P to the goats that he discovered in Eurasia. Tibet and the Dalai Lama

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich

To Ozlov Petr Kuzmich is a famous traveler. Born in 1863. In 1883 he joined the fourth expedition, after which he completed his military education in St. Petersburg and again left with Przhevalsky in 1888. Upon the death of Przhevalsky, the expedition was completed in 1891 under the leadership; Northern Tibet, Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria were explored by her not only geographically, but also in natural history. In 1893 - 1895. Kozlov took part in the expedition to Nan Shan and northeastern Tibet. On the way, Roborovsky fell ill, and the expedition returned under the command of Kozlov; its results are described by Kozlov in his book: "Report of the Assistant Head of the Expedition" (1899). In 1899 - 1901, Kozlov led an expedition to Tibet, and explored the upper reaches of the Huang He, Yangtze-jiang and Mekong rivers; the expedition had to overcome natural difficulties, and more than once to withstand resistance from the natives. This expedition is described by Kozlov in his essay "Mongolia and Kam" (1905 - 1906). In 1907 - 1909. Kozlov made his fifth trip to Central Asia: he explored the middle and southern parts of Mongolia, the Kuku-nora region and the northwestern part of Sichuan. In addition to rich material on the nature of the country, the expedition collected extensive ethnographic collections, especially on the Buddhist cult and Chinese antiquity. In the center of Mongolia, in the lower reaches of the Etsin-Gola River, Kozlov discovered the remains of the city of Khara-Khoto covered with sand; excavations carried out by him gave rich material (in the form of manuscripts, art objects, utensils, banknotes, etc.), which entered the museums of the Emperor

(1863-1935)

Petr Kuzmich Kozlov is one of the greatest explorers of Central Asia. An associate and successor of the works of N. M. Przhevalsky, he, together with the latter, basically completed the elimination of the “blank spot” on the map of Central Asia. Researches and discoveries of P.K. Kozlov in the field of nature and archeology earned him wide popularity far beyond the borders of our homeland.

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 15, 1863 in the town of Dukhovshchina, Smolensk province, into a family of small prasol. Thanks to his inquisitive and inquisitive nature, P. K. Kozlov early became addicted to books, especially geographical ones, and books about travel, which he literally read.

At the age of twelve he was sent to school. At that time, the Russian traveler in Central Asia, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, was in the halo of world fame. Newspapers and magazines were full of reports about his geographical discoveries. His portraits were published in almost all periodicals. Young people enthusiastically read the fascinating descriptions of Przhevalsky's travels, and more than one young man, reading about the discoveries and exploits of this remarkable fearless traveler, lit up with a dream of the same exploits. P. K. Kozlov greedily caught everything that was printed about Przhevalsky. The articles and books of Przhevalsky himself ignited in him an boundless love for the expanses of Asia, and the personality of the famous traveler in the imagination of the young man took on the appearance of an almost fairy-tale hero.

At the age of sixteen, P.K. Kozlov graduated from a four-year school and, since he had to earn a living, he joined the office of a brewery 66 kilometers from his native Dukhovshchina in the town of Sloboda, Porech district. Monotonous, uninteresting work in the office of the plant could not satisfy the living nature of P. K. Kozlov. He was eagerly drawn to learning and began to prepare for admission to the teacher's institute. But one summer evening in 1882, fate made a different choice. As he later wrote: “I will never, never forget that day, that day is one of the most significant for me.”

The young man sat on the porch. The first stars twinkled in the sky. His eyes opened to the endless expanses of the universe, thoughts, as always, hovered in Central Asia. Immersed in his thoughts, P.K. Kozlov suddenly heard:

"What are you doing here, young man?"

He looked around and froze in amazement and happiness: in front of him stood N. M. Przhevalsky himself, whom he imagined so well from the portraits. N. M. Przhevalsky came here from his estate Otradnoy in the same Smolensk province. He was looking for a cozy corner here in which he could write his books in between travels.

What are you thinking about so deeply? - N. M. Przhevalsky simply asked.

With barely restrained excitement, finding the right words with difficulty, P. K. Kozlov replied:

– I think that in distant Tibet these stars should seem even more sparkling than here, and I will never, never have to admire them from those distant, desert heights...

Nikolai Mikhailovich was silent for a while, and then said quietly:

- So that's what you think, young man! .. Come to me. I want to talk to you.

Feeling in Kozlov a person who sincerely loves the cause, to which he himself was selflessly devoted, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky took an ardent part in the life of a young man. In the autumn of 1882, he settled P.K. Kozlov at his place and began to supervise his studies.

“In the autumn of 1882,” recalled P.K. Kozlov later, “I had already passed under the roof of Nikolai Mikhailovich and began to live the same life with him. N. M. Przhevalsky was my great father: he educated, taught and led the general and private preparation for the journey.

The days of life in the Przhevalsky estate seemed to P.K. Kozlov just a "fairytale dream." The young man was under the spell of the exciting stories of N. M. Przhevalsky about the delights of wandering life, about the greatness and beauty of the nature of Asia.

“After all, so recently I only dreamed, only dreamed, as a sixteen-year-old boy can dream and dream under the strong impression of reading newspapers and magazines about the return of Przhevalsky’s glorious expedition to St. Petersburg ..., dreamed and dreamed, being terribly far from a real thought ever to meet face to face with Przhevalsky ... And suddenly my dream and dreams came true: suddenly, unexpectedly, that great Przhevalsky, to whom all my aspiration was directed, appeared in Sloboda, was fascinated by its wild charm and settled in it ... "

P. K. Kozlov firmly decided to go in the near future as Przhevalsky's companion. But it wasn't that easy. N. M. Przhevalsky made up his expeditions exclusively from the military. Therefore, P.K. Kozlov, willy-nilly, had to become a military man.

But above all, he found it necessary to complete his secondary education. In January 1883, P.K. Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of the real school. After that, he entered the military service as a volunteer and, after serving for three months, was enrolled in the expedition of N. M. Przhevalsky.

“My joy knew no end,” writes P.K. Kozlov, “happy, infinitely happy, I experienced the first spring of real life.

P. K. Kozlov made six trips to Central Asia, where he explored Mongolia, the Gobi Desert and Kam (the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau). The first three trips were carried out by him under the command - successively - of N. M. Przhevalsky, M. V. Pevtsov and V. M. Roborovsky.

The first trip of P.K. Kozlov on an expedition to explore Northern Tibet and Eastern Turkestan was an excellent practical school for him. Under the guidance of N. M. Przhevalsky, an experienced and enlightened researcher, he received a good hardening, so necessary for overcoming the difficult conditions of the harsh nature of Central Asia, and a baptism of fire in the fight against the outnumbered armed forces of the local population, repeatedly set against a handful of Russian travelers.

