How did the establishment of a new royal dynasty. Romanov dynasty (briefly)

The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family that began its existence in the 16th century and gave rise to a great dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors who ruled until 1917.

For the first time, the surname "Romanov" was used by Fedor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret), who named himself so in honor of his grandfather Roman Yuryevich and father Nikita Romanovich Zakhariev, he is considered the first Romanov

The first royal representative of the dynasty was Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the last was Nikolai 2 Aleksandrovich Romanov.

In 1856, the emblem of the Romanov family was approved, it depicts a vulture holding a golden sword and a tarch, and eight cut off lion heads along the edges.

"House of the Romanovs" - the designation of the totality of all the descendants of different branches of the Romanovs.

Since 1761, the descendants of the Romanovs in the female line reigned in Russia, and with the death of Nicholas 2 and his family, there were no direct heirs left who could claim the throne. However, despite this, today dozens of descendants of the royal family live all over the world, of varying degrees of kinship, and all of them officially belong to the Romanov family. The family tree of modern Romanovs is very extensive and has many branches.

Prehistory of the Romanovs

There is no consensus among scientists where the Romanov family came from. To date, two versions are widespread: according to one, the ancestors of the Romanovs arrived in Russia from Prussia, and according to the other, from Novgorod.

In the 16th century, the Romanov family became close to the tsar and could claim the throne. This happened due to the fact that Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, and her whole family has now become related to the sovereign. After the suppression of the Rurik family, the Romanovs (former Zakharyevs) became the main contenders for the state throne.

In 1613, one of the representatives of the Romanovs, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the kingdom, which was the beginning of the long reign of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.

Tsars of the Romanov dynasty

• Fedor Alekseevich;
• Ivan 5;

In 1721, Russia became an Empire, and all its rulers became emperors.

Emperors of the Romanov dynasty

The end of the Romanov dynasty and the last Romanov

Despite the fact that there were empresses in Russia, Paul 1 adopted a decree according to which the Russian throne could only be transferred to a boy - a direct descendant of the family. From that moment until the very end of the dynasty, Russia was ruled exclusively by men.

The last emperor was Nicholas 2. During his reign, the political situation in Russia became very tense. The Japanese war, as well as the First World War, greatly undermined the faith of the people in the sovereign. As a result, in 1905, after the revolution, Nicholas signed a manifesto that gave the people extensive civil rights, but this did not help much either. In 1917, a new revolution broke out, as a result of which the tsar was overthrown. On the night of July 16-17, 1917, the entire royal family, including Nikolai's five children, was shot. Other relatives of Nicholas, who were in the royal residence in Tsarskoye Selo and other places, were also caught and killed. Only those who were abroad survived.

The Russian throne was left without a direct heir, and the state system in the country changed - the monarchy was overthrown, the Empire was destroyed.

The results of the reign of the Romanovs

During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, Russia reached its present peak. Russia finally ceased to be a disparate state, civil strife ended, and the country gradually began to gain military and economic power, which allowed it to defend its own independence and resist the invaders.

Despite the difficulties that periodically occurred in the history of Russia, by the 19th century the country had turned into a huge powerful Empire, which owned vast territories. In 1861, serfdom was completely abolished, the country switched to a new type of economy and economy.

The Romanov dynasty, also known as the "House of Romanov" was the second dynasty (after the Rurik dynasty) to rule in Russia. In 1613, representatives of 50 cities and several peasants unanimously elected Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as the New Tsar. The Romanov dynasty began with him, ruling Russia until 1917.

Since 1721, the Russian tsar was proclaimed emperor. Tsar Peter I became the first emperor of all Russia. He turned Russia into a Great Empire. During the reign of Catherine II the Great, the Russian Empire expanded and improved in administration.

At the beginning of 1917, the Romanov family had 65 members, 18 of whom were killed by the Bolsheviks. The remaining 47 people fled abroad.

The last Romanov tsar, Nicholas II, began his reign in the autumn of 1894, when he ascended the throne. His entry came much sooner than anyone expected. Nicholas's father, Tsar Alexander III, died unexpectedly at the relatively young age of 49.

The Romanov family in the middle of the 19th century: Tsar Alexander II, his heir, the future Alexander III, and the infant Nicholas, the future Tsar Nicholas II.

Events quickly unfolded after the death of Alexander III. The new king, at the age of 26, quickly married his fiancee of a few months Princess Alix of Hesse, granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England. The couple have known each other since they were teenagers. They were even distantly related and had numerous relatives, being the niece and nephew of the Prince and Princess of Wales, from different sides of the family.

A contemporary depiction by the artist of the coronation of the new (and last) family from the Romanov dynasty - Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra.

In the 19th century, many members of European royal families were closely related to each other. Queen Victoria was called the "grandmother of Europe" because her offspring were dispersed throughout the continent through the marriages of her many children. Along with her royal lineage and improved diplomatic relations between the royal houses of Greece, Spain, Germany and Russia, Victoria's descendants received something much less desirable: a tiny defect in a gene that regulates normal blood clotting and causes an incurable disease called hemophilia. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, patients suffering from this disease could literally bleed to death. Even the most benign bruise or blow could be fatal. The Queen's son, Prince Leopold, had hemophilia and died prematurely after a minor car accident.

