History - what is it and why? The essence of knowing the past. Your Family History: Our Past and Future 18th CenturyBarry Lyndon

History is one of the oldest sciences of mankind, the subject of which is the study of the facts and events of the past, their causal relationship. Ancient Greece is considered the cradle of the origin of history. Her father - the founder is the famous ancient Greek historian and philosopher Herodotus (V century BC).

Why study history?

What gives us the study of history? A question that probably every person asked himself. The answer to it is simple and obvious - by studying the past, we are building our future, guided by the rich experience of the generation that lived many centuries before us. No wonder the most zealous connoisseurs of history, the ancient Greeks, called her "teacher of life." The study of history reveals to us the colorful world of past reality. We become direct participants in the events that have sunk into oblivion, which have affected the formation of modern human society. History has no unimportant pages, because every century, lived by mankind, carries an instructive and mentoring character.

The main difficulty in studying history lies in the fact that all historical facts are based on the works of participants and observers of events, and in most cases they are filled with political subjectivism and share all the delusions of their time. Therefore, the main thing in the study of history is that it is not enough just to state historical events, but also to track their influence on subsequent time.

What is history?

History should be treated not only as a scientific discipline, but also as a fascinating way to learn about the past. Here everyone will find something interesting for themselves, because history is not only a chronicle of bloody warriors and revolutions, but also bright medieval knightly tournaments, exquisite balls of the Victorian era, traditions of the Slavic peoples that are important and dear to every Russian heart.

History painstakingly works with eternal human values, but never makes judgments on its own. She grants us this right. It acts as an impartial observer of the life of mankind, never points to the perpetrators and victims. We must do this through a deep analysis of historical facts.

Knowledge of the past history

The process of knowing the past is obligatory for every person, because history has repeatedly struck humanity with its cyclical nature. Some historical events tend to be repeated to this day, but in a more modified form. History shows the impossibility of changing the past so that a person thinks about how he builds the present, because in a few years this will already replenish her lists.

History should be taught in order to have the right to be called a truly educated person. After all, to know and remember how the statehood of their country was born, what path the people went through in order to become a full-fledged society, how the culture of mankind developed is the sacred duty of a person and a citizen.

Once starting to study history, a person cannot stop this long and such an interesting process, and often it lasts a lifetime. After all, you can study history not only in archives and when working with artifacts. It surrounds us in our cities and villages, it lives in our grandparents, in our present. You just need to have a desire to join its mysterious and fascinating content.

Most of us treat history rather coolly, meaning by this subject only boring interweaving of dates. A lot of schoolchildren suffering from textbooks would like to know why we study history and whether there is something even more boring and uninteresting in the world.

Since the exclusion of history from the school curriculum is hardly planned, let's try to figure out whether it is really possible to change your attitude to stories about the past and whether history can become exciting, intriguing and vibrant?

History of the country: to think about the global

Of course, the thoughts and feelings of each person mainly revolve around their own person - most of the time we are busy solving our problems, our joys and sorrows. However, no one can deny that any of us lives in a state - a huge association of individuals that makes up a whole country. Try to imagine that our country is essentially the same person, an integral part of the world community, and there are also problems within it, it achieves victories, and sometimes suffers defeats. A country can also be hurt, sometimes it suffers from external aggression, it is able to find friends and partners for itself.

Now imagine if you could live and strive for the best, remembering nothing about your past, forgetting your parents, childhood, leaving your memories, victories and achievements like unnecessary garbage? Similarly, a country is not able to exist and achieve success without its history, consisting of a million fragments, situations and facts.

Why history is needed: past experience and its application

You have probably heard the expression: "History develops in a spiral." But have you ever wondered what it means? Let's try to figure out why humanity needs history and memory of the past.

All the events that happened to countries, states and people inhabiting them, once already happened in the past. The spiral development of history is called because events that happened a long time ago happen again, but take on new features, taking into account the new time. The saved memory of the past allows you to predict the approach of an event, avoid past mistakes, draw the right conclusions and prevent trouble.

Considering the past experience, humanity really develops "in a spiral" - upwards, for the better. If there were no history, there would be no development, and mistakes could be made again and again: wars, disagreements, the death of millions of people.