Returning from his first trip (1883-1885), P.K. Kozlov entered a military school, after which he was promoted to officer.

In the autumn of 1888, P.K. Kozlov went on his second journey with N.M. Przhevalsky. However, at the very beginning of this journey, near the city of Karakol (on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul), the head of the expedition, N. M. Przhevalsky, fell ill and soon died.

The expedition, interrupted by the death of N. M. Przhevalsky, resumed in the autumn of 1889 under the command of Colonel, and later Major General M. V. Pevtsov, the author of the famous book “Sketch of a Journey through Mongolia and the Northern Provinces of Inner China” (Omsk, 1883). The expedition collected rich geographical and natural-historical material, a considerable part of which belonged to P.K. Kozlov, who explored the regions of Eastern Turkestan.

The third expedition (from 1893 to 1895), in which P.K. Kozlov was a member, was led by V.I. Roborovsky. She had as her task the study of the region of the Nan Shan mountain range and the northeastern corner of Tibet.

In this journey, the role of P.K. Kozlov was especially active. He independently, separately from the caravan, carried out surveys of the surroundings, passing along some routes up to 1000 km, in addition, he gave an overwhelming number of samples of the zoological collection. Halfway through, V. I. Roborovsky fell seriously ill; P.K. Kozlov took over the leadership of the expedition and successfully brought it to the end. He presented a full report on the expedition, published under the title "Report of the Assistant Head of the Expedition P.K. Kozlov."

In 1899, P.K. Kozlov made his first independent journey as the head of the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition. 18 people took part in the expedition, 14 of them were from the convoy. The route started from the Altaiskaya postal station near the Mongolian border; then he went first along the Mongolian Altai, then along the Central Gobi and along the Kam - the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, almost unknown to the scientific world.

As a result of this journey, P.K. Kozlov gave detailed descriptions of numerous physical and geographical objects of the route - lakes (including Lake Kuku-nor, which lies at an altitude of 3.2 km and has a circumference of 385 km), the sources of the Mekong and Yalu- jiang (a major tributary of the Yangtze River), a number of the greatest mountains, including two powerful ranges in the Kun-Lun system, unknown to science until then. P.K. Kozlov called one of them the Dutreil-de-Rance ridge, after the famous French traveler in Central Asia, who died shortly before in these places at the hands of the Tibetans, and the other - the Woodville-Rokkhil ridge in honor of the English traveler.

In addition, P.K. Kozlov gave brilliant essays on the economy and life of the population of Central Asia, among which the description of the curious customs of the Tsaidam Mongols with an extremely complex ritual of celebrating the most important events of life: the birth of a child, weddings, funerals, etc. stands out. From this expedition P. K. Kozlov took out an abundant collection of fauna and flora from the traversed areas.

During the expedition, travelers more than once had to fight their way through bloody battles with large armed detachments, numbering up to 250-300 people, set on the expedition by local fanatical lamas. The almost two-year isolation of the expedition from the outside world due to its encirclement by a hostile ring was the reason for the persistent rumor that reached St. Petersburg about its complete death.

The Mongol-Tibetan expedition is described by P.K. Kozlov in two large volumes: vol. I "Mongolia and Kam" and vol. II "Kam and the way back." For this journey, P.K. Kozlov was awarded a gold medal by the Russian Geographical Society.

In 1907-1909. P. K. Kozlov made his fifth journey (Mongol-Sichuan expedition) along the route through Kyakhta to Urga (Ulan Bator) and further into the depths of Central Asia. It was marked by the discovery in the sands of the Gobi of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, which provided archaeological material of great historical and cultural value. Of exceptional importance is the library of 2000 books discovered during the excavations of Khara-Khoto, mainly consisting of books in the “unknown” language of the Xi-Xia state, which turned out to be the Tangut language. It was a discovery of great scientific importance. None of the foreign museums or libraries has any significant collection of Tangut books. Even in such large repositories as the British Museum in London, only a few Tangut books are found. Among the books found was a Tangut-Chinese dictionary, which made it possible to reveal the contents of the books. Other finds in Khara-Khoto are also of great historical and cultural significance, as they clearly depict many aspects of the culture and life of the ancient Tangut state Xi-sya.

The collection of woodcuts (clichés) for printing books and cult images discovered in Khara-Khoto is remarkable, indicating the acquaintance of the East with book printing hundreds of years before the appearance of the latter in Europe.

Of great interest are the printed paper money found in Khara-Khoto, which constituted the only collection of paper money of the Tang Dynasty of the 13th-14th centuries in the world.

Excavations in Khara-Khoto also yielded a rich set of statues, statuettes and all kinds of figurines of cult significance and more than 300 Buddhist icons painted on wood, silk, linen and paper, many of which are of great artistic value.

After the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, the expedition of P.K. Kozlov subjected to a thorough study of the lake Kuku-nor with the island of Koisu, and then the huge little-known territory of Amdo in the bend of the middle reaches of the river. Huanghe. From this expedition, as well as from the previous one, P.K. Kozlov, in addition to valuable geographical material, took out numerous collections of animals and plants, among which there were many new species and even genera.

The fifth journey of P.K. Kozlov is described by him in a large volume entitled “Mongolia and Amdo and the dead city of Khara-Khoto”. During the sixth journey, made by him in 1923-1926, P.K. Kozlov explored the relatively small territory of Northern Mongolia. However, here he also obtained major scientific results: in the mountains of Noin-Ula (130 km north-west of the capital of Mongolia, Urga, now Ulaanbaatar), P.K. prescription. This was the greatest archaeological discovery of the 20th century. Numerous items have been found in the burial grounds, using which it is possible to restore the economy and life of the Huns for a time period at least from the 2nd century BC. e. to the 1st century AD e. Among them were a large number of artistically executed fabrics and carpets from the time of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which existed from the 3rd century BC. e. until the 2nd century A.D. e. and was located approximately in the northern part of the modern territory of Iran, in Afghanistan and the northwestern part of India. The administrative and political center was the city of Baktra (now Balkh, Afghanistan). In terms of the abundance of samples of Greco-Bactrian art, the Noin-Ula collection has no equal among collections of this kind throughout the world.

The sixth journey of P.K. Kozlov was the last. After that, he lived first in Leningrad, and then 50 km from Staraya Russa (Novgorod region), in the village of Strechno. In this place he built a small log house with two rooms and settled in it with his wife. Soon P. K. Kozlov gained great popularity among the local youth. He organized a circle of young naturalists, whom he taught to collect collections, to accurately identify animals and plants scientifically, and to dissect birds and animals. Later, in Strechino there was a "corner in memory of P.K. Kozlov", where these collections were kept.

