Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin. Famous explorer of the Arctic

The drift of the first research expedition led by Ivan Papanin began in May 1937. 9 months of work, observations and research at the North Pole station ended when an ice floe in the Greenland Sea collapsed and scientists had to curtail their activities.
The entire Soviet Union watched the epic of the rescue of 4 Papanin residents.

The expedition was preceded by a long 5-year preparation. Before that, none of the travelers and scientists had tried to live on a drifting ice floe for so long. Scientists, knowing the direction of the ice movement, could imagine their route, but none of them imagined how long the expedition would last and how it would end.

I.D. Papanin

P.P. Shirshov

E.K. Fedorov

E. T. Krenkel

Funny dog

1. Determine the point on the earth's surface, relative to which the entire territory of Russia is located strictly in the south.
   show Answer: North Pole
2. What are the names of steady winds that change direction twice a year and largely determine the climate of the Russian Far East?
   show Answer: Monsoons
3. Name one of the types of large rural settlements in the Cossack regions of the North Caucasus, South Urals and Siberia.
   show Answer: Stanitsa
4. What is the name of the set of processes of physical and chemical destruction of rocks under the influence of temperature fluctuations, freeze-thaw cycles and chemical action of water, atmospheric gases and organisms?
   show Answer: Weathering
5. Indicate the correct combination of natural zones and soils found on the territory of the Southern Federal District:
   A) humid subtropics - yellow soils; B) mountain meadows - gray soils;
   C) dry steppes - brown soils.
   show Answer: A) humid subtropics - yellow soils
6. Select from the list the object with the highest water salinity:
   A) the Caspian Sea; B) the Kara Sea; C) Lake Elton; D) Lake Ilmen.
   show Answer: B) Lake Elton
7. What does this symbol mean on topographic maps?

   show Answer: Shrub
   (see all designations on topographic maps)

8. Arrange mountain systems in ascending order of maximum altitude:
   A) Khibiny; B) Altai; C) Western Sayan; D) Sikhote-Alin.
   show Answer: A - D - C - B
9. Name the indigenous mountain people of the Caucasus, whose number in Russia is about 470 thousand people, living mainly in the south of Dagestan, who became famous for the dances common in the Caucasus.
   show Answer: Lezgins
10. Name one of the traditional Russian ceramics centers, where the famous white-cobalt tableware is produced, which has become the same symbol of Russia as the balalaika and matryoshka dolls. Mikhail Lomonosov spoke highly of the quality of the clays mined here.
    show Answer: Gzhel
11. What are the names of the clouds of vertical development, which are associated with heavy rainfall, thunderstorms, hail, squally wind?
    show Answer: Cumulonimbus (the answer is "cumulus" is correct)
12. Name the natural zone of Russia where cloudberries and dwarf birches grow, lemming and reindeer live.
    show Answer: Tundra, forest-tundra
13. Place the settlements in a north-south direction:
    A) Syktyvkar; B) Ufa; C) Arkhangelsk; D) Perm.
    show Answer: C - A - D - B
14. What is the extreme mainland point of Russia, which is located in the Western Hemisphere.
    show Answer: Cape Dezhnev
15. Select from the list a city where the sun can sometimes be seen at midnight:
    Petrozavodsk, Vorkuta, Veliky Ustyug, St. Petersburg.
    show Answer: Vorkuta
16. The distance in a straight line from Botik Peter I pod Pereslavl-Zalessky to the Museum of Gramophones and Records is 200 meters. What will it equal on a 1: 100,000 scale map?
    Give the answer in centimeters.
    show Answer: 0.2 cm.
17. Select the subject of the Russian Federation, within which there are territories with a subtropical climate:
    A) Rostov region; B) Krasnodar Territory; C) Astrakhan region; D) Stavropol Territory.
    show Answer: B) Krasnodar Territory
18. Name a large river in Russia, a tributary of the Volga, on the banks of which the hero Ilya Muromets and the poet Sergei Yesenin were born.
    show Answer: Oka
19. Indicate in which city from the list in summer the sunrise comes before others:
    A) Bryansk; B) Lipetsk; C) Samara; D) Penza.
    show Answer: B) Samara
20. Name the subject of the Russian Federation in which the day ends 2 hours later than in Astrakhan and Samara.
    show Answer: Kaliningrad region
21. Select from the list and indicate the river, the lower reaches of which are shown in the satellite image:
    A) Volga; B) Lena; C) Selenga; D) Yenisei.

