Information about a Russian Nobel Prize winner. Chemistry Prize

Contents 1 Nobel laureates from Russia 2 Physiology and medicine 3 Literature 4 Chemistry ... Wikipedia

How do Nobel laureates manage their prizes?- Each Nobel laureate can independently decide how to dispose of his prize. Some laureates donated funds to charitable causes. For example, the German doctor, missionary, theologian and musicologist Albert Schweitzer (Nobel Prize ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers

This article provides a list of Nobel laureates in relation to their various universities. It is impossible to specify exactly which of the institutions played the greatest role in the work for which the prize was received. This list only indicates how ... ... Wikipedia

Medal awarded to the Nobel Prize winner The Nobel Prizes (Swedish Nobelpriset, English Nobel Prize) are one of the most prestigious international prizes awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or ... ... Wikipedia

Nobel Prize winners - natives of the USSR and Russia- Among the Nobel Prize winners awarded since 1901, 26 come from the USSR and Russia. Nobel laureates in physics: 1958 - Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm, prize for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect. 1962 - Leo ... ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers

The Nobel Prize in Literature is an annual award for literary achievement given by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents 1 Requirements for nominating candidates 2 List of laureates 2.1 1900s ... Wikipedia

The Nobel Prize (Swedish Nobelpriset, English Nobel Prize) is one of the most prestigious international prizes awarded for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or a major contribution to culture or society. ... ... Wikipedia

Contents 1 Russian cultural history 1.1 Ancient Russia ... Wikipedia

Books

Nobel laureates of Russia, Zhores Medvedev, Roy Medvedev. The next volume of the Collected Works of Zhores and Roy Medvedev was made up of works united by the belonging of their heroes to the number of Nobel laureates in Russia. At the end of August 1968 - through ...

Nobel laureates of Russia- Contents 1 Nobel laureates from Russia 2 Physiology and medicine 3 Literature 4 Chemistry ... Wikipedia

Nobel Prizes by University- This article presents a list of Nobel laureates in relation to their various universities. It is impossible to specify exactly which of the institutions played the greatest role in the work for which the prize was received. This list only indicates how ... ... Wikipedia

Nobel Prizes

Nobel Laureates- Medal awarded to the Nobel Prize winner The Nobel Prizes (Swedish Nobelpriset, English Nobel Prize) are one of the most prestigious international prizes awarded annually for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or ... ... Wikipedia

Nobel Prizes in Literature

Nobel Prize Winners in Literature- The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for achievements in the field of literature, awarded annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm. Contents 1 Requirements for nominating candidates 2 List of laureates 2.1 1900s ... Wikipedia

Nobel Prizes by year of award- The Nobel Prize (Swedish Nobelpriset, English Nobel Prize) is one of the most prestigious international awards awarded for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions or a major contribution to culture or the development of society. ... ... Wikipedia

Russian culture- Contents 1 History of Russian culture 1.1 Ancient Russia ... Wikipedia

Books

Nobel laureates of Russia, Zhores Medvedev, Roy Medvedev. The next volume of the Collected Works of Zhores and Roy Medvedev was made up of works united by the belonging of their heroes to the number of Nobel laureates in Russia. At the end of August 1968 - through ...

Since the delivery of the first Nobel Prize 112 years have passed. Among Russians deserving of this most prestigious award in the field literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, physiology, peace and economics became only 20 people. As for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Russians have their own personal history in this area, not always with a positive ending.

First awarded in 1901, bypassed the most important writer in Russian and world literature - Leo Tolstoy. In their address of 1901, the members of the Royal Swedish Academy formally paid their respects to Tolstoy, calling him "the venerable patriarch of modern literature" and "one of those powerful penetrating poets, which in this case should be remembered first of all", but referred to the fact that that, in view of his convictions, the great writer himself "never aspired to such an award." In his reply letter, Tolstoy wrote that he was glad to be relieved of the difficulties associated with managing so much money and that he was pleased to receive notes of sympathy from so many respected persons. Things were different in 1906, when Tolstoy, having forestalled his nomination for the Nobel Prize, asked Arvid Järnefeld to use all kinds of connections so as not to be placed in an unpleasant position and refuse this prestigious award.

In a similar way Nobel Prize in Literature bypassed several other outstanding Russian writers, among whom was also the genius of Russian literature - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. The first writer admitted to the "Nobel Club" was not pleasing to the Soviet government, who emigrated to France Ivan Alekseevich Bunin.