P.K. Kozlov was an excellent storyteller and lecturer. In between travels, he often spoke to various audiences with stories of his travels that captured the attention of listeners. No less interesting are his appearances in the press. Peru Kozlov owns over 60 works

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov died of heart sclerosis in a sanatorium near Leningrad on September 26, 1935.

Petr Kuzmich Kozlov, as a researcher of Central Asia, enjoyed wide world fame. The Russian Geographical Society awarded P.K. Kozlov with the medal. N. P. Przhevalsky and elected him an honorary member, and in 1928 he was elected a full member by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Among the researchers of Central Asia, P.K. Kozlov occupies one of the most honorable places. In the field of archaeological discoveries in Central Asia, he has no equal among all researchers of the twentieth century.

The following figures eloquently speak of the enormous amount of scientific work done by the expeditions of Pyotr Kuzmich. The expeditions of P.K. Kozlov collected more than 1,400 specimens of mammals, among which there are many rare and even completely new, previously unknown. Over 5,000 birds were collected, reptiles and amphibians 750, about 300 fish, and 80,000 insects. The botanical collections were extensive. Collections 1899-1901 only. consisted of 25,000 plant specimens containing thousands of previously unknown ones.

P.K. Kozlov is dear to us not only as a talented researcher of the nature, economy, life and archeology of Central Asia, but also as a Russian patriot who was an example of courage, bravery and selfless devotion to the cause of his Motherland, for the glory of which he did not spare his life.

Bibliography

1. Timofeev P. G. Petr Kuzmich Kozlov / P. G. Timofeev // People of Russian Science. Essays on outstanding figures of natural science and technology. Geology and geography. - Moscow: State publishing house of physical and mathematical literature, 1962. - S. 542-547.

Private bussiness

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863 - 1935) Born in the city of Dukhovshchina, Smolensk province, in the family of a driver who was engaged in driving cattle from Ukraine to the central provinces. He graduated from the city's sixth grade school and was going to enter the Vilna Teachers' Institute, but could not get a state scholarship. Then he got a job in the office of the distillery in the village of Sloboda in the Smolensk province. There, in the summer of 1882, Kozlov met Nikolai Przhevalsky, who, between expeditions, rested on his Smolensk estate. He, having learned that the young man dreams of traveling, invited him to take part in the next expedition to Central Asia. To do this, Kozlov had to pass the exams for the course of a real school and enter the army as a volunteer, since only the military participated in Przhevalsky's expeditions. Przhevalsky settled Kozlov in his place and personally supervised his studies, so that he successfully passed the exams, and also mastered the skills of a preparator necessary for work on the expedition. In January 1883, Kozlov entered the military service and, after three months of service, was enrolled in the staff of the Przhevalsky expedition.

The expedition proceeded from Kyakhta through Urga to the Tibetan Plateau, explored the sources of the Huang He River and the watershed between the basins of the Huang He and the Yangtze, and from there passed through the Tsaidam basin to the salt lake Lop Nor and completed its journey in the city of Karakol on the banks of Issyk-Kul. The journey ended in 1886. Returning, Petr Kozlov, on the advice of his mentor Przhevalsky, entered a military school. After graduating from college, he received the rank of second lieutenant and in 1888 was appointed to the next Przhevalsky expedition. While preparing this expedition, Przhevalsky contracted typhoid fever and died in the city of Karakol. As a result, the expedition was led by Mikhail Pevtsov. Under his leadership, Kozlov passed through Eastern Turkestan, Northern Tibet and Dzungaria. The expedition ended in 1890. The next expedition in 1893 was led by one of Przhevalsky's longtime companions, Vsevolod Roborovsky. Pyotr Kozlov again ended up in East Turkestan and Tibet. On January 28, 1895, Vsevolod Roborovsky suffered a stroke and became paralyzed. The return of the expedition was led by Peter Kozlov. He led a detachment to Lake Zaisan (now in the territory of Kazakhstan).

Peter Kozlov personally led subsequent expeditions. The first of these took place in 1899-1901. Having traveled more than 10,000 kilometers, Petr Kozlov mapped the largest mountain ranges of Eastern and Central Tibet (the Russian Geographical Society ridge, the Watershed ridge, the Rockhill ridge and others). The expedition collected rich ethnographic and zoological collections. After her, Petr Kozlov was awarded the Konstantinovsky gold medal of the Russian Geographical Society. The journey was described by Peter Kozlov in the books "Mongolia and Kam" and "Kam and the way back". International fame was brought to Kozlov by the following expedition (1907 - 1909), during which the dead city of Khaara-Khoto was discovered in the Gobi desert.

In 1914, Kozlov was preparing for another expedition to Tibet, but due to the outbreak of the First World War, he ended up on the Southwestern Front, where Colonel of the General Staff P.K. Kozlov went to the Southwestern Front. There he was for some time the commandant of the cities of Tarnov and Iasi. In 1915 he was sent to Mongolia to purchase cattle for the needs of the army. After the Bolsheviks came to power, Pyotr Kozlov was appointed commissar of the Askania-Nova reserve and put a lot of effort into preserving it.

The last journey of Pyotr Kozlov took place in 1923-1926. It took place in the north of Mongolia, where the upper course of the Selenga River was explored. In the mountains of Noin-Ula, travelers discovered 212 Hunnic burial grounds, in which numerous objects were found that make it possible to restore the features of the economy and life of the Huns of the 2nd century BC. BC e. - I century. n. e. After work in Noin-Ula, Kozlov went to the south of Mongolia, where he again visited Khara-Khoto, excavated an ancient monastery in Olun-Sume, and also conducted zoological and paleontological research.

In 1928 Petr Kozlov was elected a full member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Pyotr Kozlov spent the last years of his life in Leningrad and in the village of Strechno, 60 kilometers from Staraya Russa. He died on September 26, 1935.

What is famous

Petr Kozlov

One of the most famous Russian explorers of Central Asia. He spent 17 years of his life on expeditions. Participated in the 4th Central Asian expedition of N. Przhevalsky in 1883-1885, the Tibetan expedition of M. Pevtsov in 1889-1890, the Tibetan expedition of V. Roborovsky in 1893-1895; led: Mongol-Kama expedition 1899-1901, Mongol-Sichuan expedition 1907-1909 and the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition of 1923-1926.

The discovery of the abandoned city of Khara-Khoto (Mong. "Black City"), which until the capture in 1226 by Genghis Khan was one of the largest cities of the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia, brought the greatest fame to Petr Kozlov. At that time, the city was called Ejin. During excavations in the city, about 2,000 books in the Tangut language were found. It was the documents found by Kozlov that helped to begin deciphering the Tangut script. Also, many objects of material culture were found in the city, including printed paper money of the Yuan Dynasty, Buddhist and more than 300 images on wood, silk, linen and paper, handicraft tools. The results of the expedition were outlined by Kozlov in the book "Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Khara-Khoto".

