motifs", late 17th century) gained wide popularity. At 18 - 1st floor. 19th centuries lit-ra, developed preim. in Bukhara, Kokand and Khorezm, reflected means. the influence of the Persian-language literature of India, especially the work of Bedil. Features of the development of the taj. lit-ry 2nd floor. 19th century associated with accession Center. Asia to Ros. empire. Key figure con. 19th century - writer and educator A. Donish, in whose work (book "Rare Incidents", 1875–82, etc.) conservatism and the reactionary spirit of the ruling class were denounced, questions were raised about changing the state. building in the Bukhara Emirate. Donish's ideas were reflected in the works of Sh. Shakhin (didactic book A Gift to Friends, 1890), R. Vozeh (satirical book Women's Beliefs, 1883), Ajzi (poetic collection Mirror of Example, 1913) etc. Realistic. tendencies are noticeable in the works of M. Sirodja (publicistic book “A gift to the inhabitants of Bukhara”, 1907), T. Asiri (poem “On the Bekabad Canal”, 1913), S. Ziyo, A. Tamkin, and others.

On the development of literature T. in the beginning. 20th century influenced the political events in Russia. S. Aini was the initiator of the revolution. and acute social poetry (poem "March of Freedom", 1918), the traditions of which were continued by M. Rakhimi, A. Lahuti (poem "Kremlin", 1923), Payrav (poem "Bloody Throne", 1931), M. Amin-zade and etc. In the 1920s. realism finally took shape, vividly represented by the work of Aini (the stories "Bukhara executioners", 1920, "Odina", 1924; the novel "Dokhunda", published in 1930), A. Dehoti (poetic collection "The Song of Labor", 1932) , J. Ikrami (novel "Shodi", 1940-49) and others. In the 1930s. the modern taj. dramaturgy: the work of Ikrami (drama "The Enemy", 1933), M. Tursunzade(drama "Sentence", 1935), G. Abdullo, S. Ulug-zoda, A. Pirmuhammad-zade and others.

With the beginning of Vel. Fatherland war is a leading place in the taj. Lit-re was occupied by small genres - essay, short story, feuilleton, as well as journalism. Patriotic was very popular. poetry (Aini, H. Yusufi, M. Tursunzade), propaganda. lyrics (Lahuti, M. Mirshakar and others). Patriotic pathos is also inherent in post-war literature, addressed to social issues: the prose and dramaturgy of F. Muhammadiev, M. Tursunzade, G. Abdullo, M. Rabiev.

For taj. lit-ry 2nd floor. 20th century characterized by a sharp statement of the most important socio-political. problems, overcoming illustrativeness and descriptiveness, the search for new means of depiction. The novel “I Plead Guilty” by J. Ikrami (1957) marked the beginning of the psychological. prose, vividly represented by the work of P. Tolis (the story "Summer", 1959), Y. Akobirov (the story "Maturity", 1968), J. Odinaev, M. Nadzhmiddinov (the novel "The River is looking for a new channel", 1968), A. Shukuhi (novel The Fairy of the Island, 1973). The renewal of poetry is associated with the names of M. Kanoat, U. Rajab, K. Kiroma and others.

Taj. liter con. 20 - early. 21st century going through processes of ideological and thematic. and artistic.-aesthetic. updates. Among the most notable writers: A. Sidki (the novel "The Path of Fate", 1997), K. Nasrullo (poetic collection "Do not divide Tajikistan anymore", 2000), M. Bakhti, M. Solekh, Y. Ahmadzod, A. Samad (novel "Vortex Column", 2009), Sh. Hanif, Loik, A. Saifulloev.

Architecture and fine arts

To the most ancient monuments will depict. Art-va on the territory of T. include rock paintings in the grotto of Shakhty (Eastern Pamir), dating back to the Mesolithic - Neolithic. The oldest (2nd half of the 4th–3rd millennium BC) architectural monuments, including monumental, painted ceramics, ceramics. plastic, items made of semi-precious stones, gold jewelry, silver utensils appeared under the influence of cultures from the territory of the South. Turkmenistan and Iran (see Greco-Bactrian kingdom; palaces with ceremonial halls and aivans, rich houses decorated with paintings and wood carvings (Penjikent, Shahristan, etc.); fortified country estates, guard buildings, keshki castles (Kalai -Mug, Balalyk-Tepe, etc.) Many monuments of artistic culture are associated with Zoroastrianism and local cults, to which Buddhism was added (the stupa in Khovaling, the monasteries of Ushtur-Mullo, Ajina-Tepe, the temple in the Kalai-Kafirnigan fortress, etc. .) and, to a lesser extent, Manichaeism, the Eastern branches of Christianity.