The hemophilia gene was also passed on to Victoria's grandchildren and great-grandchildren through their mothers in the royal houses of Spain and Germany.

But perhaps the most tragic and significant impact of the hemophilia gene occurred in the ruling Romanov family in Russia. Empress Alexandra Feodorovna learned in 1904 that she was a carrier of hemophilia a few weeks after the birth of her precious son and heir to the Russian throne, Alexei.

In Russia, only men can inherit the throne. If Nicholas II did not have a son, then the crown would have passed to his younger brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich. However, after 10 years of marriage and the birth of four healthy grand duchesses, the long-awaited son and heir was stricken with an incurable disease. Few subjects realized that the life of the Tsarevich often hung in the balance due to his deadly genetic disease. Alexei's hemophilia remained a closely guarded secret of the Romanov family.

In the summer of 1913, the Romanov family celebrated the tercentenary of their dynasty. The dark “time of troubles” of 1905 seemed like a long forgotten and unpleasant dream. To celebrate, the entire Romanov family made a pilgrimage to the ancient historical monuments of the Moscow region, and the people rejoiced. Nicholas and Alexandra were once again convinced that their people love them and that their policy is on the right track.

At this time, it was hard to imagine that just four years after these days of glory, the Russian Revolution would deprive the Romanov family of the imperial throne, and three centuries of the Romanov dynasty would end. The Tsar, enthusiastically supported during the celebrations of 1913, will no longer rule Russia in 1917. Instead, the Romanov family would be arrested and, a little more than a year later, murdered by their own people.

The history of the last reigning Romanov family continues to fascinate scholars and lovers of Russian history alike. It has something for everyone: a great royal romance between a handsome young tsar who rules one-eighth of the world and a beautiful German princess who gave up her strong Lutheran faith and her usual life for love.

There were their beautiful children: four beautiful daughters and a long-awaited boy who was born with a fatal disease from which he could die at any moment. There was a controversial "peasant" - a peasant who seemed to be sneaking into the imperial palace, and who was seen to corrupt and immorally influence the Romanov family: the tsar, empress and even their children.

There were political murders of the powerful, executions of the innocent, intrigues, mass uprisings and world war; assassinations, revolution and bloody civil war. And finally, the secret execution in the middle of the night of the last ruling Romanov family, their servants, even their pets, in the basement of a “special purpose house” in the heart of the Russian Urals.

The Romanov dynasty dates back to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich elected to the Russian throne on March 3, 1613. And almost 200 years later Emperor Paul I In 1797, he issued the Law on Succession to the Throne, according to which, the right to the throne was retained by each member of the Romanov House, regardless of their gender, with the exception of those who voluntarily renounced their rights to it.

The reign of the Romanovs can be divided into three periods.

The first is associated with the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich (1613-1645), his son Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676) and son Alexei Mikhailovich Fedor Alekseevich (1676-1682).

The second is connected with the emergence of a new title of the monarch in the Russian Empire: Emperor. It includes the reigns of Peter the Great (1682-1725), Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizabeth (1741-1741- 1761), Peter III (1761-1762) and Catherine II the Great (1762-1796).

The last period fell on the reign Paul I (1796-1801), Alexander I (1801-1825) Nicholas I (1825-1855), Alexander II (1855-1881) and Alexander III (1881-1894), when the throne in the House of Romanov began to be transferred through the direct male line according to the decree of Paul I on succession to the throne.

304 years in power

For 304 years, the Romanov dynasty was in power in Russia. The descendants of Mikhail Fedorovich ruled until the February Revolution of 1917. Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the kingdom at the age of 16 by the Zemsky Sobor. The choice fell on the young prince, because he was a descendant of the Rurikids, the first dynasty of Russian tsars.

Were not long-lived

Most of the Russian tsars and emperors from the Romanov dynasty lived a fairly short life. Mikhail Fedorovich lived for 49 years, during the years of his reign he managed to restore centralized power in the country. Only Peter I, Elizabeth I Petrovna, Nicholas I and Nicholas II lived more than 50 years, and Catherine II and Alexander II lived more than 60. No one lived to be 70 years old. Peter II lived the least: he died at the age of 14.

Holstein-Gottorp

The direct line of succession to the throne of the Romanovs was cut short in the 18th century. Elizaveta Petrovna, daughter of Catherine I and Peter I, had no children, so she appointed her nephew, the future Peter III, as her successor. On it, the line of the Romanovs was interrupted, but a new one appeared, the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovs, which stretches along the female line, since Peter's mother is Elizabeth's sister.

Two kings on the throne

At the end of the 17th century, two princes were crowned on the throne at once. After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the eldest son Fyodor Alekseevich reigned for a short time and died unexpectedly in 1682. According to the law of succession, the next fifteen-year-old in seniority was to become king. Ivan but he was neither smart nor healthy. Then it was decided to crown two brothers on the throne at the same time: Ivan and ten-year-old Peter, the future Peter I. Since the elder brother, due to his weakness, and the younger brother, due to his infancy, were not able to independently manage state affairs, until Peter came of age, their eldest became the ruler of the state. sister, Princess Sophia.