What you need to know

Peter Kozlov met twice with the 13th Dalai Lama. In 1905, he visited the Dalai Lama in the Mongolian capital of Urga, where he had fled after the British invaded Tibet. On behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the General Staff, Kozlov discussed possible assistance that Russia could provide to Tibet. Four years later, Kozlov saw the Dalai Lama again at the Buddhist monastery of Gumbum in the province of Amdo, in eastern Tibet. He again held diplomatic negotiations with the head of Tibet, and also received from him a secret pass to the Tibetan capital of Lhasa. Kozlov intended to visit the forbidden city for Europeans during his next expedition, but this plan was prevented by the war.

Direct speech

One evening, shortly after Przhevalsky's arrival, I went out into the garden, as always, my thoughts were transported to Asia, while realizing with hidden joy that the great and wonderful one whom I already loved with all my heart was so close to me. I was pulled from my thoughts by a voice that asked me:

What are you doing here, young man?

I looked back. In front of me, in his free wide expeditionary suit, stood Nikolai Mikhailovich. Having received the answer that I serve here, and now I went out to breathe in the evening coolness, Nikolai Mikhailovich suddenly asked:

And what are you thinking so deeply about now that you didn’t even hear me approach you?

With barely contained excitement, I said, not finding the right words:

I thought that in distant Tibet these stars must seem much brighter than here, and that I would never, ever have to admire them from those distant desert ranges.

Nikolai Mikhailovich was silent for a while, and then quietly said:

So that's what you were thinking, young man... Come to me, I want to talk to you.

Memoirs of P. Kozlov about the first meeting with Przhevalsky (published in 1929 in the Izvestia of the Russian Geographical Society)

Dear and respected Nikolai Mikhailovich!

With what feeling, with what rapture, I sit down at this letter and hasten to tell you that I have passed the exam; an average of 11 points. You will never appreciate the rest as much as at this moment, you cannot imagine how good, pleasant and easy it feels, as if the heavy burden with which you dragged up the mountain, overcoming obstacles on the way, fell off your shoulders at the destination. I sincerely thank you for the blessing, for it served as a great help during the entire period of the exam.

I received your dear letter in the midst of my cramming, it touched me so, it is easy to understand, and indeed, on the one hand, a wide, real life, a life full of lovely nature - on the other, these stone walls, these stone on stone buildings - heat, uniformity - they are a great enemy and make you think of the village as something mysterious and never accessible. But in the hope that we will someday reach the snail's step, we are firmly moving towards the goal and firmly fulfilling its tasks.

Your sincerely loving pupil

Your Kizosha.

I do not undertake to describe those joyful feelings with which we were overwhelmed, having reached the end of our difficult task, seeing familiar faces, hearing native speech ... Something fabulous blew over us at the sight of European amenities, at the sight of warm cozy rooms, at the sight of served tables . Our appearance varied so much and did not fit all this comfort that the consul Ya. P. Shishmarev could not help but lead me to the mirror and show me myself.<…>The time spent in Urga flashed by imperceptibly. On November 14, 1901, we set out in the same order of march towards Kyakhta. On this well-known route, we knew in advance the places where the caravan stopped, where warm yurts, replacement animals, and new guides were already waiting for the expedition. If on the road we were harassed by winds and cold - the greatest frost was about 35 degrees on November 19, then at the places of overnight stays we felt excellent, drinking tea and reading newspapers, magazines, which the consulate provided us with in abundance. Kyakhta, with its wide hospitality, made us even more forget the hardships and hardships we experienced, while the sympathy of St.

Petr Kozlov on the completion of the Mongolian-Kama expedition

During all the expeditions in which he participated, P. K. Kozlov kept detailed ornithological diaries, only partially used by V. L. Bianchi in his scientific treatment of birds caught by the Mongol-Kama expedition. According to B. K. Shtegman, Kozlov's diaries are very informative and can still be widely used in the future. Possessing subtle powers of observation, being well versed in the voices of birds and knowing their names perfectly, P.K. Kozlov collected in his diaries highly valuable material on the ecology and biology of birds in Central Asia. At the same time, he devoted detailed special essays to many characteristic representatives of this avifauna, such as, for example, eared pheasants (Crossoptilon) and many others, as well as to many mammals.<…>More than 5 thousand birds were delivered by P.K. Kozlov. Among the birds were completely new species; some of them now bear his name: ullar - Tetraogallus kozlowi, Emberiza kozlowi, Aceritor kozlowi, Janthocincla kozlowi. But the most remarkable bird belongs to a new genus and now bears the name Kozlovia roborovskii.<…>All materials on zoology, delivered by the expeditions of P.K. Kozlov, were preserved in an exemplary manner, labeled and packaged. These materials were used in one way or another in the works of 102 specialists.

A. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky about the zoological collections of Kozlov

5 facts about Petr Kozlov

• In the army, Pyotr Kozlov went from second lieutenant to major general (the last rank was awarded at the end of 1916).
• During the second independent expedition, Pyotr Kozlov bought a live black vulture from a Chinese. This is one of the largest flying birds with a wingspan of up to three meters. Nevertheless, Kozlov was able to keep the bird (“On the road, we swaddled him like a baby and put him in a basket with a hole for the bird’s head. Upon arrival at the parking lot, the vulture received complete freedom and a decent portion of meat”). As a result, the vulture safely reached the end of the expedition, and then it was delivered by rail to St. Petersburg. Later, it was transferred to the Askania-Nova nature reserve.
• Traveler's wife, Elizaveta Vladimirovna Kozlova

PETER KUZMICH KOZLOV

The famous explorer of Central Asia, a talented student and associate of the greatest Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 3 (old style) 1863 in the small county town of Dukhovshino, Smolensk province, in the family of a tradesman Kuzma Yegorovich Kozlov.

Dukhovshchina is a small town with only 3,500 people who were mainly engaged in agriculture, partly in trade and handicrafts. The elder Kozlov was almost always on the road, so the house was kept by his mother, Paraskeva Nikitichna.

From the age of eight, Petya was accustomed to help with the housework: he prepared firewood for the winter, fed and watered the cattle, tended the horses and did other housework that was within his power; in his free time, together with his friends (for them he was the leader), he went to the forest for mushrooms and berries, spent a lot of time on the river Tsarevich, swimming and catching crayfish.

1875 was marked by the opening of a higher primary school in Dukhovshyn, where only boys had the right to study. The Kozlovs also sent Peter there. The boy proved himself to be a good student, he was especially fond of natural science, geography, history. The favorite teacher of Petya Kozlov, who, in fact, instilled in him a love for these sciences, was the attentive and sensitive teacher V.P. Vakhterov, he quickly noticed the boy's interest in travel books and let him read them from his library. Peter especially liked the works of N.M. Przhevalsky.