Remember how problems between states were solved in the distant past? Of course, with the help of wars. However, the past centuries have been able to teach people new ways to resolve conflicts: diplomacy has appeared, countries are trying to negotiate with each other and find compromises - solutions to problems that suit both sides of the dispute. Such skills were acquired by humanity at a huge and terrible price, and it is completely unacceptable to forget about past mistakes.

Your Family History: Our Past and Future

Thinking about the whole country, let's think about one family - your relatives, loved ones and close people. You have probably noticed with what respect and interest your parents, grandparents talk about their ancestors. You may not really want to hear these stories, but think about it: someday someone will tell the same about you. Your relatives, who make up a family, large or small, are parts of a family history that is shaping up like a puzzle into one big picture. And it depends on you whether the annals of the clan will be preserved, whether information about its representatives will be stored, whether this information will be transmitted further and further. Perhaps it is still worth listening to and remembering grandmother's stories - many years later you will begin to remember them with special warmth.

To fall in love with history and become interested in it, you can try to ask your loved ones what happened in your family during significant historical events: did your ancestors fight, how they lived after the war, what they dreamed about, what they aspired to, what they feared. Thus, impersonal historical dates will come to life and become really interesting: just imagine how your great-grandmother felt when she saw off her son or daughter to the front of the Great Patriotic War.

So why do we study history? Because it is the human memory that has become the foundation of our experience, and the memory of the country, which is the basis of its historical path, the basis for the present and future. Those who can think about it will look at the lists of dates and events in a completely different way, seeing the living past behind the facts and figures.

Once, while studying in the senior class of the school, I witnessed an interesting scene in the lesson. That day, the history teacher asked the class the question, “Why do we study history?” In general, he was from that breed of teachers who like to puzzle their own students with seemingly simple questions. Now it seems absurd, but then we, five minutes away from graduates, already possessing a very extensive knowledge base, trained to express our thoughts succinctly enough, did not manage to formulate a clear answer why we study history. Indeed, why? We study foreign languages ​​because it is an additional bonus to our qualifications in the future work activity, we study mathematics and physics because of their applied nature for any engineering, why do we study history? No, on an intuitive level, we all understood that the memory of national and world history is necessary, but the formulation of the answer to the question of why we should study history specifically remained vague and uncertain.

Who controls the past...

Later, I personally built a fairly logical and correct explanation for myself, but it was too lengthy and clumsy, until a couple of years later I read the well-known dystopia of the Englishman George Orwell "1984", which painted a picture of the totalitarian future of the planet.
A brilliant phrase was formulated there: “Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past. An extremely capacious and at the same time illuminating explanation of why we study history. After all, our entire civilization, from its global features to the smallest details, is the sum of all historical development and the direct result of recent and very distant events.
And you don't even have to go back in time to change history. It is enough today to present your distorted version to negligent descendants, and the face of society will inevitably change. It is enough to retouch the crimes of the past century, and present the greatest criminals in the bright colors of benefactors. And now new moods are literally changing society before our eyes. What was shameful yesterday is becoming a matter of pride today. He who yesterday was blamed, today rules the world. It doesn't matter how things actually happened.

In fact, any historical research is inevitably doomed to impose modern judgments, motivations and moral norms on the deeds of the past, and it is impossible by definition to restore the truth in the absolute. What matters is how a distant event is presented to us today. Although it can no longer change the past, it may well change the present. That is why historical memory is so important in the politics of any social force. That is why politicians fight each other for their vision of history, since victory in 1939, 1917, 1709 gives them victory not yesterday, but today. And today gives power over the world. And for those who have managed to find the answer to the question of why we study history, and have learned the lessons of the past, it is often easier to understand the intricacies of today.

Actual

Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous

Among the disciplines, acquaintance with which begins in high school, one should name history, which allows schoolchildren to understand how people of past eras lived, what events happened centuries ago, and what consequences they led to. Consider what history studies, why do we need to know about long-past events.