On the occasion of the wedding to the kingdom, Ivan and Peter were given royal crowns: Ivan was given an old Monomakh hat, Peter was given a new crown specially made for this occasion, called the Monomakh hat of the second outfit. Also, a double throne was made in the Kremlin court workshops. More than two hundred kg of silver went into its manufacture.

The richest dynasty

Until the February Revolution of 1917, the Romanov dynasty was considered one of the richest in Europe. Decorations for the Russian imperial court were created by the best craftsmen of that time: Hieronymus Pozier and Carl Faberge, Carl Bolin and Gottlieb Jahn.

hunting lovers

Many monarchs of the Romanov dynasty passionately loved hunting. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, a special Sokolnichiy yard was created in Moscow, and under Elizaveta Petrovna, the hunting pavilion "Monbizhu" was built in Tsarskoye Selo. Hunting traditions were continued by Anna Ioannovna, Catherine II and Alexander III. Other members of the imperial family had other hobbies. For example, Peter I played drums, bagpipes and oboe, Nicholas I made engravings on copper and painted them with watercolors, and Maria Fedorovna, the wife of Paul I, carved cameos from stone and glass.

Numerous wars

During the reign of the Romanovs, the territory of Russia grew almost five times. Each monarch of the Romanov dynasty left to his heir a country larger in size than he received from his predecessor.

During the reign of the Romanovs fell:

• Russian-Polish war (1654-1667)
• Russian-Turkish wars
• Northern War (1700-1721)
• Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
• Russo-Austrian-French War (1805)
• Patriotic War (1812)
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
• World War I (1914-1918).

In the history of the Russian state, there were two long ruling dynasties: and the Romanovs. In 1917, the reign of the imperial family of the Romanovs was interrupted, and with it the monarchy in Russia collapsed. This year marks: 405 years since the accession of the Romanovs to the throne, 101 years since the "abdication" of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II and the 100th anniversary of the monstrous day:.

In the article, we will recall how the Romanov dynasty ascended the throne, how the first tsar was elected, who was behind this, and could another decision have been made?

Candidates

There were many contenders for the Russian throne. The two most unpopular candidates - the Polish prince Vladislav and the son of False Dmitry II - were "weeded out" immediately. The Swedish king's son Karl-Philip had more supporters, among them - the leader of the Zemstvo army, Prince Pozharsky. Why did the patriot of the Russian land opt for a foreign prince? Perhaps the antipathy of the “thin-born” Pozharsky to domestic applicants - the well-born boyars, who in the Time of Troubles more than once betrayed those to whom they swore allegiance, had an effect. He feared that the “boyar tsar” would sow the seeds of a new unrest in Russia, as happened during the short reign of Vasily Shuisky. Therefore, Prince Dmitry stood for the calling of the "Varangian", but most likely it was Pozharsky's "maneuver", since in the end only Russian applicants, noble princes, participated in the struggle for the royal throne. The head of the infamous "seven boyars" Fyodor Mstislavsky compromised himself by collaborating with the Poles, Ivan Vorotynsky renounced his claim to the throne, Vasily Golitsyn was in Polish captivity, the leaders of the militia Dmitry Trubetskoy and Dmitry Pozharsky did not differ in nobility. But the new king was supposed to unite the country split by the Time of Troubles. The question was: how to give preference to one family, so that a new round of boyar civil strife would not begin?

Mikhail Fedorovich did not pass the first round

The candidacy of the Romanovs as the main contenders did not arise by chance: Mikhail Romanov was the nephew of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Mikhail's father, Patriarch Filaret, was respected among the clergy and Cossacks. In favor of the candidacy of Mikhail Fedorovich, the boyar Fyodor Sheremetyev actively campaigned. He assured the obstinate boyars that Mikhail "is young and will be familiar to us." In other words, become their puppet. But the boyars did not allow themselves to be persuaded: in the preliminary vote, the candidacy of Mikhail Romanov did not get the required number of votes.

When Romanov was elected, an overlay arose: the Cathedral demanded the arrival of the young applicant in Moscow. The Romanov party could not allow this: an inexperienced, timid, inexperienced young man in intrigues would have made an unfavorable impression on the delegates of the Council. Sheremetyev and his supporters had to show miracles of eloquence, proving how dangerous the path from the Kostroma village of Domnino, where Mikhail was, to Moscow. After a heated debate, the "Romanovites" succeeded in persuading the Council to cancel the decision on Michael's arrival.

Where did the dynasty come from?

The Romanovs did not belong to the Rurikovichs and in general could not boast of special nobility.

Their ancestor is a certain Andrei Kobyla, who at the beginning of the 14th century arrived in Muscovy from East Prussia and entered the service of Ivan Kalita. There is no reliable information about his origin and previous occupations, and the only written mention refers to participation in the embassy, ​​who traveled in 1347 from Moscow to Tver for a bride for Kalita's son Simeon the Proud.