Petya Kozlov graduated from college with honors, but did not have the opportunity to study further due to the deteriorating financial situation in the family. His parents advised him to earn some money in the office of the merchant H.P. Pashetkin, located in the village of Sloboda, Porech district. However, the young man dreamed of studying further and was slowly preparing to enter the Vilna Teachers' Institute.

In his memoirs, Pyotr Kozlov called Sloboda "wild nature". In his free time, he hunted a lot, studied the life of animals and birds, their habits.

Soon Kozlov learned that the Sloboda estate, which previously belonged to a retired artillery lieutenant L.A. Glinka, Przhevalsky has now bought and that he will soon come here.

The first meeting of Petr Kuzmich Kozlov with N.M. Przhevalsky took place in the spring of 1881. Soon the latter invited Pyotr Kozlov to move to his apartment and participate in future travels. Przhevalsky, who had a great talent as a teacher, assisted Pyotr Kozlov in preparing for the matriculation exam.

In January 1883, Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of a real school in Smolensk, and then, with the assistance of his teacher, he entered the Second Sofia Infantry Regiment as a volunteer, because Przhevalsky did not take civilians on the expedition. Considering the numerous dangers that lay in wait for travelers, each member of the expedition was required to own a weapon.

At the end of 1882, Przhevalsky finished in Sloboda compiling a report on the third trip to Central Asia, and in 1883, in February, he submitted to the Geographical Society a draft of a new expedition to Northern Tibet, where he included Kozlov, who had been in the regiment for only three months.

The route of the fourth trip of Przhevalsky included a trip to the sources of the Yellow River, along the northern outskirts of Tibet and along the Tarim basin.

At the end of August, the travelers left Moscow and headed for Kyakhta, which they reached by rail, along the river, and then on horseback. They arrived at the site at the end of September. Kyakhta was considered a border point between Russia and China, the center of the tea trade, which brought big profits to both sides. Here it was planned to carry out the final preparations for the expedition to a campaign in Central Asia.

An expedition of 21 people set out from Kyakhta to the Ugra and from there to Dyn-Yuan-Ying in October 1883. At first the weather was good, but after a while it snowed and severe frosts began. The crossing took nine days, and in Ufa the expedition made a short stop to buy camels.

On November 8, the travelers moved on. They passed the steppe adjacent to the Ugra and entered the Gobi Desert. The weather was very disgusting: it was snowing, the temperature was below zero; but the further the expedition advanced, the less snow became, and soon it completely disappeared. Further, the journey continued through the desert sands. Finally, the expedition reached the valley of the Tetung River (the left tributary of the Yellow River - the Yellow River).

Here the travelers did not stay long. Leaving the Tetung valley and the Burkhan-Buddha mountain range, the expedition entered the northeastern part of Tibet, where it began to study a large area of ​​the Huang He and Yangtze River basins. During the study of the lakes, the armed attacks of the militant tribe of needles had to be repulsed twice. Young Pyotr Kozlov showed great courage in these fights, for which he later received the St. George Cross as a reward. The expedition returned to Russia on November 10, 1885. In two years, she covered almost 8000 kilometers on camels and horses and collected the richest material about the nature and life of the population of the explored countries.

Quite a lot of duties were entrusted directly to Petr Kozlov during the expedition. In addition to these, he was also engaged in compiling a zoological collection, mainly consisting of various mammals and birds. Also during the expedition, he learned to conduct eye surveys, determine heights, observe nature and man, and record the necessary things in a diary.

N.M. Przhevalsky made sure that Peter received a military education. To this end, the latter entered the St. Petersburg Military School. Nikolai Mikhailovich himself retired to Sloboda to write another report, but from there he followed the progress of his student and gave various advice.

Two years later, Pyotr Kuzmich graduated from college, received the rank of second lieutenant and returned to Sloboda.

Przhevalsky outlined a project for the fifth expedition, intending to take Kozlov with him. The latter, at the end of his vacation, returned to Moscow, to the Yekaterinoslav Life Grenadier Regiment, where he served.

The project for the fifth expedition was approved by the Geographical Society in March 1888. Unfortunately, for the famous traveler this trip turned out to be the last: death overtook him on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul. Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov, on the grave of his older friend and mentor, vowed to continue his work of exploring Central Asia and kept his promise.

Despite the heavy loss, the expedition continued its work, now under the leadership of the famous astronomer M.V. Pevtsov, who previously traveled through Mongolia and Northern China.

Although Pevtsov took over the leadership of the expedition, he understood that he would not be able to completely replace Przhevalsky and fulfill the amount of work he had planned. Therefore, it was decided to shorten the route, limiting ourselves to the study of Chinese Turkestan, the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau and Dzungaria.

In order to explore as much territory as possible, Pevtsov allowed the members of the expedition to deviate from the main route.

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov made four such independent trips. He laid a rather large area on the plan and collected another rich zoological collection.

He independently visited the Konchedarya (the left tributary of the Tarim) and the northern shore of Lake Bakrash-Kul. The results of the trips were described by him in the form of separate articles included in the works of the expedition of 1889–1990. In them, Kozlov gave a complete and colorful geographical description of the studied territories - climatic conditions, flora and fauna, and the life of the local population.

Kozlov's work on the expedition was appreciated by the Geographical Society, awarding him the Przhevalsky medal. Thanks to this journey, Kozlov became known as a tireless explorer-geographer.

In April 1892, the Council of the Russian Geographical Society approved the project of a two-sided expedition to the eastern outskirts of Highland Asia, one led by G.N. Potanin, the second - headed by V.I. Roborovsky, another associate of N.M. Przhevalsky.

Petr Kuzmich Kozlov participated in the Roborovsky expedition, which lasted from 1893 to 1895, as a senior assistant.

The expedition set off on June 15, 1893 to the city of Kara-Kola (now Przhevalsk). Here Kozlov fully showed his brilliant abilities as a researcher.

Labor among the students of Przhevalsky was distributed equally: for example, V.I. Roborovsky compiled the herbarium, while Kozlov continued to collect exhibits for the zoological collection.

On this journey, the members of the expedition also made independent trips. Kozlov's most remarkable trip on this journey was from Lukchun to the south, with a base in Kyzyl-Synyr and further through Lop Nor along the sands of Kumtagsh to the Sa-Zhau oasis. This trip took 2.5 months, at which time the richest material was collected, in particular, in the Kum-tash desert P.K. Kozlov was lucky to get three wild camels and study their habits.

The expedition explored Nanshan and headed for northeastern Tibet.