Description of the discipline

Historical science allows you to learn about past eras, specific events, monarchs, inventions. However, such an understanding of what history studies would be simplistic. This discipline works not only with facts, but also makes it possible to identify patterns in the development of life, identify periods, analyze the mistakes of the past in order to try not to repeat them. In general, the science of "history of the world" comprehends the process of development of human society.

This area of ​​knowledge belongs to the humanities. Being one of the most ancient sciences (Herodotus is considered its founder), it continues to develop actively.

Subject of study

What does history study? First of all, the main subject of this science is the past, that is, the totality of events that took place in a particular state, society as a whole. This discipline explores wars, reforms, uprisings and rebellions, the relationship between different states, the activities of historical figures. To better understand what history studies, let's make a table.

The table shows that in the study of historical science there is a huge number of facts, trends, features, and events. This discipline helps people to realize the past of their country or the world community as a whole, not to forget this invaluable knowledge, but to keep it, analyze it, realize it.

Term evolution

The word "history" has not always been used in its modern meaning.

• Initially, this word was translated from Greek as “recognition”, “investigation”. Therefore, the term meant a way to identify a certain fact or event.
• In the days of ancient Rome, the word began to be used in the sense of "retelling the events of the past."
• In the Renaissance, the term began to be understood as a generalized meaning - not only the establishment of truth, but also its written fixation. This understanding absorbed the first and second.

Only in the 17th century did historical science become an independent branch of knowledge and acquired the significance known to us.

Klyuchevsky's position

The famous Russian historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky spoke very interestingly about the subject of historical science, emphasizing the dual nature of the term:

• It is the process of moving forward.
• study of this process.

Thus, everything that happens in the world is its history. At the same time, science comprehends the features of the historical process, that is, events, conditions, results.

Klyuchevsky spoke about the role of this science very briefly, but succinctly: "History does not teach anything, but only punishes for ignorance of the lessons."

Auxiliary disciplines

History is a diversified, complex science that has to deal with a large number of facts and events. That is why a number of auxiliary disciplines appeared, information about which is presented in the table.

Each of these subsidiary disciplines is very important for understanding the historical process as a whole.

Industries

The development of a person and society is a complex, multifaceted process, which includes the activities of individuals, the development of social and cultural spheres, and the domestic and foreign policies of states.

Because of this, in science itself it is customary to single out a number of main areas of history:

• Military.
• State.
• Political.
• History of religion.
• The rights.
• Economic.
• Social.

All these directions in their totality constitute history. However, within the framework of the school course, only the most general information from the discipline is studied; another unit is used in history textbooks:

• Ancient world history.
• Medieval.
• New.
• The latest.

Separately allocated world and domestic history. The school course also includes local history, in which students get acquainted with the peculiarities of the development of their native land.

Basic Methods

Before understanding the question of why to study history, we should consider the set of methods that this fascinating science uses:

• Chronological - the study of science by periods and dates. For example, when studying modern history, it is very important to understand the chronology of the Great Geographical Discoveries.
• Synchronic - an attempt to identify the relationship between processes and phenomena.
• Historical-genetic - analysis of a historical event, determination of its causes, significance, connection with other events. For example, the Boston Tea Party and the First Continental Congress led to the American Revolutionary War.
• Comparative-historical - comparison of this phenomenon with others. For example, comparing the features of the Renaissance period in various European countries when studying the history of the world.
• Statistical - collection of specific numerical data for analysis. History is an exact science, therefore such information is necessary: ​​how many victims this or that uprising, clash, war claimed.
• Historical-typological - the distribution of events and phenomena based on commonality. For example, the features of the industrial revolution in modern history in various states.

All these methods are used by scientists to comprehend the features and patterns of the development of society.

Role

Consider why you need to study history. This science allows us to understand the laws of the historical development of mankind and society, on the basis of this information it becomes possible to understand what awaits us in the future.

The historical path is complex and contradictory, even the most intelligent and far-sighted individuals made mistakes that led to horrific consequences: riots, civil wars, the death of hundreds of thousands of ordinary people, coups. We can only avoid these mistakes if we are aware of them.

Without knowledge of world and native history, it is impossible to be an educated, literate person, a patriot, to understand one's place in the world. That is why from childhood it is necessary to study this fascinating science.