After the Arab conquests, the cultural development of the region was increasingly influenced by Islam, art. styles that developed in the states of the Samanids, Timurids. New types of buildings appeared - mosques, minarets (in the villages of the Upper Zeravshan), mausoleums (Khadja-Nakhshran, near Regar, 11-12 centuries; Khadja-Mashad in the village of Sayat), madrasahs, etc.; large trade and craft centers developed due to the fouling of the shahristan and the citadel with a suburb (rabad). In archit. the decoration of buildings with vaulted-domed structures widely used patterned brickwork, carved terracotta and stucco [palaces in Khulbuk and Sayat (Sayod); portico of the mausoleum of Hazrati-Baba in the village. Chorku, near Isfara, 10-12 centuries]. The mausoleum of Mir-Seid-Khamadani (14th-17th centuries) in Kulyab is one of the unique monuments of architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries religious buildings were built with an L-shaped domed gallery [the mosque of Abdullah Khan in the village of Naugil, near Isfara; mosque-mausoleum of Muslekheddin in Khujand; monuments of Ura-Tyube (now Istaravshan)]. The flourishing will depict. the lawsuit is connected in the 15th century. with Herat school miniatures, in the 16th-17th centuries. - with the Central Asian school in Bukhara and Samarkand. Decorative and applied arts developed (irrigated painted ceramics, metal and glass products, jewelry, weaving).

After 1917, the architecture of Tajikistan developed from chaotically built-up villages to cities developing according to general plans (Dushanbe and Khujand). With the formation of the Taj. SSR (1929) art center. life became Dushanbe. New cities were built up (Nurek, Regar, Yavan). Dominant owl. neoclassicism, as a rule, included elements of local architecture. The artists E. G. Burtsev, A. N. Kamelin, M. G. Novik, and P. I. Falbov worked in T.; 1930s - G. N. Timkov, B. G. Shakhnazarov, local artists A. Ashurov, M. Khoshmukhamedov and others. Among the masters of the 1960s and 70s. – painters V. M. Boborykin, I. L. Lisikov, A. Rakhimov, Z. N. Khabibullaev, Kh. Khushvakhtov, sculptors O. A. Akhunov, K. Zhumagazin, E. A. Tatarinova, G. G. Cherednichenko , graphics S. I. Vishnepolsky, S. A. Krasnopolsky, B. I. Serebryansky, K. V. Turenko, V. P. Fomin, muralist A. T. Amindzhanov; in the last third of the 20th century. muralists D. M. Beknazarov, Z. Davutov, S. U. Kurbanov, S. N. Sharipov, graphic artists R. A. Azimov and T. Samandarov, ceramist V. Odinaev, tapestry master D. Abdusamatov and many others worked. others

Two basic kind of traditional prof. music creativity of Tajiks - poppy and falak. In the Middle Ages, makomat is a classic. music lawsuit in cities Wed. Asia. In the 18th century in Bukhara, the Shashmaqom cycle was formed, which entered the national. culture of Tajiks and Uzbeks. In the mountains music life, along with the Macomists, in the 19th century. there were associations of prof. musicians and dancers (mehtarlik, dasta, tam, nagorachikho, mavrigikhon), women singers and dancers united in sozanda groups. Taj. singers and instrumentalists 2nd floor. 19th - 20th centuries lived, except for Samarkand and Bukhara, in Isfara, the cities of the Ferghana Valley, Khojent (now Khujand), Gissar, Khatlon, Badakhshan, and others. owl musicians. period and partially the period of the state. independence (since 1991) - singers and instrumentalists (primarily makomists) Ota Jalol, Ota Giyos, Domullo Halim Ibadov, Khoja Abdulaziz Rasulov, Sodirkhon Khofiz, Sharif Juraev, Shonazar Sohibov, Fazliddin Shakhobov, Bobokul Fayzullaev, Marufkhoja Bakhodurov, Boymuhammad Niyozov, Barno Iskhakova, Neriyo Aminov, Akhmad Bobokulov, Odina Khoshimov, Jurabek Nabiev, Nison Shaulov, Davlatmand Kholov and many others. others