    
    
    show Answer: B) Selenga

22. Name one of the oldest cities in Russia, a hero city located at the western borders of the country on the banks of the Dnieper.
    show Answer: Smolensk
23. Name the shallowest sea in Russia, its average depth is 8 meters, the largest is 15 meters, and the area is 11 times less than the Black Sea.
    show Answer: Azovskoe
24. Select a pair of objects from the list that are not geographically related to each other:
    A) Onega River - Lake Onega;
    B) the Okhota River - the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk;
    C) Chukotka Peninsula - Chukchi Sea;
    D) Lake Taimyr - Taimyr Peninsula.
    show Answer: A) Onega River - Lake Onega
25. Name one of the oldest cities in Russia, founded on the Volga River in the 11th century, which is part of the Golden Ring of Russia tourist route.
    His coat of arms depicts a bear with an ax.
    show Answer: Yaroslavl
26. “The surroundings ... are characterized by miserable vegetation. Bora maims and kills everything. Only dry grass and bushes of a thorny tree can survive ... The first gusts of wind hit the decks of ships ... The wind quickly gains full strength, and in two or three hours a fierce hurricane is already gushing from the mountains to the bay and the city. It raises water in the bay and carries it to houses with showers ... Bora blows when the sky is clear. In winter, it is always accompanied by a hard frost. The ships turn into blocks of ice. Ice, breaking off the gear, cripples and kills the sailors ... ”.

    About the outskirts of what Russian city did Konstantin Paustovsky write about?
    show Answer: Novorossiysk

27. Learn the city - the regional center of Russia by the lines from its anthem:

    “When the sun wakes up over the Northern Dvina
    And fogs will fall on the forests as dew,
    ... will smile at us broadly
    And it will conquer with its discreet northern beauty ”.

    show Answer: Arkhangelsk
28. Name the river to which Mikhail Lermontov's poem is dedicated:

    “His cry is like a storm,
    Tears are splashing.
    But, scattering across the steppe,
    He assumed the evil look
    And, affectionately caressing,
    The Caspian Sea is murmuring ”.

    show Answer: Terek
29. Name the city of Russia about which the song is sung:

    “There is a native city on the Volga,
    Baptized with fire and sword
    The whole world flew around, the whole world went around
    Winged glory about him "
    (the author of the words is Anton Priishelets).

    show Answer: Volgograd
30. Name the expedition that took place in 1937-1938, in which those depicted on a postage stamp became famous
    Ivan Papanin, Evgeny Fedorov, Ernst Krenkel and Pyotr Shirshov.

    
    show Answer: Drifting station North Pole - 1
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Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin belonged to the category of those people who are called nuggets. Russian polar explorer, Doctor of Geographical Sciences, Rear Admiral, twice Hero of the Soviet Union in 1937-1938 headed the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" (North Pole), work on which marked the beginning of a systematic study of high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, meteorology and hydrology.

The station drift, which began on May 21, 1937, lasted 274 days and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe covered 2,100 kilometers. The members of the expedition, in incredibly difficult conditions, managed to collect unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.

Perhaps no event - from the First to the Second World War - has attracted as much attention to itself as drift of the "papanin four" in the Arctic... Initially, it was a huge ice floe, reaching several square kilometers, but by the time the Papanin people were removed from it, it had already become the size of a volleyball court. The whole world followed the fate of the polar explorers, wanting only one thing - the salvation of people!

After this feat Ivan Papanin, Ernst Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov and Pyotr Shirshovwere considered national heroes, becoming a symbol of everything Soviet, heroic and progressive.