In 1933, the Swedish Academy presented Bunin with an award "for the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose." Merezhkovsky and Gorky were also among the nominees this year. Bunin got Nobel Prize in Literature largely due to the 4 books about the life of Arseniev that had been published by that time. During the ceremony, Per Hallström, the representative of the Academy, who presented the award, expressed admiration for Bunin's ability to "describe real life with extraordinary expressiveness and accuracy." In his response speech, the laureate thanked the Swedish Academy for the courage and honor it showed the émigré writer.

A difficult story full of disappointment and bitterness accompanies the receipt of the Nobel Prize in Literature Boris Pasternak. Nominated annually from 1946 to 1958 and awarded this high award in 1958, Pasternak was forced to refuse it. Practically becoming the second Russian writer to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, the writer was hunted down at home, having received stomach cancer as a result of nervous shocks, from which he died. Justice triumphed only in 1989, when his son Yevgeny Pasternak received an honorary award for him "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel."

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for the novel The Quiet Flows the Flows Flows the Don" in 1965. It is worth noting that the authorship of this deep epic work, despite the fact that the manuscript of the work was found and a computer correspondence with the printed edition was established, there are opponents who declare the impossibility of creating a novel, indicating deep knowledge of the events of the First World War and the Civil War at such a young age . The writer himself, summing up his work, said: "I would like my books to help people become better, become purer in soul ... If I succeeded to some extent, I am happy."

Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich, winner of the 1918 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." Having spent most of his life in exile and exile, the writer created deep and frightening historical works with their authenticity. Upon learning of the Nobel Prize, Solzhenitsyn expressed his desire to personally attend the ceremony. The Soviet government prevented the writer from receiving this prestigious award, calling it "politically hostile." Thus, Solzhenitsyn never got to the desired ceremony, fearing that he would not be able to return from Sweden back to Russia.

In 1987 Brodsky Joseph Alexandrovich awarded Nobel Prize in Literature"for an all-encompassing work imbued with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry." In Russia, the poet has not received lifelong recognition. He worked while in exile in the United States, most of the works were written in impeccable English. In his speech of the Nobel laureate, Brodsky spoke about the most precious thing for him - language, books and poetry...

The Nobel Prize is the most prestigious award in the field of science. It has been awarded since 1901 for outstanding scientific research, revolutionary inventions, or major contributions to culture or society.

The prize is named after the famous scientist Alfred Nobel and, in accordance with his will, is awarded to the winner in each of the five scientific fields: physiology and medicine, physics, chemistry, literature (all since 1901) and economics (since 1969). In the event that a team of scientists wins in one field of science, the prize is divided in equal shares between them.

The Nobel Foundation was established in 1900 as a private, independent non-governmental organization, with an initial capital of 31 million SEK (in today's prices, this amount is equivalent to about 1.5 billion SEK). The first prizes were 150,000 crowns. The fund currently has a capital of SEK 2.966 billion (approximately $450 million) and a premium of around SEK 10 million.

Traditionally, the first week of October is considered "Nobel", because at this time in Stockholm the names of the prize winners for the current year are announced. The jury's decision on another nomination - the Nobel Peace Prize - is announced in the capital of Norway, Oslo. The award is always presented on December 10 in Stockholm (for achievements in the field of science) and Oslo (peace prize).

Over the years, Russian (Soviet) scientists have also become owners of this most prestigious award. Below is a list of them and a brief summary of what they received the award for.

Nobel Laureates in Physics:

1958 - I.E. Tamm, P.A. Cherenkov, I.M. Frank - Prize for the discovery and interpretation of the "Cherenkov effect".

"Cherenko effect" (Cherenkov radiation) - a glow caused in a transparent medium by a charged particle that moves at a speed exceeding the phase velocity of light in this medium. Cherenkov radiation is widely used in high-energy physics to detect relativistic particles and determine their velocities. Cherenkov discovered that the gamma rays emitted by radium give off a faint blue glow, and convincingly showed that the glow was something extraordinary. A significant discovery was the unusual polarization of the glow. Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm created a theory that gave a complete explanation of the blue glow, now known as the "Cherenkov effect (radiation)."

1962 - L.D. Landau - Prize for the fundamental theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium.

Lev Landau's theory and its subsequent improvements made it possible to predict other unusual phenomena, for example, the propagation of two different waves, called first and second sound, with different properties. The first sound is ordinary sound waves, the second is a temperature wave. The theory also helped to make significant progress in understanding the nature of superconductivity.

1964 - N.G. Basov, A.M. Prokhorov - a prize for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of generators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle.