In addition to the Romanovs, the Sheremetevs, Kolychevs and other aristocratic families descended from the sons of Andrei Kobyla.

Unlike the princes, his descendants in the XIV-XV centuries were not supposed to have a surname, and in historical documents they appear with patronymics and nicknames.

The nickname "Romanovs" arose on behalf of the boyar Roman Zakharyin, who had a daughter, Anastasia, and a son, Nikita. Anastasia Romanova became the first wife of Ivan the Terrible and bore him two sons: Ivan, who was killed by his father in a fit of rage, and Fedor, who inherited the throne.

According to the unanimous opinion of contemporaries, Tsarina Anastasia had a great and purely positive influence on her husband. This marriage made Nikita Romanov and his five sons great people.

In the second generation of the Romanovs, the middle brother Fyodor, the father of the future tsar, was considered the most capable. He read Latin, in his youth he was a magnificent horseman and the first dandy in Moscow, so that the tailors, handing the finished dress to the customers, said: now you will be like Fyodor Nikitich Romanov!

After the death of Fyodor Ioannovich in 1598, his cousin and namesake was considered as a candidate for tsar along with Boris Godunov. There was talk that Fyodor Ioannovich left a will in favor of Fyodor Romanov. No traces of the document were found, but the version of the "stolen throne" was widely spread, especially among the Don Cossacks who did not like Godunov.

Godunov was afraid of the Romanovs and in 1601 dealt harshly with them. Four brothers were exiled to cold lands, where three of them soon died (according to rumors, they were secretly killed). Fyodor was forcibly tonsured a monk under the name Filaret, separated from his family.

The bailiff Voeikov, who was sent to the Siya Monastery to watch him, reported that the "monk Filaret", having learned about the movement of a pretender to the throne to Moscow, whom some historians call the Pretender, while others evasively call "named Dimitri", perked up, began to laugh and talk with monks about "what he will be like in the future."

With the named Demetrius, Fyodor Romanov was in favor. There was no way back from monasticism, but he was made Metropolitan of Rostov.

After the coup in May 1606, he got along well with Vasily Shuisky, then ended up in the camp of the "Tushinsky Thief" and commemorated him during worship as "Tsar Dimitri".

In defiance of Patriarch Germogen, who supported Shuisky, the "thief" declared Romanov the head of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Without the approval of the ecumenical patriarchs, the act was still illegitimate, the later Romanovs, for obvious reasons, did not like to remember it, so it was officially believed that Filaret became patriarch only in 1619 after returning from Polish captivity. Until his death in 1633, he actually ruled the country and was written on a par with his son "great sovereign."

tightening

Let's go back to the election of the king. On February 7, 1613, the rather tired delegates announced a two-week break: “for a large strengthening, they postponed February from the 7th of February to the 21st.” Messengers were sent to the cities "to see through their thoughts in all sorts of people." But isn't two weeks not enough to monitor public opinion in such a large country? It is not easy for a messenger to get to Siberia, for example, even in two months. Most likely, the boyars counted on the departure from Moscow of the most active supporters of Mikhail Romanov - the Cossacks. If the villagers get bored, they say, to sit idle in the city, they will disperse. The Cossacks really dispersed, so much so that the boyars did not seem a little.

The role of Pozharsky

In the autumn of 1612, the militia captured a Swedish spy. Until January 1613, he languished in captivity, but shortly before the beginning of the Zemsky Sobor, Pozharsky freed the spy and sent him to Novgorod occupied by the Swedes with a letter to the commander Jacob Delagardie. In it, Pozharsky reports that both he himself and most of the noble boyars want to see Karl-Philip on the Russian throne. But, as subsequent events showed, Pozharsky misinformed the Swede. One of the first decisions of the Zemsky Sobor was that there should not be a foreigner on the Russian throne, the sovereign should be elected "from Moscow families, which God wills." Was Pozharsky really so naive that he did not know the mood of the majority? Of course not. Prince Dmitry deliberately fooled Delagardie with "universal support" for the candidacy of Charles Philip, in order to prevent Swedish interference in the election of the king. The Russians hardly repelled the Polish onslaught, and the Swedish army’s campaign against Moscow could also turn out to be fatal. Pozharsky's "cover operation" was successful: the Swedes did not move. That is why on February 20, Prince Dmitry, having safely forgotten about the Swedish prince, proposed to the Zemsky Sobor to choose a tsar from the Romanov family, and then he put his signature on the conciliar charter on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich. During the coronation of the new sovereign, it was Pozharsky who was given a high honor by Mikhail: the prince presented him with one of the symbols of power - the royal power. Modern political technologists can only envy such a competent PR move: the savior of the Fatherland hands the state to the new tsar. Beautiful. Looking ahead, we note that until his death (1642) Pozharsky faithfully served Mikhail Fedorovich, taking advantage of his unchanging location. It is unlikely that the tsar would have favored someone who wanted to see not him, but some Swedish prince on the throne of the Ruriks.