In the 1920s–30s. mountains developed in T. music European life. sample. Organized by Mus. technical school in Khujand (1929) and Art. a combine (school) in Stalinabad (1934, since 1937 a music and ballet school), where teaching was introduced on the basics of European. music. In 1932, the Muses Theater was opened in Leninabad. comedy. In 1936, the Taj was founded in Stalinabad (since 1961 Dushanbe). music theater, on the basis of which the Taj was opened in 1940. theater of opera and ballet (since 1954 named after S. Aini, since 1971 academic). In 1939, the first taj was placed here. opera - "The Rise of Vose" by S. A. Balas nyan, then nat. the operas “Tahir and Zukhra” by A. S. Lensky (1944), “Bakhtiyor and Nisso” by Balasanyan (1954), “Pulat and Gulru” by Sh. Saifiddinov (1957), ballets “Leyli and Majnun” by Balasanyan (1947), “Dilbar » Lensky (1954) and others. In 1938 the Taj was founded. philharmonic society, which included: the orchestra nar. instruments (1937), ensembles - rubobists (1940), song and dance (1940), Pamir ethnographic (1940). Founded by n.-and. (folklore) study (1938), SC Taj. SSR (1940). In the 1940s-50s. works of taj appeared. composers for symphony orchestra, among them - symphony. poem "In memory of Rudaki" by Y. Sabzanova. In the 1960s–80s. the operas “Komde and Madan” (1960), “Slaves” (1980) by Z. Shakhidi, “Return” by Sabzanov (1967), “Parastu” by A. Odinaev (1970), “Sherak” by S. Khamraev (1970), “ Rudaki (1976), Aini (1978) Saifiddinov, House of the Old Hare (the first Tajik children's opera, 1978), Golden Village (1981) D. Dustmukhammedov, Keeper of the Fire (1987) T. Shakhidi , the ballets The Mountain Legend (1964) and The Son of the Motherland (1967) by Yu. G. Ter-Osipov, The Death of the Usurer by T. Shakhidi (1978), the operettas by Z. Shakhidi, G. S. Alexandrov and others. ser. 1940s to early 1990s the opera house in Dushanbe staged Russian, Western-European. opera, classical and owls. operettas. There were also musical theaters. comedies in Leninabad (now Khujand), Khorog, musical and dramatic. theaters in Kulyab, Kanibadam, as well as symphony. Orchestra Taj. philharmonic society (1965), with K-te radio and TV - an orchestra of people. instruments, an ensemble of shashmakomists (1964), a variety ensemble "Gulshan" (1966; in the 1970s and 80s it was popular in the USSR). In 1990, an international musicologist. symposium "Borbad and the artistic traditions of the peoples of Central and Western Asia" (dedicated to the 1400th anniversary of Borbad).

In the 1990s in connection with the civil war pl. musicians left the country, including composers F. Bakhor, Y. Sabzanov, musicologist Z. Tadzhikova. Individual actions aimed at supporting the muses took place. cultures, including the International festival "Offering to Mozart" (1991), a series of concerts "Harmony of the World" (since 1994), organized by T. Shakhidi. In 1999, the opera "Amir Ismoil" by T. Shakhidi was staged, timed to coincide with the celebration of the 1100th anniversary of the Samanid state. From the beginning 2000s music T. culture is focused on the revival of the national. traditions. So. contribution to the rise of music. culture of modern T. made the composer and societies. activist, graduate of Moscow. cons. T. Sattorov (1953–2007), author of the opera "Rustam and Sukhrob" (post. 2001). Operas by M. Bafoev "Avicenna" (2011), "Borbad" (2015) were staged. In Dushanbe, the Maqom Academy and the Shashmakom School (2003, under the guidance of tanburist A. Abdurashidov) were created, in Khujand - prof. Shashmaqom Ensemble "Nuri Khujand" (2001), the center "Khunar" (2001) and on its base several. Makom children's schools (2004). They continue to work in Dushanbe (2016): Taj. Opera and Ballet Theatre. S. Aini (since 2005 under restoration, reopened in 2009), Taj. state Philharmonic (1938); at the State to-those TV and radio, along with the State. Ensemble "Shashmakom" them. F. Shakhobova (founded in 1964, current name since 2002), created by the State. ensemble "Falak" (2003). Educational institutions: Taj. state Institute of Arts im. M. Tursunzade (1973), Taj. nat. cons. (2003, now named after T. Sattorov). International festivals-symposia: "Shashmakom at the beginning of the 21st century" (Isfara, 2003), "Falak" (since 2004; in different cities of T.). Ethno Jazz Festival (Dushanbe, since 2009). Shashmaqom Day (May 12, since 2000), Falak Day (Oct. 10, since 2007) are held.