Nikolai Basov's research is devoted to quantum electronics and its applications. Together with Alexander Prokhorov, he established the principle of amplification and generation of electromagnetic radiation by quantum systems, which made it possible in 1954 to create the first quantum generator (maser) based on a beam of ammonia molecules. The following year, a three-level scheme for creating an inverse level population was proposed, which found wide application in masers and lasers. These works formed the basis of a new direction in physics - quantum electronics.

1978 - P.L. Kapitsa Prize for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics.

The scientist managed to obtain magnetic pulsed fields of an unheard-of magnitude for that time and began experiments using them. Peter Kapitsa created a highly efficient oxygen liquefier and studied the superfluidity of helium-2 (which served as the basis for the development of the physics of quantum liquids). The theory of the phenomenon was developed by the head of the theoretical department of the Institute of Physical Problems L.D. Landau. Landau's calculations completely coincided with the experimental data of P.L. Kapitsa.

2000 - J.I. Alferov - a prize for work on obtaining semiconductor structures that can be used for ultra-fast computers.

Zh.I. Alferov discovered and created high-speed opto- and microelectronic devices based on semiconductor heterostructures: high-speed transistors, laser diodes for information transmission systems in fiber optic networks, powerful efficient light-emitting diodes capable of replacing incandescent lamps in the future, and so on.

Most semiconductor devices are based on the use of a p-n junction, which is formed at the boundary between parts of the same semiconductor with different types of conductivity (electronic and hole), created by the introduction of appropriate impurities. A heterojunction is a contact between two semiconductors of different chemical composition with different band gaps. The realization of heterojunctions made it possible to create extremely small electronic and optoelectronic devices up to atomic scales106.

– A.A. Abrikosov, V.L. Ginzburg - Prize for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluid liquids.

2010 - A.K. Game and K.S. Novoselov. The prize was awarded for obtaining graphene, a two-dimensional crystalline carbon material, which is conveniently represented as a single layer of carbon atoms forming a layered structure of graphite. Graphene is unique in that, due to its two-dimensional structure, it can exhibit both the properties of a conductor, and very good, and semiconductor properties. The development of a technique for its industrial production will almost immediately lead to the creation of the first integrated circuits.

Interestingly, in 2000 A.K. Game for the experiment with the "flying frog", together with Sir Michael Berry from the University of Bristol, received the Ig Nobel Prize.

Nobel Laureate in Chemistry:

1956 - N.N. Semenov - a prize for research in the field of the mechanism of chemical reactions. The scientist proved that many chemical reactions, including the polymerization reaction, are carried out using the mechanism of a chain or branched chain reaction. The theory opened up the possibility of solving the main problem of theoretical chemistry - the relationship between the reactivity and the structure of the particles entering into the reaction.

Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine:

1904 - I.P. Pavlov - award for work on the physiology of digestion, thanks to which a clearer understanding of the vital aspects of this issue was formed. His experiments on the digestive system led to the discovery of conditioned reflexes. The skill of Ivan Pavlov in surgery was unsurpassed. He was so good with both hands that it was never known which hand he would use in the next moment.

1908 - I.I. Mechnikov - Prize for work on immunity. The most important contribution of Ilya Mechnikov to science was methodological in nature: the scientist's goal was to study "immunity in infectious diseases from the standpoint of cellular physiology." Mechnikov's name is also associated with a popular commercial method for making kefir.

Nobel Laureate in Economics:

1975 - L.V. Kantorovich - Prize for his contribution to the theory of optimal allocation of resources. Leonid Kantorovich's method, developed to solve the problems associated with the production of plywood, and known today as the linear programming method, has found wide economic application throughout the world. Opened a new branch of mathematics - linear programming.

Nobel Laureates in Literature:

1933 - I.A. Bunin is a prize for artistic excellence, thanks to which he continued the traditions of Russian classics in lyrical prose.

1958 - B.L. Pasternak - an award for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose (the writer refused to receive it). Boris Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union, he was threatened with expulsion from the country, a criminal case was even opened on charges of treason. All this forced Pasternak to refuse the Nobel Prize (the diploma and medal were awarded to his son in 1989).

1965 - M.A. Sholokhov is an award for the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia.

1970 - A.I. Solzhenitsyn - a prize for moral strength in the development of the best traditions of Russian literature.

1987 - I.A. Brodsky is an award for multifaceted creativity, marked by sharpness of thought and deep poetry.

Nobel Peace Prize Laureates:

1975 - A.D. Sakharov is an award for the fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace between people and for the courageous struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity.

1990 - M.S. Gorbachev is an award for his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important part of the life of the international community. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in the 1980s. carried out a program of economic and social reforms known as "perestroika" and "glasnost". He fought corruption, changed the foreign policy of the Soviet Union towards greater openness. He withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The first and only president of the USSR.