Cossacks

A special role in the election of the king belongs to the Cossacks. An interesting story about this is contained in the Tale of the Zemsky Sobor of 1613. It turns out that on February 21 the boyars decided to choose the king by casting lots, but the hope for "maybe", in which any forgery is possible, seriously angered the Cossacks. Cossack orators smashed the boyar "tricks" to smithereens and solemnly proclaimed: "By God's will, in the reigning city of Moscow and all Russia, let there be a tsar, sovereign and grand duke Mikhailo Fedorovich!" This cry was immediately picked up by supporters of the Romanovs, and not only in the Cathedral, but also among the large crowd of people in the square. It was the Cossacks who cut the "Gordian knot", having achieved the election of Mikhail. The unknown author of the “Tale” (probably an eyewitness of what is happening) does not spare colors, describing the reaction of the boyars: “The Bolyar at that time was obsessed with fear and trembling trembling, and their faces were changing with blood, and no one could say anything.” Only Mikhail's uncle, Ivan Romanov, nicknamed Kasha, who for some reason did not want to see his nephew on the throne, tried to object: "Mikhailo Fedorovich is still young and not in full mind." To which the Cossack wits objected: “But you, Ivan Nikitich, are an old verst, in full mind ... you will be a strong potor to him.” Mikhail did not forget Uncle's assessment of his mental abilities and subsequently removed Ivan Kasha from all state affairs. The Cossack demarche came as a complete surprise to Dmitry Trubetskoy: “His face is black, and falling into an ailment, and lying for many days, without leaving his courtyard from the mountain, that the Cossacks exhausted the treasury and recognized them as flattering in words and deceit.” The prince can be understood: it was he, the leader of the Cossack militia, who counted on the support of his comrades-in-arms, generously endowed them with a "treasury" - and suddenly they were on the side of Mikhail.

"Raven" on the gallows

The accession of the Romanovs was accompanied by another story.

Marina Mnishek, having given birth to a son from the "Tushinsky thief" and having experienced adventures worthy of an adventurous romance, eventually turned out to be the concubine of the Cossack ataman Ivan Zarutsky. He, stunned by such prey, took refuge with her in the Astrakhan floodplains, dreaming of the Moscow throne.

In June 1614, the associates, realizing the hopelessness of resistance, handed them over to the head of the archery, Gordey Palchikov, who sent the captives to Moscow.

Zarutsky was put on a stake, Marina soon died: according to the official version, she died in prison "from illness and longing of her own free will", according to the unofficial version, she was sewn into a bag and drowned in the river.

Some historians do not rule out that the authorities in this case were telling the truth: a living Marina could be exchanged for Russian captives and receive valuable testimony from her about all the intrigues of the Commonwealth against Russia, starting from 1604.

It is not known to what extent the decision came personally from the young tsar, but the son of Mniszek - a three-year-old "funnel" - was hanged publicly, outside the Serpukhov Gates, so that everyone could see and impostors would not appear in the future.

The boy was brought to the place of execution in his arms. He kept asking: "Where are you taking me?" and died in the loop for an unusually long time - the neck was thin.

Modern enlightened people do not recognize collective responsibility and do not believe in mystical punishment through generations, but sometimes they remind that the reign of the Romanovs began with the murder of an innocent child and ended with the same murder in the basement of the Ipatiev House.

Council letter or oath

The Sobor Oath is the final document of the Zemsky Electoral Council, held on February 21, 1613. It authorizes the ascension to the throne of sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov-Yuriev and the establishment of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.

The approved letter of Boris Godunov served as a model for compiling the letter. This is a historical and political treatise, representing the autocracy as a system, consecrated by the Orthodox (Christian) Church. Its originality in Russia is proved and the official concept of the Time of Troubles as a crisis of autocracy is given. The letter contains a lengthy exposition of the history of the dynasty of Russian grand dukes and tsars, leading from Augustus Caesar, describes with praise the reign of Fyodor Ivanovich, and describes the events of the Time of Troubles. First of all, the Polish king and the Polish lords are blamed for the Time of Troubles, with the help of which Grigory Otrepyev overthrew the legitimate sovereign Fyodor Borisovich. An important role in the events described in the charter is given to Filaret Nikitich Romanov, the father of the sovereign. Patriarch Hermogenes is represented as the main fighter against Polish dominance in the charter. The misadventures in Moscow and the suffering from hunger of the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich are described, as well as the actions of both militias to liberate the capital. The role of D.M. in these events is emphasized. Pozharsky and K. Minin. The letter tells in sufficient detail about the work of the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, which elected Mikhail to the kingdom, and about the activities of the Kostroma embassy to the tsar. Mikhail Fedorovich is called not only the nephew of Tsar Fedor, but also his "close friend", although in the year of Fedor's death Mikhail was only two years old. Extensive quotations from the Holy Scriptures testify to the fact that clerics took part in the preparation of the Approved Charter. The text of the letter has been edited several times.