The work was almost finished when the misfortune happened. On January 21, 1890, in the mountain labyrinth Amne-Machin, Raborovsky was stricken with a serious illness (paralysis). Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov, as a senior assistant, led the expedition. But, naturally, further study of the Tibetan Plateau had to be suspended and hastily returned, because the life of Roborovsky was in danger.

Upon his return, Kozlov began compiling the report of the expedition, calling it "Report of the Assistant Chief of the Expedition."

Kozlov's fourth trip, in which he had already acted as a leader, took place in 1899 and again lasted two years. Pyotr Kuzmich spent almost three years on its preparation, during which time he read a huge number of books and considered every detail of the travel plan. The purpose of the new expedition was to study the Gobi Altai, the Central Gobi adjacent to it, as well as Eastern Tibet. The Geographical Society approved the plan; newspapers informed readers about the forthcoming expedition, and numerous requests began to come to Kozlov to enroll in it. Among the petitioners were people of a wide variety of professions, and therefore Pyotr Kuzmich was forced to carefully select the composition of the expedition. Kozlov himself noted in his memoirs: "I chose them more strictly than they choose a bride."

Kozlov's fourth expedition had richer and more varied equipment than the previous ones: various instruments for astronomical, hypsometric and meteorological observations, a canvas-cork boat, rubber bags for storing water, a tin stove for warming food and housing. On May 8, 1899, Kozlov and his young companion A.N. Kaznakov left Moscow and went to the village of Altaiskaya, the starting point of the expedition.

After a month of preparation, the expedition of 22 people headed for the border on July 14 and, having crossed the Ulan-Daban pass, on August 7 entered the valley of the Kobdo River.

Then the travelers went along the Mongolian Altai and studied this mountainous country for exactly three months. The local population was friendly to travelers, provided them with shelter and fuel, and looked after their horses. This allowed Kozlov to release his people away from the main route for a more detailed study of the area.

Further, the expedition went through the Gobi desert, and a new route was chosen through an unknown part of the desert, where there was no water and, consequently, plants. Particularly difficult was the passage through the dunes located in the Gobi sands of Badanzhareng.

The passage through the Gobi desert took more than 45 days, during this period about 900 kilometers of the route were put on the map. On January 18, the travelers made a short stop in the city of Liang-Zhou.

From there, the expedition went to Chortentana, where the path lay through the northern ridge of Nanshan along the valley of the Sagryn-gol river to the confluence of the Yarlyn-gol. From Chortentan, the travelers went to Lake Kukunor, and from it to Eastern Tsaidam.

On May 17, 1900, the detachment moved along the intended path. In the summer of 1900, he reached the headwaters of the great river of South Asia - the Mekong. Here travelers spent two weeks watching animals and birds. There were snow leopards, lynxes, several types of cats, bears and even monkeys.

On November 15, the detachment crossed the Mekong and headed for the Ikhodo district to choose a place for wintering. Such a place was found in the village of Luntokndo, located in a deep gorge of the V-chyu river.

The expedition stayed in the village until February 20, 1901. At this time, observation and study of the life of the Ichodians is carried out, some of whom are engaged in agriculture, and some lead a nomadic lifestyle.

The travelers returned to their homeland in November 1901. Prior to that, they managed to conduct a study of the Yalongjiang River basin.

During the fourth voyage, a series of mountains, mountain ranges and rivers were discovered. PC. Kozlov was the first to discover the watershed mountain range between the Mekong and Golubaya river basins, naming it after the Russian Geographical Society. Kozlov's description of this journey was published as a separate book called "Mongolia and Kam".

The cherished dream of Peter Kuzmich Kozlov was to search for the ruins of the ancient city of Khara-Khoto. Before leaving Petersburg, he shared it with his friends.

To this end, the Russian Geographical Society was presented with a draft of the fifth expedition, in which it was planned to explore Northern and Southern Mongolia, the Kunor region and northwestern Sichuan.

On October 18, 1907, Kozlov and some of his companions went to Moscow to receive additional equipment, after which they left for Kyakhta, where they arrived on December 2.

It took almost a month for the final preparations, and finally the expedition headed for Urga.

Travelers reached Urga in 11 days, and they had to endure severe frosts, sometimes reaching 47 ° C.

From Urga, the travelers went to the Gurbun-Saikhan mountain range (which translates as “three beautiful beautiful ones”), which consisted of three separate ridges: the western Burun-Saikhan, the middle one - Dundu-Saikhan and the eastern one - Burun-Saikhan.

Pyotr Kuzmich constantly asked local residents about the ruins of the city of Khara-Khoto, but they all denied their existence, saying: "You Russians want to know more than us even about our places."

Crossing the Ulen-daban pass with great care, the expedition descended into the basin. In the Ugoltsin-Tologoy tract, Kozlov met with the local prince Baldyn-iza-sak. And Pyotr Kuzmich also asked him about Khara-Khoto. For three days he convinced the prince of the purity of his intentions, and finally he agreed to show them the way, but asked to keep everything a secret. In parting, the prince said to Kozlov: “You Russians know everything, and only you can do such work ...”

Travelers set off on March 1, to the valley of the river Etsin-gola, which they reached on March 12.

Then the travelers went to the tract of Toroi-Ontse, on the way, due to a strong storm, they lost their way and arrived at the place only on March 17.

The expedition camped on the right bank of the beautiful river Munungin-gola.

On March 19, Kozlov, together with Chernov, Napalkov, Ivanov, Madaev, and Bat's guide, went in search of Khara-Khoto. The rest remained in the camp to guard the collections.

Kozlov and his companions safely reached the city of Khara-Khoto, located on a low terrace of coarse-grained, hard Hanhai sandstones.

The city of Khara-Khoto (which means "Black City") was once considered a large flourishing city in the Xi-Xia state. This state, inhabited by the Tanguts, existed from the beginning of the 11th century to the beginning of the 13th century. It occupied a vast territory from the sands of the Gobi in the north to the Bushui River in the south. In 1226, Genghis Khan attacked the state of Xi-Xia with his horde and caused great destruction there. In 1372, Khara-Khoto was captured by Chinese troops, and it was already completely destroyed.

The expedition conducted excavations in extremely difficult conditions: the scorching sun, sandstorms, and the complete absence of water.

As a result of the excavations, books, manuscripts, paintings, objects of religious worship, etc. were found. All these materials were hastily sent to St. Petersburg, accompanied by a report on the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto. The expedition continued its further work.

During the journey, the mountainous country of Amdo was also studied in detail, and for the last four weeks before leaving for their homeland, Kozlov and his associates again excavated in Khara-Khoto.

Petr Kuzmich described the journey in his next book "Mongolia and Amdo and the Dead City of Khara-Khoto".