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in Sevastopol on November 26, 1894 in the family of a sailor. Much later he would write in his memoirs: “My father, the son of a sailor, learned early how much a pound is dashing, from childhood he saw only need. He was proud of himself and suffered greatly because he, Dmitry Papanin, was distinguished by his good health - his father lived ninety-six years, - who knew a lot, in fact turned out to be almost the poorest of all. "

From the age of 14, Vanya began to work at the Sevastopol plant for the manufacture of navigation devices. On this occasion, he will say in Chekhov's words: "As a child, I had no childhood." In 1912, as one of the best workers, he was transferred to the shipyard in Revel (present-day Tallinn). During the First World War, he served as a sailor in the Black Sea Fleet, and during the Civil War, as part of a special detachment, he was sent to the rear of Wrangel's army to organize a partisan movement in Crimea. A few years later, he moved to the People's Commissariat of Communications and already in 1931, as a representative of this People's Commissariat, participated in the Arctic expedition of the icebreaker "Malygin" to Franz Josef Land. A year later, Ivan Papanin himself headed a polar expedition in Tikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land, and then - polar station at Cape Chelyuskin. After the drifting station "North Pole" ("SP-1"), in 1939 - 1946, Papanin served as chief of the Glavsevmorput. During his first years in this position, he focused on the construction of powerful icebreakers, the development of Arctic navigationand in In 1940 he headed an expedition to recover from ice captivity after an 812-day drift of the Georgy Sedov icebreaker.

During the Great Patriotic War Ivan Dmitrievich occupied the place of the authorized representative of the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North, responsible for the work of the ports of Arkhangelskand Murmansk.

After the war, Papanin again began to work at Glavsevmorput, and then created a scientific fleet of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1951, he was appointed head of the Department of Marine Expeditionary Work under the apparatus of the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

From 1948 to 1951, he was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and at the same time (1952-1972) - director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st and 2nd convocations. Doctor of Geographical Sciences (1938).

Died Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin January 30, 1986... His name is immortalized three times on the map. The waters of the polar seas are plowed by ships named after him. He is an honorary citizen of Sevastopol, his hometown, in which one of the streets bears his name ...

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.

It is curious that it was Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin who became the prototype of the daring revolutionary sailor Shvandi in the play of his friend, the playwright Konstantin Trenev, Lyubov Yarovaya. Moreover, as you can see, the "ice admiral" himself had the makings of an actor: it was no coincidence that filmmaker Mikhail Chiaureli filmed him in the feature film "The Oath", where he played himself!

Ivan Papanin's 75th Anniversary Expedition

75 years ago, on February 19, 1938, off the coast of Greenland, the legendary drift of the North Pole-1 station ended. Ivan Papanin's expedition from the melting ice floe after 274 days of travel was removed by icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Murman". The experience of the pioneers was not in vain. Russia still maintains a priority in high-latitude Arctic research.

Hydrologist Pyotr Shirshov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, station manager Ivan Papanin, geophysicist Evgeny Fedorov at the first drifting station "North Pole-1". Photo: RIA Novosti

In May 1937, the plane delivered the expedition to an ice floe measuring 3 by 5 kilometers. Four polar explorers had to solve a problem with many unknowns, because such experiments had not yet been carried out in world practice. During the long drift, they had to carry out unique hydrological and meteorological research. Later, Ivan Papanin recalled: "There was a silence, which I had not yet heard, to which one had to get used to. We are on the cap of the world. There is neither west nor east, wherever you look, everywhere south."