How to comprehend science

To understand the peculiarities of the development of society, you should choose a good history textbook and workbook. In secondary school, contour maps are also necessary for work, the filling of which allows you to visually present the features of the course of a particular process.

An additional advantage will be reading literature on the subject, through which you can significantly expand your knowledge and get acquainted with interesting facts.

Difficulties

Having considered what history studies, let's look at the question of what difficulties one has to face in comprehending this humanitarian discipline:

• Many events of the historical path have a contradictory and often subjective assessment of researchers.
• The new history is being rethought, so the knowledge that teachers of the “old school” taught in their lessons all their lives turned out to be irrelevant.
• When studying ancient periods, many facts are in the nature of hypotheses, albeit supported by evidence.
• Science strives for precision, which is not always possible.
• The need to keep in mind a huge number of dates, names, reforms.

That is why acquaintance with the science of history often does not arouse enthusiasm among modern schoolchildren. Most often, they simply do not understand the great importance of this discipline, they do not see interest in it, perceiving the subject as boring and requiring memorization of a large amount of information.

The teacher is required to convey to his students the role of this fascinating science, to help students realize its value. Only in this case, the work in the classroom will be useful and productive.

Most of us treat history rather coolly, meaning by this subject only boring interweaving of dates. A lot of schoolchildren suffering from textbooks would like to know why we study history and whether there is something even more boring and uninteresting in the world.

Since the exclusion of history from the school curriculum is hardly planned, let's try to figure out whether it is really possible to change your attitude to stories about the past and whether history can become exciting, intriguing and vibrant?

History in translation from the language of the ancient Greeks means "a story about the past." So, talking about the past, we unwittingly draw parallels and relationships with the future. One of the main reasons for including history lessons in the curriculum of any educational institution is the need to learn from the experience of previous generations. The second reason is connected with the formation of the logical thinking of the younger generation. Indeed, when reading literature on historical topics, a person does not just get acquainted with some specific facts - he builds a logical chain, learns to establish cause-and-effect relationships between events.

Long ago, based on the analysis of a large amount of material, it was proved that history is cyclical. If a tyrant comes to power, after some time he will be overthrown by a wave of popular indignation, after which chaos and anarchy will come, and then all this will be replaced by ordering and centralization with a new strengthening of the supreme power. As an illustrative example, the Time of Troubles in the Russian state can be cited. Remember, that's how it was. Ivan the Terrible, who brought the country to the point where fear reigned everywhere; the short reign of Boris Godunov, then the successive False Dmitrys, and after - the gradual centralization and strengthening of power.

Terror is replaced by a thaw, in the midst of full democracy, a new autocrat is “maturing”, who will squeeze the country into a fist. Many historians agree that all the events of history are repeated with minor changes, an endless undulating spiral scrolls. Knowing what happened in the past, we can confidently imagine different scenarios for the development of events in the future. But not only for the sake of such global goals, we are opening a history book. A person, using the examples of great ancestors, can better comprehend his own essence, his own capabilities and understand that he is capable of more than he thought.

Studying the history of one's state contributes to the formation of pride in one's ancestors, and, therefore, the emergence of a single "spirit" of the nation, which allows it to survive in any conditions. Much more can be said about the meaning of the study of history. But one thing is clear - without knowledge about people and events of the past, a person will not develop. There will be no “thread” that, holding the generations together, linking together the experience of the past and the achievements of the present, “winds” further, makes a person move forward. This can be attributed both to an individual and to a whole people.

Your Family History: Our Past and Future

Thinking about the whole country, let's think about one family - your relatives, loved ones and close people. You have probably noticed with what respect and interest your parents, grandparents talk about their ancestors. You may not really want to hear these stories, but think about it: someday someone will be the same

talk about you too. Your relatives, who make up a family, large or small, are parts of a family history that is shaping up like a puzzle into one big picture. And it depends on you whether the annals of the clan will be preserved, whether information about its representatives will be stored, whether this information will be transmitted further and further. Perhaps it is still worth listening to and remembering grandmother's stories - many years later you will begin to remember them with special warmth.