For his fruitful expeditionary activity, Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was elected an honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society in 1910, and was also awarded the rank of colonel by the tsarist government and several medals from foreign scientific societies.

The sixth and last trip in Kozlov's life took place in 1923.

On July 25 (according to the new style), 1923, the expedition left Leningrad, reached Ulan-Ude, from where it set off for Kyakhta.

During this expedition, the nature and history of the Mongolian People's Republic were studied in detail. Kozlov detailed the results in his report.

Upon returning from the expedition, Kozlov lived for some time in Leningrad, but he spent most of his time in the Novgorod region, in the small village of Strechno.

There he lived with his wife in a small two-room house, which was destroyed during the war.

For great merits, the government assigned Pyotr Kuzmich a lifetime personal pension, but he could not put up with inactivity and began lecturing about his travels.

He intended to organize another expedition, but this was prevented by a serious illness and death that followed on September 26, 1935.

This text is an introductory piece.

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Petr Kuzmich Kozlov is one of the greatest explorers of Central Asia. An associate and successor of the works of N.M. Przhevalsky, he, together with him, basically completed the elimination of the "blank spot" on the map of Central Asia. Research and discoveries of P.K. Kozlov in the field of nature and archeology earned him wide popularity far beyond the borders of our country.
Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov was born on October 16, 1863 in the town of Dukhovshchina, Smolensk province. His father was a minor prasol. He was a simple and illiterate man, not paying attention to his children, not caring about their education and upbringing. Mother was constantly absorbed in household chores. Thus, the boy grew up practically outside the influence of the family. However, thanks to an inquisitive and inquisitive nature, he early became addicted to books, especially geographical and travel books, which he literally read.
At the age of twelve he was sent to school. At that time, the Russian traveler in Central Asia, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, was in the halo of world fame. Newspapers and magazines were full of reports about his geographical discoveries. His portraits were published in almost all periodicals. Young people enthusiastically read the fascinating descriptions of Przhevalsky's travels, and more than one young man, reading about the discoveries and exploits of this remarkable traveler, lit up with a dream of the same exploits. PC. Kozlov greedily caught everything that was printed about Przhevalsky. The articles and books of Przhevalsky himself ignited in him a romantic love for the expanses of Asia, and the personality of the famous traveler in the imagination of the young man took on the appearance of an almost fairy-tale hero.
At the age of sixteen, P.K. Kozlov graduated from a four-year school and, since he had to earn a living, he joined the office of a brewery 66 kilometers from his native Dukhovshchina, in the town of Sloboda, Porech district. The monotonous, uninteresting work in the office of the factory could not satisfy the young man's lively nature. He was eagerly drawn to learning and began to prepare for admission to the teacher's institute. But one summer evening in 1882, fate made a different choice. Subsequently, he himself wrote: “I will never, never forget that day, that day is one of the most significant for me.”
The young man sat on the porch. The first stars twinkled in the sky. His eyes opened to the endless expanses of the Universe, and his thoughts, as always, hovered in Central Asia. Immersed in his thoughts, P.K. Kozlov suddenly heard:
- What are you doing here, young man?
He looked around and froze in amazement and happiness: in front of him stood Przhevalsky himself, whose image he so well imagined from the portraits. N.M. Przhevalsky came here from his estate Otradny in the same Smolensk province. He was looking for a cozy corner here in which he could write his books in between travels.
What are you thinking about so deeply? - simply asked Przhevalsky.
With barely restrained excitement, finding the right words with difficulty, Kozlov replied:
- I think that in distant Tibet these stars should seem even more sparkling than here, and I will never, never have to admire them from those distant desert heights ...
Nikolai Mikhailovich was silent for a while, and then said quietly:
- So that's what you think, young man! .. Come to me. I want to talk to you.
Feeling in Kozlov a person who sincerely loves the cause, to which he himself was selflessly devoted, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky took an ardent part in the life of a young man. In the autumn of 1882 he settled P.K. Kozlov at home and began to supervise his studies.
The first days of life in the estate of Przhevalsky P.K. Kozlov seemed just a fabulous dream. The young man was under the spell of Przhevalsky's exciting stories about the delights of wandering life, about the grandeur and beauty of the nature of Asia.
“After all, so recently I only dreamed, only dreamed,” wrote P.K. Kozlov, - how can a sixteen-year-old boy dream and dream under the strong impression of reading newspapers and magazines about the return of Przhevalsky's glorious expedition to St. Petersburg ... dreamed and dreamed, being terribly far from the real thought of ever meeting Przhevalsky face to face ... And suddenly my dream and dreams came true: suddenly, unexpectedly, that great Przhevalsky, to whom all my aspirations were directed, appeared in the settlement, was fascinated by its wild charm and settled in it ... "
PC. Kozlov firmly decided to become Przhevalsky's companion in the near future. But it wasn't that easy. N.M. Przhevalsky made up his expeditions exclusively from the military. Therefore, P.K. Kozlov, willy-nilly, had to become a military man.
But above all, he considered it necessary for himself to complete his secondary education. In January 1883 P.K. Kozlov successfully passed the exam for the full course of the real school. After that, he entered the military service as a volunteer and, after serving for three months, was enrolled in the expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky.
“My joy knew no end,” writes P.K. Kozlov. “Happy, infinitely happy, I experienced the first spring of real life.”
PC. Kozlov made six trips to Central Asia, where he explored Mongolia, the Gobi Desert and Kam (the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau). The first three trips were carried out by him under the command - successively - N.M. Przhevalsky, M.V. Pevtsova and V.I. Roborovsky.