The collection of signatures under the charter took place from May 1613 to 1615. Not all those who signed the charter participated in the work of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom. Metropolitan Ephraim and Metropolitan Jonah of Krutitsy, whose signatures are under the letter, were absent from the council. There is no signature of Kuzma Minin, who was at the cathedral. The first are 34 signatures of "authorities" - these are metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites, abbots. Then come the signatures of the boyars, headed by F.I. Mstislavsky (17 people). D.M. also signed among the boyars. Pozharsky, who received the nobility during the wedding of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom. Next come the signatures of okolnichi, chashnikov, kravchey M. Saltykov, duma clerk S. Vasiliev. This is followed by the signatures of 24 stolnikov and 26 solicitors, 10 nobles, 18 clerks, a director, housekeepers, and representatives of 41 cities.

The approved charter was drawn up in two copies, the text of which is close. One copy (Archive) was kept in the State Ancient Storage of the former Main Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (now located in the RSL), the other - in the Armory. Historians suggest that one copy was intended for the king, the other for the patriarchal court. There are several lists of the Approved Diploma of the 17th-18th centuries. At a high archaeographic level, two editions of the monument with forewords by S.A. Belokurov: 1904 (phototype) and 1906

Cathedral oath and modernity

In a February 2007 address, Bishop Diomede accused the Russian Orthodox Church, among other things, of breaking that oath by endorsing democracy and calling for voting for certain political leaders.

In the Orthodox iconography of the Mother of God, there is the miraculous Reigning Icon of the Mother of God, revered by the Russian Orthodox Church, the history of its acquisition and the symbolism of which are associated with the Russian monarchy and which is recognized as the main shrine of Russian monarchists. It is given particular importance by non-canonical Orthodox movements - the "Mother of God Center" and the tsarebozhniks. The icon was found on the day Nicholas II abdicated from the throne. Its origin is unknown, it is assumed that it was previously in the iconostasis of the destroyed female Ascension Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin, which served as a burial place for female representatives of the Moscow grand ducal family, including queens. The interpreters point out that on the icon “the queen of heaven is depicted as the queen of the earth” - she holds a scepter and an orb in her hands - which is interpreted as her acceptance of royal power from Nicholas II, which the Romanov dynasty has had since 1613. From this it is concluded that since then no power in Russia has been truly legitimate, therefore, the laws of the Russian Empire can be considered as continuing to operate. Some Orthodox interpreters speak of "God's punishment" to the Russian people for violating the Cathedral Oath of 1613 by allowing the assassination of the tsar and the necessary "repentance" in connection with this. In 1993, “repentance for the sin of regicide on behalf of the entire Church” was brought by Patriarch Alexy II, who wrote: “We call to repentance all our people, all their children, regardless of their political views and views on history, regardless of their ethnic origin , religious affiliation, from their attitude to the idea of ​​the monarchy and to the personality of the last Russian Emperor. In the 21st century, with the blessing of the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg, an annual procession from St. Petersburg to Yekaterinburg is held, symbolizing such repentance. In Catholicism, there is a doctrine of the so-called "Conversion of Russia", necessary for the "saving of the world", closely connected with the image of the Virgin and 1917 and is the subject of special attention of the "Mother of God Center". There are prophecies of Orthodox predictors about the return of the monarchy, for example, attributed to Lavrenty of Chernigov and the monk Abel ().

First Russian Tsar

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov ruled from 1613 to 1645. The reign of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty lasted 32 years.

The personal participation of Mikhail Fedorovich in the government of the country was very limited. Having ascended the throne at the age of 16, he had no political experience, no clear program of action. Modest and shy by nature, the tsar was at first under the strong influence of his mother, the imperious and ambitious noblewoman K. I. Shestova. She surrounded the throne with her relatives and favorites. However, a few years later, in 1619, the influence of the mother recedes before the absolute authority of Father Michael, Filaret, who returned from Polish captivity. He became a patriarch. A powerful and strong man, he was actually the ruler of the country. Even in government documents, two “great sovereigns” were mentioned: the tsar and the patriarch, the son and father, Michael and Filaret.

During the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the wars with Sweden (Stolbovsky peace, 1617) and the Commonwealth (Deulinsky truce, 1618, later - Polyanovsky peace, 1634) were stopped.

Overcoming the consequences of the Time of Troubles required the centralization of power. On the ground, the system of voivodeship administration grew, the order system was restored and developed. Since the 1620s, the activities of Zemsky Sobors have been limited to advisory functions. They met at the initiative of the government to resolve issues that required the approval of the estates: about war and peace, about the introduction of extraordinary taxes.

In the 1630s, the creation of regular military units (reiter, dragoon, soldier regiments) began, the rank and file of which were "eager free people" and dispossessed boyar children, the officers were foreign military specialists. At the end of the reign of Michael, cavalry dragoon regiments arose to guard the borders.

The government also began to restore and build defensive lines - serif lines.

Under Mikhail Fedorovich, diplomatic relations were established with Holland, Austria, Denmark, Turkey, and Persia.

In 1637, the term for capturing fugitive peasants was increased from five to nine years. In 1641, another year was added to it. Peasants taken out by other owners were allowed to search for up to 15 years. This testified to the growth of feudal tendencies in the legislation on land and peasants.

Moscow under Mikhail Fedorovich was restored from the consequences of the intervention.