To fall in love with history and become interested in it, you can try to ask your loved ones what happened in your family during significant historical events: did your ancestors fight, how they lived after the war, what they dreamed about, what they aspired to, what they feared. Thus, impersonal historical dates will come to life and become really interesting: just imagine how your great-grandmother felt when she saw off her son or daughter to the front of the Great Patriotic War.

So why do we study history? Because it is the human memory that has become the foundation of our experience, and the memory of the country, which is the basis of its historical path, the basis for the present and future. Those who can think about it will look at the lists of dates and events in a completely different way, seeing the living past behind the facts and figures.

The Purpose of Studying History Today

Creating a story is hard because it's all about hard facts and careful subtle reasoning, not all-explaining concepts. It is even more difficult to teach history, because it ceases to be a set of simple slogans, a motley scattering of thundering facts, a significant part of which cannot withstand even the most superficial criticism. This kind of history is not understood, even hated by the current regime, and most of those who oppose the regime for one reason or another. It is precisely this kind of history that historians fight for – in silence and almost obscurity – for whom obligations to their own profession are stronger than any pleasures of life under an endlessly lying government – ​​lying not only about what is today, but also about what happened yesterday and the day before yesterday. For this power, as one of the current teachers perceptively noted, something completely different is important. “I was struck by the goal of secondary education, announced at the All-Russian Congress of History Teachers. If the goal of secondary education in the 20th century was “to acquaint the student with the scientific picture of the world in the form in which it exists today”, then the goal of education in the 21st century was “to educate a loyal, law-abiding member of society.”

And the last. Returning to the people of the past their own, special life, thoughts, motivations for actions, etc., we thereby draw the contours of ourselves. That is, realizing that this and this are not “we”, but “others”, we begin to guess who we really are. In general, for the sake of this alone it is worth learning history.

How history is studied in different countries of the world

Spain

The history that Spanish children learn is not the result of scientific development. History here is people's memory, and it is spontaneous, unlike school textbooks. About three thousand holidays are celebrated in the country, most of which are religious, and the rest are folk. All of them are connected with historical events: Moros y Christianos, the feast of the Celtiberians in San Pedro, a repetition of the ceremony that in 1852 ended the payment of tribute by Galicia to Castile, the feast in honor of the coronation of Catholic kings, the discovery of America, the victory at Lepanto, the struggle for independence against Napoleon and so on.

In the book "Encyclopedia, the first step" by Antonio Alvarez Pérez, published in 1965, 44 pages of text are devoted to religion and only 37 pages to the history of the country. Moreover, the history of Spain is presented as a long battle for freedom. At the same time, in Spain there is a taboo for stories about the conquest of Mexico and Peru. The history of the Spanish empire with lands from Cuba to Manila and Guinea is hushed up. The extermination of the Indians and the slave trade are also ignored.

Nazi Germany

In Germany, a large role in the study of history is given to cinema and opera. It is these types of art that help shape the worldview of children. Under the Hitler regime in 1936, about 70,000 schools had 16mm film projectors, and more than 500 films were put into production. Of these, 227 are for primary and secondary schools and 330 for the university. Whereas the first Nazi textbook was released in 1937. History in the German school was taught in reverse order. From the latest to the ancient, where Hitler was the first of the great heroes and, as it were, crowned the whole history. When fascism was defeated, the history of the 20th century was simply excluded from teaching, the ban even applied to the causes of the First World War, and the younger generations of Germans could not answer who Hitler was. In the 60s, the rejection of mourning for Nazism became one of the catalysts for the youth rebellion. Growing up children condemned the behavior of their parents during the war and the fact that they did not take responsibility for the extermination of the Jews.

France

In France, as well as in England with Germany, there are writers who help shape the idea of ​​the French about their country in world history - these are Dumas, Hugo, Jules Verne, Paul d'Ivois. In addition to novels, comics are very common in France: they use history as a background or arena of action. The Asterix comic has sold a record-breaking 30 million copies. Moreover, the love for the entertainment genre, where the story, if shown, is safe, betrays the fear of the French before realizing some of the difficult periods of the country. This is confirmed by the huge distribution of entertainment magazines and comics and the small distribution of analytical and critical stories.