The first journey of P.K. Kozlov in the expedition of N.M. Przhevalsky on the study of Northern Tibet and Eastern Turkestan was a brilliant practical school for him. Under the leadership of N.M. Przhevalsky, an experienced and enlightened researcher, he received a good hardening, so necessary to overcome the difficult conditions of the harsh nature of Central Asia, and even a baptism of fire in the fight against the numerically superior armed forces of the population, which was repeatedly set against a handful of Russian travelers by local lamas.
Returning from his first trip (1883-1885), P.K. Kozlov entered a military school, after which he was promoted to officer.
In the autumn of 1888 P.K. Kozlov went with N.M. Przhevalsky on his second trip. However, at the very beginning of this journey near the city of Karakol (near the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul), the head of the expedition N.M. Przhevalsky fell ill and soon died. He was buried, as requested, on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul.
Interrupted by the death of N.M. Przhevalsky, the expedition resumed in the autumn of 1889 under the leadership of Colonel, and later Major General M.V. Pevtsov, author of the well-known book Essay on a Journey through Mongolia and the Northern Provinces of Inner China. The expedition collected rich geographical and natural-historical material, a considerable part of which belonged to P.K. Kozlov, who explored the regions of Eastern Turkestan.
The third expedition (from 1893 to 1895), in which P.K. Kozlov, was held under the guidance of Przhevalsky's former senior assistant - V.I. Roborovsky. She had as her task the exploration of the Nanshan mountain range and the northeastern corner of Tibet.
On this journey, P.K. Kozlov independently, separately from the caravan, carried out surveys of the surroundings, passing along some routes up to 1000 km, in addition, he collected the vast majority of zoological specimens. Halfway through, V.I. fell seriously ill. Roborovsky. PC. Kozlov took over the leadership of the expedition and successfully brought it to the end. He presented a full report on the expedition, published under the title “Report of the Assistant Head of the Expedition P.K. Kozlov.
In 1899 P.K. Kozlov made his first independent journey as the head of the Mongolian-Tibetan expedition. 18 people took part in the expedition, 14 of them were from the convoy. The route started from the Altaiskaya postal station near the Mongolian border, then it went first along the Mongolian Altai, then along the Central Gobi and along the Kam - the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, almost unknown to the scientific world.
PC. Kozlov made detailed descriptions of numerous physical and geographical objects of the route - lakes (including Lake Kukunor, lying at an altitude of 3.2 km and having a circumference of 385 km), the sources of the Mekong, Yalongjiang (a major tributary of the Yangtze River), a number of the greatest mountains , including two powerful ridges in the Kunlun system, unknown to science until then. One of them P.K. Kozlov called the Dutreil-de-Rance ridge, after the famous French traveler in Central Asia, who died shortly before in these places at the hands of the Tibetans, and the other - the Woodville-Rockhill ridge, in honor of the English traveler.
In addition, P.K. Kozlov gave brilliant essays on the economy and life of the population of Central Asia, among which stands out the description of the curious customs of the Tsaidam Mongols with an extremely complex ritual of celebrating the most important events of life - the birth of a child, weddings, funerals, etc. From this expedition, P.K. Kozlov took out an abundant collection of fauna and flora from the traversed areas.
During the expedition, travelers more than once had to fight their way through bloody battles with large armed detachments, numbering up to 250-300 people, set on the expedition by local lamas. The almost two-year isolation of the expedition from the outside world was the reason for the persistent rumor about its complete death, which reached St. Petersburg.
The Mongolian-Tibetan expedition was described by P.K. Kozlov in two large volumes - "Mongolia and Kam" and "Kam and the way back". For this journey, P.K. Kozlov was awarded a gold medal by the Russian Geographical Society.
In 1907-1909. PC. Kozlov made his fifth journey (Mongol-Sichuan expedition) along the route from Kyakhta to Urga (Ulaanbaatar) and further into the depths of Central Asia. It was marked by the discovery in the sands of the Gobi of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, which provided archaeological material of great value. Of exceptional importance is the library of 2000 books discovered during the excavations of Khara-Khoto, mainly in the “unknown” language of the Xi-Xia state, which turned out to be the Tangut language. This was an exceptional discovery: none of the foreign museums or libraries has any significant collection of Tangut books. Even in such a large repository as the British Museum in London, there are only a few Tangut books. Other finds in Khara-Khoto are also of great historical and cultural significance, as they clearly depict many aspects of the culture and life of the ancient Tangut state Xi-sya.

The collection of woodcuts (cliches) for printing books and cult images discovered in Khara-Khoto is remarkable, indicating the acquaintance of the East with book printing hundreds of years before its appearance in Europe.
Of great interest is the collection of printed paper money opened in Khara-Khoto, which is the only collection of paper money of the 13th-14th centuries in the world.
Excavations at Khara-Khoto also yielded a rich collection of statues, figurines and all kinds of cult figurines and more than 300 Buddhist images painted on wood, silk, linen and paper.
After the discovery of the dead city of Khara-Khoto, the expedition of P.K. Kozlova carefully studied Lake Kukunor with the island of Koisu, and then the huge little-known territory of Amdo in the bend of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. From this expedition, as well as from the previous one, P.K. Kozlov, in addition to valuable geographical material, took out numerous collections of animals and plants, among which there were many new species and even genera. The fifth journey of P.K. Kozlov is described by him in a large volume entitled "Mongolia and Amdo and the dead city of Khara-Khoto".
During the sixth journey, made by him in 1923-1926, P.K. Kozlov explored a relatively small area of ​​Northern Mongolia. However, here, too, he obtained major scientific results: in the mountains of Noin-Ula (130 km northwest of the capital of Mongolia, Urga, now Ulaanbaatar), P.K. Kozlov discovered 212 cemeteries, which, according to archaeologists, turned out to be Hunnic burials 2000 years ago. This was the greatest archaeological discovery of the 20th century. Numerous items were found in the cemeteries, which can be used to restore the economy and life of the Huns for a period of time at least from the 2nd century BC. BC e. according to the 1st century n. e. Among them were a large number of artistically executed fabrics and carpets from the time of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which existed from the 3rd century BC. BC e. until the 2nd century n. e. in the northern part of the modern territory of Iran, in Afghanistan and the northwestern part of India. In terms of the abundance of samples of Greco-Bactrian art, the Noin-Ula collection has no equal in the whole world.
The sixth journey of P.K. Kozlov was the last. After that, he lived in retirement, first in Leningrad, and then 50 km from Staraya Russa (Novgorod region), in the village of Strechno. In this place he built a small log house with two rooms and settled in it with his wife. Soon P.K. Kozlov gained great popularity among the local youth. He organized a circle of young naturalists, whom he taught to collect collections, to accurately identify animals and plants scientifically, and to dissect birds and animals.
PC. Kozlov was an excellent storyteller and lecturer. In between travels, he often spoke to various audiences with stories of his travels that captured the attention of listeners. No less interesting are his appearances in the press. Peru P.K. Kozlov owns over 60 works.
He died of heart sclerosis in a sanatorium near Leningrad on September 26, 1935.
Petr Kuzmich Kozlov was world famous as a researcher of Central Asia. The Russian Geographical Society awarded P.K. Kozlov medal named after N.M. Przhevalsky and elected him an honorary member, and in 1928 he was elected a full member by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Among the researchers of Central Asia, Petr Kuzmich Kozlov occupies one of the most honorable places. In the field of archaeological discoveries in Central Asia, he is positively unique among all researchers of the 20th century.

V.V. ARTEMOV,
member of the Writers' Union of Russia

Bibliography:

Ivanov A.I. From the finds of P.K. Kozlov in the city of Khara-Khoto. - St. Petersburg, 1909.
Pavlov N.V. Traveler and geographer Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863-1935). - M., 1940.

All place names are given in the current spelling. - Approx. ed.