Over the years, the following have worked in T.: conductors - E. D. Airapetyants, A. Niyozmamadov; singers - R. Galibova (since 1991 lived in the USA), L. Kabirova, Kh. Mavlyanova (d. 2010 in Moscow), Sh. Mulodzhanova (since 1991 lived in the USA), A. Mirrajabov, A. Mullokandov, O. Sabzalieva , M. Ergasheva, S. Pilolov, J. Murodov and others. Musicologists include A. Nizamov, A. Radjabov, F. Azizi, N. Khakimov, L. A. Nazarova, N. Nurdzhanov, F. Ulmasov.

Theatre

Modern the theater in T. was preceded by Nar. theatrical creativity, including pantomime dances (imitation of the movements of animals and birds, labor processes, the movements of warriors with checkers and sticks), comic dances on stilts, on trees. horse, etc. Center. place in Nar. performances were occupied by comedians (masharabozy) who performed at weddings and bunks. holidays. All in. districts of Tajikistan, as well as among the Tajiks of Bukhara and Samarkand, the puppet theater zochabozi (playing with puppets) of three varieties became widespread: chodirkhael (ghost tent) - performances of puppets; chodiri dusti (manual tent) and zochai be chodir (doll without a tent) are performances in which Petrushka-type puppets act. The repertoire of the theater of hand puppets is based on the plays “The Lame Bogatyr” and “Oftobkhon and Makhtobkhon”. In the 1920s within the framework of cultural enlightenment. work appeared the first musical-dramatic. mugs. In 1929, on the basis of a circle in Stalinabad (now Dushanbe), the first prof. theater - Taj. drama theater (founder - actor, director, theater figure T. Khomid Makhmudov; since 1933 named after A. Lakhuti). Initially, the repertoire consisted of translated plays. From Ser. 1930s performances of national plays were carried out. playwrights: "Struggle" by A. Usmanov (1933) about the struggle of the Taj. people against the bands of the Basmachi, “Slander” by S. Saidmuradov and I. Ismailov (1938) about the construction of collective farms, “Shodmon” (1939) about the life of a collective farm village and “Red Sticks” (1941) by S. Ulug-zade about the defeat of the Basmachi gangs, and etc. In 1937 Rus. dramatic theater (since 1940 named after V. V. Mayakovsky). The Taj was founded in 1940. Opera and Ballet Theatre. S. Aini. In 1941, the first decade of the Taj took place in Moscow. art-va with the participation of the leading theatrical groups of the republic. During the years of Vel. Fatherland wars on the scene of the Taj. Drama Theatre. A. Lahuti were patriotic. plays: “Mother’s Heart” by J. Ikrami (1942) and “Nadir’s House” by Ikrami and A. M. Faiko (1943), “On Fire” by Ulug-zade (1944), etc., there were performances by directors of the evacuated TsTKA. In the post-war period, the repertoire of theaters reflected the modern. life of the republic: “Saodat” by S. Saidmuradov and M. Rabiev (1948), “Dokhunda” by Ikrami (1954) and “Hurricane” by G. Abdullo and Sh. Kiyamova (1957) and others. In 1971, in the capital, on the basis of the Taj. Studio GITIS formed by the State. youth theater (since 1978 named after M. Vakhidov). In 1985, the Dushanbe Puppet Theater began its activity with the play "The Adventures of Muk" by Sh. Kulyamov. Z. Javadov (over 40 plays by modern Tajik and foreign authors staged); The theater has a children's studio. In 1990, on the basis of the acting studio of F. Kasymov (which included actors from the State Youth Theater), an Experiment was formed under his leadership. Youth Theater "Ahorun" ("City of the Gods"; since 2006 Youth Theater named after F. Kasymov). After the crisis associated with the collapse of the USSR and civil. war (1992–97), the theatrical life of the country revived. In 2002, Kh. Abdurazakov and Sh. Rashidova formed the first taj in Dushanbe. private theater "Padida" ("The Phenomenon"), working in the spirit of folklore traditions and folklore. rituals (“Wedding”, 2002; “Nodira is dancing”, 2003; “Stop No. 0”, 2007). In the 2010s There are 16 theaters in Tajikistan [in the cities of Dushanbe, Chkalovsk (now Buston), Khujand, Kurgan-Tube, Kulyab, Khorog, and Kanibadam]. The Republican theater festival "Parastu" ("Swallow", since 1988 annual, since 1993 1 time in 2 years) is held in Dushanbe, since 2015 the construction of the National. theater T. - the largest theater in the Center. Asia (3 halls - for 2500, 1200 and 1000 seats). Among theatrical figures (in different years): A. Azimova, G. Bakaeva, S. Bandishaeva, A. Burkhanov, G. Valamat-zade, H. Gadoev, R. Galibova, G. Gulomaliev, L. Zakhidova, I. Isoeva , H. Mavlyanova, H. Maibaliev, B. Miralibekov, H. Nazarova, A. Nasyrova, H. Rakhmatullaev, T. Sultanova, S. Tuybaeva, T. Fazylova, M. Khalilov. Theatrical staff is prepared by the Taj. state Institute of Arts im. M. Tursunzade (1973).