American historian George Huppert says that French authors of the 15th-16th centuries did not use the original documents of the trial of Joan of Arc

In the annals of the medieval chronicler Gilles Joan of Arc, almost no attention is paid. The main hero of those events is the king, and there is not a word about heresy, witchcraft and the influence of the church. Later, in the annals of Belfort, the religious story of Joan of Arc appears, where she acts as the executor of the will of God. When the monarchical system was replaced by a republican one, the official version of history

Joan of Arc is no longer a problem for the government. Therefore, in France there are two recognized versions of events - religious and secular.

In addition, in the 20th century, some historical facts began to be hushed up and missed: the “marriage union” with Brittany turned out to be forced, Corsica had to be pacified after it was “bought”. Instead of studying historical periods, schools began to study individual topics. According to the official version, this was done in order to save schoolchildren from studying a huge number of dates and unnecessary facts. In elementary school, the history lesson was completely canceled, but television showed the so-called "sterilized" history, pleasing to the French government. In 1968, publishing houses began to release books, accompanied by a huge number of illustrations. Moreover, the book layout was put at the forefront, while history was given to schoolchildren in scanty doses.

In addition to individual countries of Europe, Ferro talks in detail about the features of racial history.

The history of the "whites"

Until the 80s of the last century, history was taught exclusively from the position of "whites". In the 80s of the last century, "white" history is gradually leaving the textbooks, but still lives in the collective consciousness. It is based on Revelation, the fulfillment of the will of God, the Fall and Resurrection of Jesus Christ as a great turning point in world history. Important concepts for Europeans, such as respect for order and law, national unity, monotheism, democracy, sedentary life, industrialism, faith in progress, influence the historical facts that will be told to children in the lessons.

Islam

It is customary to talk about the problems of "Islamization" with restraint. The textbook for the fourth grade tells about the trade of Negroes, which was practiced by European nations, Americans and Arabs with the support of African rulers. But the historical periods are indicated incorrectly: historians forgot about another seven centuries of black slave trade in the countries of Islam. The textbook does not mention the Negro slaves of these countries at all. “The hand trembled again when it came to the Arabs, the crimes they committed. About how they turned thousands of captives into eunuchs and deprived them of the opportunity to have heirs ... While the list of European crimes - and with good reason - takes up entire pages, ”writes Ferro.

Primary education in Islamic countries is religious in nature. The basis is the study of the Koran

History is studied from the deeds of the Prophet, which began at the time of the creation of the world. And from a very early age, children know about marriage, divorce, and inheritance.

How is the course on the basics of Islam organized in a Moscow school?

According to Muslims, Christians did not use the only opportunity given to them to be saved. The Jews will suffer continuously, waiting for the coming of the Messiah. And only Muslims can look at their existence with optimism, and this is due to the deeds of the Prophet Muhammad and other victories of Islam. History is not viewed as events and facts in chronological order. Attention is paid only to the prophets who were before Muhammad and could not defeat the deeds of the Prophet himself. And after his life historical events

presented as a struggle for liberation. This is especially noticeable in those sections of history that do not concern specific Muslim problems. The Middle Ages are compared with the history of the East, where the West looks like a kingdom of obscurantism, while Islamic countries are flourishing. In Europe, the history of discovery begins with Columbus and Magellan, and in the Arab-Islamic history, with the exploration of the Phoenicians and the journey of the Arabs to the Indian Ocean.

Learning history from films?

Nowadays, to learn history, it is not necessary to pore over textbooks, dig into encyclopedias or google “who is” and “when was it” - just watch a historical film. Fortunately, Hollywood has already shot a blockbuster on almost all key events in world history. But many directors, for the sake of fiction, sometimes embellish events too much.

XII century "Kingdom of heaven"

A solid film by Ridley Scott: magnificent large-scale shooting, an impressive cast and the most realistic costumes. You can find fault, of course, that someone has armor not from that era, but this is a tolerable drawback.

The film is loosely based on the events leading up to the Third Crusade of 1189-1192: the war between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayyubids and the siege of Jerusalem by Saladin.