Since 1991, a few days before the Nobel Prize is awarded, the Ignobel Prizes (the second name is Ig Nobel) are awarded for achievements that cannot be reproduced or there is no point in doing so. The award was established by Mark Abrahams and the humor magazine Annals of Incredible Research. With the exception of the three prizes awarded in the first year, they are awarded for real work. The first award ceremonies were held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Today, the Ig Nobel Prize is presented at Harvard on the eve of the Nobel Prize. The award is presented to the owners by real Nobel laureates.

On October 4, 1916, the Soviet and Russian theoretical physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Professor Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg was born. In 2003, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the development of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3".

Today we decided to remember all the Russian Nobel Prize winners and illustrate them in our photo selection.

Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "for his work in the physiology of digestion."

Henryk Sienkiewicz. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1905 "for outstanding services in the field of the epic."

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1908 "for his work on immunity".

Ostwald Wilhelm Friedrich. Winner of the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of his work on catalysis, and for his investigations into the basic principles of the control of chemical equilibrium and reaction rates."

Maria Sklodowska-Curie. She was awarded the Nobel Prize: in physics (1903) and in chemistry (1911 "for outstanding services in the development of chemistry: the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element").

Vladislav Reymont. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1924 "for the outstanding national epic - the novel" Peasants "".

Ivan Bunin. Winner of the 1933 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose."

Paul Karrer. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937, together with the English scientist W. Haworth "for the study of carotenoids and flavins, as well as for the study of vitamins, A and B2."

Frans Emil Sillanpää. In 1939, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for deep insight into the life of Finnish peasants and an excellent description of their customs and connection with nature."

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen. Winner of the Nobel Prize in 1945 "for research and achievements in the fields of agriculture and nutrient chemistry, especially for the method of fodder preservation."

Tadeusz Reichstein. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 (together with Edward Kendall and Philip Hench) "for their discoveries concerning the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."

Waxman Zelman Abraham. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1952) for "the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective in the treatment of tuberculosis."

From left to right: Cherenkov Pavel Alekseevich, Tamm Igor Evgenievich, Frank Ilya Mikhailovich. Nobel Prize in Physics (1958) - for the discovery and interpretation of the Vavilov-Cherenkov effect.

Boris Pasternak. In 1958 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, after which he was persecuted by the Soviet government.

Landau Lev Davidovich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962 "for his pioneering theories of condensed matter and especially liquid helium."

From left to right: Basov Nikolai Gennadievich, Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich. Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle."

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1965 - "for the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia")

Granite Ragnar Arthur. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 (together with Holden Hartline and George Wald) "for their discoveries relating to the primary physiological and chemical visual processes occurring in the eye."

Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature."

Simon Smith Blacksmith. Winner of the 1971 Nobel Prize in Economics "for an empirically based interpretation of economic growth that has led to a new and deeper understanding of the economic and social structure and development process in general."

Leontiev Vasily Vasilievich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1973 "for his development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems."

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1975 "for his contribution to the theory of the optimal allocation of resources."

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich. Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975 "for his fearless support for the fundamental principles of peace among men and for his courageous struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity."

Ilya Prigogine. Winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, especially for the theory of dissipative structures."

Isaac Bashevis Singer. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1978 "for the emotional art of storytelling, which, rooted in Polish-Jewish cultural traditions, raises timeless questions."

Menachem Begin. Winner of the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize "for the preparation and conclusion of the fundamental agreements between Israel and Egypt."

Kapitsa Pyotr Leonidovich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1978) for the discovery of the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium, he introduced the term "superfluidity" into scientific use.

Cheslav Milos. Winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature where he "demonstrated with fearless clairvoyance the insecurity of man in a world torn by conflict."

Joseph Brodsky. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987 "for a comprehensive work, imbued with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry."

Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. He received the award "in recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important integral part of the life of the international community."

Joseph Rotblat. Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for Efforts towards Nuclear Disarmament in 1995 "for great achievements in reducing the role of nuclear weapons in world politics and for many years of efforts to ban these weapons".

Alferov Zhores Ivanovich. Nobel Prize in Physics (2000 prize for the development of semiconductor heterostructures and the creation of fast opto- and microelectronic components).

From left to right: Abrikosov Alexey Alekseevich, Ginzburg Vitaly Lazarevich. Winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003 "for the development of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3".

Gurvich Leonid Solomonovich. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2007 "for laying the foundations for the theory of optimal mechanisms".

From left to right: Andrei Konstantinovich Geim, Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov. Winners of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering experiments in the study of the two-dimensional material graphene".