A few days later, the ice floe passed over the point of the North Pole. In honor of this event, the travelers hoisted the Soviet flag on it. At the end of January of the following year, 1938, after a six-day storm, the ice floe began to rapidly collapse. Its area was reduced to 200 square meters. It was already impossible to continue the work. Director of the Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic Viktor Boyarsky says:

Head of the first Soviet drifting station "North Pole - 1" Ivan Papanin. Photo: RIA Novosti

Polar aviation pilot G. Vlasov, I. Papanin and the head of the rescue expedition captain of the Taimyr icebreaker A.V. Ostaltsov meeting the North Pole-1 scientific station drifting on an ice floe on February 19, 1938. Photo: RIA Novosti

"On February 19, 1938 at 13:30 the icebreaking steamers Taimyr and Murman approached the ice floe where our legendary four were. Eighty people got off the board and went to meet with the polar explorers. In about five hours, all the property of the station was transferred to the "Taimyr" and the drawing of lots took place - who will go on which ship. Ivan Papanin and Ernst Krenkel got on the "Murman", and Pyotr Shirshov and Evgeny Fedorov - on the "Taimyr". It was the final of the rescue operation. the beginning was earlier, when on February 5 it was decided to send an airship to help the members of the expedition. But, unfortunately, it crashed in the Kandalaksha region, and 13 crew members were killed. A flight expedition was also organized on airplanes. But the aircraft did not have to be used. "

On March 15, the country greeted the heroes-polar explorers with glee. Their experience was not in vain. Today Russia is a recognized leader in scientific research of the Arctic, says Vladimir Sokolov, head of the high-latitude Arctic expedition of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute:

The Papanin residents and members of the rescue expedition leave the camp of the North Pole-1 scientific station on February 19, 1938. Photo: RIA Novosti

"Now we have the 40th station. 15 people work there. A modern drifting station gives out in a day such amount of scientific information about the state of the natural environment, which in the late 1980s was given by the station in a year. About 30 powerful complexes study the atmosphere, about a dozen - the ocean, about four or five - ice. These complexes allow obtaining data on the state of the climatic system of the high-latitude Arctic in sufficient detail and with good resolution. We checked a number of foreign automatic stations. Of course, the results are incomparable. "

It just so happened historically that in Russia they often do things that the rest of the world recognized as unattainable and impossible. Great traveler James Cook proclaimed that there is no continent at the South Pole, and if there is, then it is impossible to penetrate to it because of the continuous eternal ice.

Everyone except the Russians believed in Cook. In 1820 ships Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarevdisobeying Cook, went beyond him and discovered Antarctica.

Great traveler Roald Amundsen, the discoverer of the South Pole, flying over the North Pole on the Norway airship, said: “We have not seen a single place suitable for descent during our entire long journey from Svalbard to Alaska. Not a single one! And here is our opinion: do not fly deep into these ice fields until the airplanes become so perfect that you can not be afraid of a forced descent! "

By the mid-1930s, aviation technology in the world was still very far from being perfect. But there were people who decided that Amundsen's warning, who, by the way, himself disappeared in the Arctic, did not apply to them. Needless to say, these brave men were from Russia?

In February 1936, one of the main enthusiasts and organizers of Soviet Arctic research Otto Yulievich Schmidtat a meeting in the Kremlin, he outlined a plan for an air expedition to the North Pole and the establishment of a station in its area.

Nobody else has done anything like this in the world. Moreover, Amundsen's words directly indicated that this was impossible.

But the Soviet leaders believed Otto Yulievich Schmidt, even though the steamer Chelyuskin had died a few years earlier, and many associate its death with Schmidt's erroneous decisions.

Schmidt's new project was adopted, and a government decree ordered to organize in 1937 an expedition to the North Pole region and deliver the equipment of the scientific station and winterers by air.

Hydrologist, member of the expedition of the drifting station "North Pole-1" Pyotr Shirshov is working with a hydrological winch. 1937 year. Photo: RIA Novosti

Polar explorers were trained the way astronauts were later trained

The expedition was necessary to obtain data that would make it possible to continue the development of the Northern Sea Route and the Arctic as a whole. In addition, the Soviet station itself at the North Pole asserted the priority of the USSR in the exploration and development of this region. In addition, we again did what no one else in the world did - such things always strengthen the prestige of the state.