XIV century "Day of reckoning"

England, 1380. Richard II has just ascended the throne, the Hundred Years' War is in full swing, as, indeed, is the plague. A group of itinerant actors arrive in a city where a horrific murder of a little boy has taken place. Instead of putting on a play on biblical themes, the actors put on a play in which the identity of the killer is revealed.

Gloomy and bewitching England, perfectly conveyed the spirit of the Middle Ages, as always convincing Willem Dafoe and young Tom Hardy.

XV century"Joan of Arc"

XV century, France, Hundred Years War. Realistic and frightening battle scenes, amazing depth of visual images, endlessly repeated prayers, the clash of swords, a sea of ​​blood and the fragile and stubborn Maid of Orleans performed by Milla Jovovich.

France is going through a difficult period, it is oppressed and left without a ruler. In this dark time, a young pious peasant woman appears on the doorstep of the Dauphin Charles, who intends to break the British and change life in her country for the better.

"Hour of the Pig"

According to medieval ideas, animals could be responsible for their actions, from the 13th century even legally. The plot is based on real events related to the life and work of Bartholomew Chasseney, a lawyer who at one time served as a lawyer for animals accused of crimes.

The protagonist, a young lawyer, Richard Courtois, leaves Paris for provincial Aberville in search of "simple rural pleasures"

but faced with ignorance, prejudice and superstition. In a matter of days, he becomes involved in a crime drama with murders.

XVI century "Henry VIII"

A film for all those who want to understand what happened to England in the first half of the 16th century. Excellent visuals, believable story, stern Ray Winstone and charming Helena Bonham Carter.

A biographical drama about the life path, views, hopes and dreams of Henry VIII, the ruler who forever changed the face of England.

"Another Boleyn Girl"

Drama directed by debutant Justin Chadwick about the rivalry between sisters Anne (Natalie Portman) and Mary Boleyn (Scarlett Johansson) for the heart of King Henry VIII.

This film will definitely appeal to lovers of romantic stories and beautiful actresses. Surprisingly, despite the dramatic plot and stellar cast, the film did not sin too much against history.

XVIII century"Barry Lyndon"

An Oscar-winning film by Stanley Kubrick that was filmed using authentic sets, costumes and only natural daylight. A stunning transformation from a nerdy Victorian novel into a thrilling "life is a duel" parable film.

A young Irishman, cherishing ambitious plans in his soul, is ready for a lot, just to get out into the people. By all means, he strives to become a nobleman, and a strong Irish grip and natural cunning help him leave the ranks of the middle peasants.

"Marie Antoinette"

Sweet pastel drama about the life and customs of the royal court. The brightest, shocking and at the same time quite reliable film about Marie Antoinette. And Kirsten Dunst is a miracle how good in ruffles and half-meter colored wigs.

14-year-old Maria, the youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, marries the Dauphin of France, Louis XVI. A symbolic ceremony takes place on the border of France and Austria. By tradition, the bride leaves everything that would remind her of a foreign court. Leaving the tent on the French side, Marie-Antonie becomes the Dauphine Marie-Antoinette...

19th century "Valour"

An unusual look at the American Civil War: the film focuses on the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment, which consisted entirely of African Americans who fought on the side of the North.

The film is based on the letters of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw, and many historians emphasize that the battles were filmed quite authentically.

Answers from netizens "Why we study history"

Celery Selderevna

In order not to repeat the mistakes that were before. And a person who does not know the history of his country is a person without a family.

Alisa Ivanovna

We must study history in order not to repeat mistakes and at the same time accumulate positive experience and apply it to our present.

Fierce

We study history to know what happened in the past. If we don't study, we won't know much. How much having comprehended his nature, his essence with perfect clarity and completeness, a person is able to remain original, not for a minute conflicting with himself, not deceiving either himself or others. . And the study of this history, the creation of history as a science, is part of this process of national self-knowledge, which Trubetskoy places so highly on. After all, every person carries within himself the traits of a national character, national consciousness, and, knowing his people, he thereby knows himself.

Liudmila Sharukhia

Each nation expresses itself through emotions and feelings - this is how national art arises, through reason - this is how national philosophy and science arise, and through action, will - this is how national history arises. And the study of this history, the creation of history as a science, is part of this process of national self-knowledge.