Cinema

Oct. In 1929, a group of documentary filmmakers was created at the Main Political Education Department of the Narkompros in Dyushambe (Stalinabad, now Dushanbe), which became the basis for the formation of the Tajikkino film studio in 1930 (after a series of renamings, Tajikfilm, Dushanbe); since 1935, the regular release of film magazines "Soviet Tajikistan" began. In 1932, the premiere of the first taj took place. game f. “When emirs die” by L. A. Pechorina about the life of the Taj. villages during the organization of collective farms. In 1938 the first sound game film was filmed. "Garden" N. V. Dostal. In 1941–43, the film studio (merging with the Moscow film studio Soyuzdetfilm) produced combat film collections and feature films (including in 1943 the film “Son of Tajikistan” by V. M. Pronin was released - about the heroic feat of the Tajiks on the fronts of Great . Patriotic War). In the postwar period in T. in the main. film magazines and documentaries were produced: “The Valley of the Vakhsh River” (1954) and “The Tajik People’s Holiday” (1955, both cameraman I. A. Gitlevich), “Land of Youth” (1950) and “Soviet Tajikistan” (1951, State pr. USSR, 1952) B. A. Kimyagarova, and others. In 1955, the production of feature films was resumed: “Dokhunda” (1956), “The Fate of the Poet” (1959), “The Tale of Rustam” (1971), “Rustam and Sukhrab "(1972), t / f" A man changes his skin "(1978) Kimyagarov; “I met a girl” by R. Ya. Perelshtein (1957, the first color Tajik film), “Death of a pawnbroker” (1967) and “And one more night of Scheherazade” (1984, the first widescreen stereophonic film in T.) T. M Sabirova; “Hostage” by Yu. Kh. Yusupov (1983) and others. war 1992–97. In the 2nd floor. 1990s private studios "Kinoservis", "Khaoma", "Vvys", "Movarounnahr", "Synamo" appeared in Dushanbe. The role of independent cinema has increased: the directors B. B. Khudoynazarov (Kosh ba kosh, 1993, Mkf Ave. in Venice; Moonlight Papa, 1999; Chic, 2003), O. Malikov (Mask) , 2007; “I was able to say no”, 2008). The Law on Cinema (2004) stimulated the resumption of the activities of the film studio "Tajikfilm" (since 1993, it existed due to international orders, filming videos and videos; in 2006, a large-scale epic "Shamsiddin Shokhin" by S. Kodiri was filmed). Among the films of the 2000-10s. : “The Hunt to Live” (2007) and “Shot of Fate” (2008) Yusupov, “Breathing” by D. M. Nazarov (2008), “True Noon” by N. O. Saidov (2009), “So-and-so” (2010) ) and "Telegram" (2012) by I. Usmonov. Since 2004, Dushanbe has hosted an international conference once every 2 years. Didor Film Festival.