True, the failure of the expedition or, even worse, the death of its members could result in serious losses for the same prestige. But he who does not take risks does not become a pioneer.

An intermediate base for the assault on the pole in the summer of 1936 was laid on Rudolf Island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago. Building materials, supplies and equipment for the future station were brought here by ships.

Polar explorers Pyotr Shirshov and Ivan Papanin lay the property of a dwelling house on the sleds at the SP-1 drifting station. 1937 year. Photo: RIA Novosti The expedition was prepared no less carefully than the cosmonauts were trained a quarter of a century later. The tent for the residential camp was built by the Moscow plant "Kauchuk". Its frame is made of easily disassembled aluminum tubes; the walls are tarpaulin, between them two layers of eider down were laid, the floor is rubber, inflatable. Two radio stations - the main one and the emergency one - were specially created at the Central Radio Laboratory in Leningrad. The Narts built a shipyard, and the Institute of Catering Engineers procured food.

The squadron of aircraft, which was to land the expedition at the North Pole, included four four-engine aircraft ANT-6-4M-34R "Aviaarktika" and a twin-engine reconnaissance aircraft R-6 (ANT-7).

A Hero of the Soviet Union was appointed as the commander of the flight unit Mikhail Vodopyanov, one of those who saved the Chelyuskin expedition. The overall leadership was entrusted to Otto Schmidt.

Disembarkation

In the general composition of the expedition there were four polar explorers, who had the main mission - to remain on the ice floe as personnel of the North Pole-1 station. The head of "SP-1" was Ivan Papanin, radio operator - experienced Ernst Krenkel, duties of a hydrologist performed Peter Shirshov, and geophysics - Evgeny Fedorov.

In February 1937, Schmidt reported to the Kremlin about his readiness for the expedition and received the go-ahead for the project.

On April 19, a squadron of aircraft reached the base on Rudolf Island. After that, attempts to break through to the pole began. But harsh weather conditions tore them down one by one.

On May 21, 1937, Mikhail Vodopyanov's plane, despite not having technical difficulties, landed on an ice floe in the North Pole region, having “flown” its geographical point by about 20 kilometers. It was this day that became the day when the North Pole-1 station was founded.

Mikhail Vodopyanov recalled a funny episode: when the head of the station, Ivan Papanin, stepped on the ice, he instinctively stamped his foot on it: will he survive? At the same time, a multi-ton aircraft standing on the ice seemed to hint: perhaps yes!

By June 5, the planes delivered everything necessary for the operation of the station to the ice floe. The last to arrive on SP-1 was the “fifth Papaninets” - a polar husky named Vesely.

On June 6, a rally was held on the ice floe and the flag of the USSR was raised, after which the planes flew away. Four members of the expedition and a dog remained on the ice.

Photo fact "AiF"

At the station, only Veyoliy rebelled

By the beginning of the expedition, the ice floe was an ice field of three by five kilometers with an ice thickness of about three meters. However, gradually the ice floe began to decrease, and this process did not stop until the very end of the expedition.

The expedition of the "North Pole-1" station worked in conditions that did not differ much from space. There is no one to rely on but yourself, help in an emergency will not come immediately, and you can survive by relying only on your comrades.

Psychological compatibility in such an environment is the most important thing. The smallest conflict can be a complete disaster.

Not everyone knows, but the leaders of Arctic expeditions, working in isolation from the outside world, have special powers. If one of the members of the expedition, unable to withstand the overload, begins to behave inadequately, the head has the right to the most extreme measures to save the rest. In slang, this is called "go into hummocks."

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, a participant in the Civil War, a former Chekist, who since 1932 headed various scientific stations in the Arctic, was a tough and determined man. His lack of education was compensated for by natural observation, practical acumen and talent for leadership. The established camp on the ice withstood the most difficult conditions, and the members of the expedition carried out their duties even when the situation became truly threatening. Neither Ernst Krenkel, nor Pyotr Shirshov, nor Evgeny Fedorov let their boss down.