In the Kremlin in 1624, the Filaret belfry was erected. In 1624-1525, a stone tent was built over the Frolovskaya (now Spasskaya) tower and a new striking clock was installed (1621).

In 1626 (after a devastating fire in Moscow), Mikhail Fedorovich issued a series of decrees appointing persons responsible for restoring buildings in the city. All the royal palaces were restored in the Kremlin, new trading shops were built in Kitay-gorod. According to one version, the original of the Cathedral oath burned down during the fire. For this reason, there are different versions of her texts. Which of the interpretations is reliable is still unknown.

In 1632, an enterprise for training in velvet and damask crafts appeared in Moscow - the Velvet Yard (in the middle of the 17th century, its premises served as a warehouse for weapons). The center of textile production was Kadashevskaya Sloboda with the sovereign Khamovny yard.

In 1633, machines were installed in the Sviblova tower of the Kremlin to supply water from the Moscow River to the Kremlin (hence its modern name - Vodovzvodnaya).

In 1635-1937, on the site of the ceremonial chambers of the 16th century, the Terem Palace was built for Mikhail Fedorovich, all the Kremlin cathedrals were repainted, including the Assumption Cathedral (1642), the Church of the Deposition of the Robe (1644).

In 1642 construction began on the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles in the Kremlin.

On July 23 (July 13, according to the old style), 1645, Mikhail Fedorovich died of water sickness. Buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

The first wife is Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova. The marriage was childless.

The second wife is Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva. Marriage brought Mikhail Fedorovich seven daughters (Irina, Pelageya, Anna, Martha, Sophia, Tatiana, Evdokia) and three sons (Alexei, Ivan, Vasily). Not all children survived even to adolescence. Parents experienced the death of their sons Ivan and Vasily in one year especially hard.

Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov became the heir to the throne.

In total, the Romanov dynasty ruled for 304 years and 9 days. Starting with Mikhail Fedorovich, four more tsars from this family ruled in Russia: Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov, Fedor Alekseevich Romanov, Ivan 5 (John Alekseevich), Peter 1 (Peter Alekseevich).

In 1721, Russia was finally reorganized into the Russian Empire, and the sovereign received the title of Emperor. The first emperor was Peter 1, who until recently was called the king. In total, the Romanov family gave Russia 14 emperors and empresses. After Peter 1, they ruled:

Ekaterina 1 (Ekaterina Alekseevna);

Peter 2 (Peter Alekseevich);

Anna Ioannovna;

Ivan 6 (John Antonovich);

Elizabeth (Elizaveta Petrovna);

Peter 3 (Peter Fedorovich);

Catherine 2 the Great (Ekaterina Alekseevna);

Pavel 1 (Pavel Petrovich);

Alexander 1 (Alexander Pavlovich);

Nicholas 1 (Nikolai Pavlovich);

Alexander 2 (Alexander Nikolaevich);

Alexander 3 (Alexander Alexandrovich);

Nicholas 2 (Nikolai Alexandrovich).

After the death of Peter 1, the Russian throne was often occupied by women, but Paul 1 passed a law according to which only the direct heir, a man, can become emperor, and since then women have no longer ascended the throne ()

It was thanks to the representatives of the Romanov family that Russia finally moved away from feudalism, increased its economic, military and political power, and also turned into a huge and powerful Empire.

The Romanov dynasty is a Russian boyar family that bore the surname Romanov from the end of the 16th century. 1613 - the dynasty of Russian tsars, which ruled for more than three hundred years. 1917, March - abdicated.
background
Ivan IV the Terrible, by the murder of his eldest son, John, interrupted the male line of the Rurik dynasty. Fedor, his middle son, was handicapped. The mysterious death in Uglich of the youngest son Dimitry (he was found stabbed to death in the courtyard of the tower), and then the death of the last of the Rurikovichs, Theodore Ioannovich, interrupted their dynasty. Boris Fyodorovich Godunov, the brother of Theodore's wife, came to the kingdom as a member of the Regency Council of 5 boyars. At the Zemsky Sobor in 1598, Boris Godunov was elected tsar.
1604 - the Polish army under the command of False Dmitry 1 (Grigory Otrepyev), set out from Lvov to the Russian borders.
1605 - Boris Godunov dies, and the Throne is transferred to his son Theodore and the queen-widow. An uprising breaks out in Moscow, as a result of which Theodore and his mother were strangled. The new tsar, False Dmitry 1, enters the capital accompanied by the Polish army. However, his reign was short-lived: 1606 - Moscow rebelled, and False Dmitry was killed. Vasily Shuisky becomes king.
The impending crisis brought the state closer to a state of anarchy. After the Bolotnikov uprising and a 2-month siege of Moscow against Russia, the troops of False Dmitry 2 moved from Poland. 1610 - Shuisky's troops were defeated, the tsar was overthrown and tonsured a monk.
The government of the state passed into the hands of the Boyar Duma: the period of the “Seven Boyars” began. After the Duma signed an agreement with Poland, the Polish army was secretly brought into Moscow. The son of King Sigismund III of Poland, Vladislav, became the Russian Tsar. And only in 1612 the militia of Minin and Pozharsky managed to liberate the capital.
And just at that time, Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov entered the arena of History. In addition to him, the Polish prince Vladislav, the Swedish prince Karl-Philip and the son of Marina Mniszek and False Dmitry 2 Ivan, representatives of boyar families - Trubetskoy and Romanovs claimed the Throne. However, Mikhail Romanov was still elected. Why?

What suited Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom
Mikhail Romanov was 16 years old, he was the grandchild of the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia Romanova, and the son of Metropolitan Philaret. Mikhail's candidacy suited representatives of all classes and political forces: the aristocracy was pleased that the new tsar would be a representative of the ancient Romanov family.
Supporters of the legitimate monarchy were pleased that Mikhail Romanov had a relationship with Ivan IV, and those who suffered from terror and chaos of the "distemper" were pleased that Romanov was not involved in the oprichnina, while the Cossacks were pleased that the father of the new tsar was Metropolitan Philaret.
The age of the young Romanov also played into his hands. People in the 17th century did not live long, dying from diseases. The young age of the king could give certain guarantees of stability for a long time. In addition, the boyar groups, despite the age of the sovereign, were determined to make him a puppet in their hands, thinking - "Mikhail Romanov is young, he hasn't reached his mind and he will be familiar with us."
V. Kobrin writes about this as follows: “The Romanovs suited everyone. That's the quality of mediocrity." In fact, for the consolidation of the state, the restoration of public order, not bright personalities were needed, but people who were able to calmly and persistently pursue a conservative policy. “... It was necessary to restore everything, almost rebuild the state - before that its mechanism was broken,” wrote V. Klyuchevsky.
That was Mikhail Romanov. His reign was a time of lively legislative activity of the government, which concerned the most diverse aspects of Russian public life.

The reign of the first of the Romanov dynasty
Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was married to the kingdom on July 11, 1613. Accepting the wedding, he promised not to make decisions without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor.
So it was at the initial stage of government: on every important issue, Romanov turned to the Zemsky Sobors. But, gradually, the sole power of the tsar began to strengthen: local governors subordinate to the center began to rule. For example, in 1642, when the assembly voted with an overwhelming majority for the final annexation of Azov, which the Cossacks had conquered from the Tatars, the tsar made the opposite decision.
The most important task during this period was the restoration of the state unity of the Russian lands, some of which, after the "... Time of Troubles ..." remained under the control of Poland and Sweden. 1632 - after King Sigismund III died in Poland, Russia began a war with Poland, as a result - the new king Vladislav renounced his claims to the Moscow throne and recognized Mikhail Fedorovich as the Moscow tsar.

Foreign and domestic policy
The most important innovation in the industry of that era was the emergence of manufactories. The further development of handicrafts, an increase in the production of agriculture and crafts, and a deepening of the social division of labor led to the beginning of the formation of an all-Russian market. In addition, diplomatic and trade relations between Russia and the West were established. The major centers of Russian trade were: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Bryansk. With Europe, maritime trade passed through the only port of Arkhangelsk; most of the goods went by dry route. Thus, actively trading with Western European states, Russia was able to achieve an independent foreign policy.
Agriculture also began to rise. Agriculture began to develop on fertile lands south of the Oka, as well as in Siberia. This was facilitated by the fact that the rural population of Russia was divided into two categories: landowning and black-mossed peasants. The latter accounted for 89.6% of the rural population. According to the law, they, sitting on state land, had the right to alienate it: sale, mortgage, inheritance.
As a result of a reasonable domestic policy, the life of ordinary people has improved dramatically. So, if during the period of "troubles" the population in the capital itself decreased by more than 3 times - the townspeople fled from their destroyed homes, then after the "restoration" of the economy, according to K. Valishevsky, "... a chicken in Russia cost two kopecks, a dozen eggs - a penny. Arriving in Moscow for Easter, he was an eyewitness to the pious and merciful deeds of the tsar, who visited prisons before matins and distributed colored eggs and sheepskin coats to prisoners.

“Progress has also been made in the field of culture. According to S. Solovyov, "... Moscow amazed with its splendor, beauty, especially in summer, when the greenery of numerous gardens and kitchen gardens joined the beautiful variety of churches." The first Greek-Latin school in Russia was opened in the Chudov Monastery. The only Moscow printing house, destroyed during the Polish occupation, was restored.
Unfortunately, the development of the culture of that era was affected by the fact that Mikhail Fedorovich himself was an exceptionally religious person. Therefore, correctors and compilers of sacred books were considered the greatest scientists of that time, which, of course, greatly hampered progress.
Results
The main reason that Mikhail Fedorovich managed to create a "viable" dynasty of the Romanovs was his carefully weighed, with a large "margin of safety", domestic and foreign policy, as a result of which Russia - albeit not completely - was able to solve the problem of the reunification of Russian lands, were resolved internal contradictions, industry and agriculture developed, the sole power of the sovereign was strengthened, ties with Europe were established, etc.
Meanwhile, indeed, the reign of the first Romanov cannot be counted among the brilliant epochs in the history of the Russian nation, and his personality does not appear in it with special brilliance. And yet, this reign marks a period of rebirth.