Perhaps the only one who got out of the hands of Papanin was his fourth subordinate - the dog Vesely, who perceived the expedition's food warehouse as his personal dog paradise, visiting it regularly. Nevertheless, these tricks were forgiven Vesely, since he, living up to his name, replaced the polar explorers with the "room for psychological relief."

Members of the expedition at the drifting station "North Pole-1". 1937 year. Photo: RIA Novosti

On the edge of the possible

On June 18, 1937, a historic event took place: an ANT-25 aircraft flew over the world's first drifting station in the Arctic under the control of Valeria Chkalova, who made the world's first non-stop flight across the North Pole to America. The world was shocked: these "Soviet Russians" are doing things that no one can even imagine!

Photo fact "AiF"

At the end of June 1937, a celebration was held in Moscow for Otto Schmidt, Mikhail Vodopyanov and other members of the expedition who made the work of the North Pole-1 station possible. For obvious reasons, only four brave polar explorers working on an ice floe could not receive state awards at that time.

But at that moment there was no alarm about their fate - the work of the expedition was proceeding normally, communication with the SP-1 was stable, and scientific data came in an almost continuous stream. In short, there is no cause for concern.

But the further the ice floe drifted towards Greenland, the more difficult it became for the Papanin people to work. In January 1938, the decrease in the ice field became threatening. And on the morning of February 1, Papanin reported: the storm tore up the ice floe, leaving the expedition a fragment of 300 by 200 meters, depriving the SP-1 of two bases and a technical warehouse. In addition, a crack has formed under the living tent.

It became clear: it was time to evacuate the expedition. Icebreaking steamers Murmanets, Murman and Taimyr urgently set out to help Papanin's residents. The race against time has begun. The ice floe continued to shrink and crack. In recent days, the width of the ice field on which the station was located did not exceed 30 meters. Much later, the members of the expedition said that at that moment they began to mentally prepare for the worst.

But on February 19, 1938, the icebreakers Taimyr and Murman approached SP-1. The emotions of the rescuers went off scale no less than those of the rescuers. Up to 80 people poured onto the ice floe, but, thank God, she withstood this last test. In a matter of hours, the camp was closed. The radio operator Ernst Krenkel transmitted the last radiogram from SP-1: “At this hour we are leaving the ice floe at coordinates 70 degrees 54 minutes Nordic, 19 degrees 48 minutes by the messenger, and having drifted over 2500 km in 274 days. Our radio station was the first to report the news of the conquest of the North Pole, ensured reliable communication with the Motherland, and this telegram ends its work. "

Awards and income

On March 15, 1938, the members of the expedition arrived in Leningrad, where a solemn welcome awaited them. All four polar explorers who worked on SP-1 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Meeting of the staff of the Soviet polar drifting scientific station "North Pole-1" Ivan Papanin, Pyotr Shirshov, Ernest Krenkel, Evgeny Fedorov on the streets of Moscow. The year is 1938. Photo: RIA Novosti / Troshkin

The history of Soviet and Russian drifting polar stations began with "SP-1" and continues to this day.

The dog Vesely also received his award - which became a favorite not only of polar explorers, but also of all the children of the Soviet Union, the shaggy pole conqueror was presented to his comrade Stalin and lived his remaining canine life in honor and respect at the leader's dacha.

Photo fact "AiF"

And the last thing I would like to say about the history of the North Pole-1 station is that the state not only recouped all the costs for it, but even made good money on this project. The fact is that director Mark Troyanovsky, who was a member of the expedition, during the days while the base camp of the station was being erected on the ice floe, he shot a whole film called "At the North Pole". The tape was sold for foreign currency to many countries of the world, where it caused an unprecedented excitement, bringing large profits to the Soviet treasury.

Members of the expedition at the drifting station "North Pole-1": Ivan Papanin, radio operator Ernst Krenkel (in the foreground), geophysicist Yevgeny Fedorov and hydrologist Pyotr Shirshov (standing). 1939 year. Photo: RIA Novosti / Ivan Shagin